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Revisi per 6 November 2024 04.45 sunting Nissa Rahmawati (bicara \| kontrib) 116 suntingan Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler ← Revisi sebelumnya		Revisi terkini sejak 16 November 2024 15.12 sunting balikkan F1fans (bicara \| kontrib) Peninjau, Pengembali revisi, Pengurus 68.976 suntingan Rescuing 23 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 Tag: IABotManagementConsole [1.3]
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Baris 105: === Mengalahkan pesaing === ~~Rincian~~Sumber-sumber ~~kembalinya~~yang ~~Temüjin~~ada kememberikan ~~padang~~rincian ~~rumput~~yang ~~tidak~~berbeda-beda ~~jelas~~mengenai ~~dan~~kembalinya ~~berbeda~~Temüjin dike ~~berbagai~~padang ~~sumber~~rumput. Pada awal musim panas 1196, ia ikut serta dalam kampanye bersama dengan dinasti Jin melawan bangsa Tatar, yang mulai menentang kepentingan Jin. Sebagai hadiah, Jin memberinya gelar {{transl\|mn\|cha-ut kuri}}, yang kemungkinan berarti “komandan ratusan” dalam [[bahasa Jurchen]]. ~~Sekitar~~Pada sekitar waktu yang sama, Temüjin membantu Toghrul merebut kembali kepemimpinan suku Kereit setelah direbut oleh salah satu kerabat Toghrul dengan dukungan [[suku Naiman]] yang kuat.{{sfnm\|Ratchnevsky\|1991\|1pp=52–53\|Pelliot\|1959\|2pp=291–295}} Peristiwa tahun 1196 menandai titik balik status Temüjin di padang rumput—meskipun secara teknis ia masih menjadi bawahan Toghrul, dalam praktiknya, ia telah menjadi sekutu yang setara.{{sfnm\|Ratchnevsky\|1991\|1pp=52–53\|Sverdrup\|2017\|2p=56}} Setelah kemenangannya di Dalan Baljut, Jamukha bertindak dengan sangat kejam,. ~~dilaporkan~~''Sejarah Rahasia'' melaporkan bahwa Jamukha [[Kematian dengan cara direbus\|merebus 70 tahanan hidup-hidup]] dan tidak menghormati tubuh para pemimpin yang menentangnya. Perilaku kasar ini membuat beberapa pengikutnya, termasuk Münglig, seorang mantan pengikut Yesügei, dan putra-putranya, [[pembelotan\|berpindah haluan]] dan bergabung dengan Temüjin, yang kemungkinan besar tertarik dengan kekayaan Temüjin yang terus bertambah.{{sfnm\|Ratchnevsky\|1991\|1pp=46–47\|May\|2018\|2p=32}} Temüjin kemudian berurusan dengan suku Jurkin, yang sebelumnya telah menghinanya dalam sebuah pesta dan menolak untuk bergabung dengan kampanye Tatar. Setelah mengeksekusi para pemimpin mereka, ia menyuruh Belgutei untuk mematahkan punggung seorang pemimpin suku Jurkin dalam sebuah pertandingan [[gulat]] sebagai bentuk pembalasan. Tindakan ini, yang bertentangan dengan adat istiadat keadilan Mongol, hanya disebutkan oleh penulis ''Sejarah Rahasia'', yang tidak menyetujuinya. Peristiwa ini terjadi sekitar tahun 1197.{{sfn\|Ratchnevsky\|1991\|pp=54–56}} [[File:Mongol_Empire_c.1207.png\|thumb\|left\|upright=1.6\|Negara-negara kesukuan disatukan oleh Temüjin untuk mendirikan Kekaisaran Mongol]] Pada tahun-tahun berikutnya, Temüjin dan Toghrul melancarkan kampanye melawan Merkit, Naiman, dan Tatar, terkadang bekerja sama dan terkadang secara independen. Sekitar tahun 1201, beberapa suku yang tidak puas, termasuk Onggirat, Tayichiud, dan Tatar, membentuk sebuah aliansi untuk menantang dominasi koalisi Borjigin-Kereit. Mereka memilih Jamukha sebagai pemimpin mereka dan memberinya gelar [[gurkhan]], yang berarti “khan ~~suku-~~para suku.” Meskipun mereka ~~memiliki~~lumayan ~~beberapa~~berjaya ~~keberhasilan~~di awal, Temüjin dan Toghrul akhirnya mengalahkan ~~aliansi~~persekutuan ~~yang longgar~~renggang ini pada [[pertempuran Yedi Qunan]], sehingga memaksa Jamukha untuk memohon belas kasihan dari Toghrul.{{sfnm\|Ratchnevsky\|1991\|1pp=61–62\|May\|2018\|2pp=34–35}} Berusaha untuk menjadi kekuatan dominan di Mongolia timur, Temüjin pertama-tama mengalahkan Tayichiud dan kemudian, pada 1202, Tatar. Setelah setiap kemenangan, ia mengeksekusi para pemimpin klan dan menggabungkan para pejuang yang tersisa ke dalam pasukannya. Di antara anggota baru ini adalah Sorkan-Shira, yang sebelumnya telah membantu Temüjin, dan seorang prajurit muda bernama Jebe, yang membuat Temüjin terkesan dengan keterampilan dan keberaniannya—[[Jebe]] telah membunuh kuda Temüjin selama pertempuran dan tidak berusaha menyembunyikannya.{{sfnm\|Ratchnevsky\|1991\|1pp=63–67\|de Hartog\|1999\|2pp=21–22\|3a1=Fitzhugh\|3a2=Rossabi\|3a3=Honeychurch\|3y=2009\|3p=102}} Setelah menaklukkan Tatar, ada tiga kekuatan militer utama yang tersisa di padang rumput: Naiman di barat, Mongol di timur, dan Kereit di antaranya.{{sfn\|May\|2018\|p=36}} Untuk memperkuat posisinya, Temüjin menyarankan agar putranya, Jochi, menikahi salah satu putri Toghrul. Namun, kaum elit Kereit, yang dipimpin oleh putra Toghrul, Senggum, melihat hal ini sebagai upaya Temüjin untuk menguasai suku mereka. Desas-desus tentang ~~keturunan~~ketidakjelasan nasab Jochi ~~yang~~kemungkinan ~~tidak~~membuat ~~pasti~~mereka ~~kemungkinan~~merasa ~~besar~~semakin ~~menambah kemarahan mereka~~terhina. Selain itu, Jamukha menunjukkan bahwa Temüjin merupakan ancaman bagi [[aristokrasi]] tradisional padang rumput karena ia sering mempromosikan rakyat jelata ke posisi tinggi, menantang tatanan sosial yang sudah mapan. ~~Akhirnya~~Pada akhirnya, Toghrul ~~menyerah~~bertindak seolah ~~pada~~menuruti ~~kekhawatiran~~permintaan ini dan mencoba menjebak Temüjin dalam sebuah penyergapan. Namun, dua orang penggembala mendengar rencana tersebut, sehingga Temüjin dapat mengumpulkan beberapa pasukannya. Meskipun demikian, ia dikalahkan secara meyakinkan pada [[Pertempuran Gurun Pasir Qalaqaljid]].{{sfnm\|Atwood\|2004\|1p=98\|Ratchnevsky\|1991\|2pp=67–70\|May\|2018\|3pp=36–37}} {{Quote box Baris 333: === Daftar pustaka === {{refbegin\|30em}} * {{cite news \|last=Achenbach \|first=Joel \|author-link=Joel Achenbach \|date=31 December 1995 \|accessdate=27 November 2023 \|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1995/12/31/the-era-of-his-ways/58a4ef4c-052f-4cd3-b6ee-5e68b4159161/ \|title=The Era of His Ways \|work=[[Washington Post]] \|ref={{harvid\|Washington Post 1995}} }} * {{cite book \|last=Atwood \|first=Christopher P. \|author-link=Christopher Atwood \|date=2004 \|title=Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire \|publisher=Facts on File \|location=New York \|isbn=978-0-8160-4671-3 \|url=https://www.academia.edu/8855875 \|ref=harv \|access-date=2024-08-21 \|archive-date=2023-07-19 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719221752/https://www.academia.edu/8855875 \|dead-url=no }} * {{cite journal \|last=Atwood \|first=Christopher P. \|author-link=Christopher Atwood \|date=2004a \|title=Validation by Holiness or Sovereignty: Religious Toleration as Political Theology in the Mongol World Empire of the Thirteenth Century \|journal=[[The International History Review]] \|volume=26 \|issue=2 \|pages=237–256 \|doi=10.1080/07075332.2004.9641030 \|jstor=40109471 \|s2cid=159826445 \|url=http://globalmiddleages.org/sites/default/files/pdf-files/atwood.pdf \| issn = 0707-5332 \|ref=harv \|access-date=2024-08-21 \|archive-date=2017-08-11 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811025940/http://globalmiddleages.org/sites/default/files/pdf-files/atwood.pdf \|dead-url=no }} * {{cite book \|last=Barthold \|first=Vasily \|author-link=Vasily Bartold \|editor-last=Bosworth \|editor-first=Clifford E. \|editor-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth \|date=1992 \|orig-date=1900 \|title=Turkestan Down To The Mongol Invasion \|publisher=[[Munshiram Manoharlal]] \|location=New Delhi \|edition=Third \|isbn=978-8-1215-0544-4 \|url=https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/z316q171w \|ref=harv \|access-date=2024-08-21 \|archive-date=2023-08-01 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801193954/https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/z316q171w \|dead-url=no }} * {{cite encyclopedia \|last=Bawden \|first=Charles \|author-link=Charles Bawden \|date=2022 \|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] \|title=Genghis Khan \|access-date=17 October 2022 \|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Genghis-Khan \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011170916/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Genghis-Khan \|archive-date=11 October 2022 \|url-status=live \|ref=harv }} * {{cite book \|last=Biran \|first=Michal \|title=Chinggis Khan \|year=2012 \|series=Makers of the Muslim World \|publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]] \|location=London \|url=https://www.academia.edu/32453356 \|isbn=978-1-7807-4204-5 \|ref=harv \|access-date=2024-08-21 \|archive-date=2023-06-11 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611223326/https://www.academia.edu/32453356 \|dead-url=no }} * {{cite book \|last1=Birge \|first1=Bettine \|last2=Broadbridge \|first2=Anne F. \|chapter=Women and Gender under Mongol Rule \|date=2023 \|title=The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire \|editor-last1=Biran \|editor-first1=Michal \|editor-last2=Kim \|editor-first2=Hodong \|editor-link2=Kim Ho-dong \|isbn=978-1-3163-3742-4 \|location=Cambridge \|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] \|pages=628–654\|ref=harv}} * {{cite book \|last=Boyle \|first=John Andrew \|author-link=John Andrew Boyle \|date=1968 \|title=[[The Cambridge History of Iran]] Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods \|doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521069366 \|isbn=978-1-1390-5497-3 \|location=Cambridge \|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]\|ref=harv}} * {{cite book \|last=Broadbridge \|first=Anne F. \|date=2018 \|title=Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire \|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] \|location=Cambridge \|series=Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization \|isbn=978-1-1086-3662-9 \|ref=harv}} * {{cite encyclopedia \|last=Brose \|first=Michael C. \|editor-last=Brown \|editor-first=Kerry \|editor-link=Kerry Brown (sejarawan) \|date=2014 \|encyclopedia=The Berkshire Dictionary of Chinese Biography \|title=Chinggis (Genghis) Khan \|publisher=[[Berkshire Publishing Group]] \|location=[[Great Barrington, Massachusetts\|Great Barrington]] \|url-access=subscription \|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780190214371.001.0001/acref-9780190214371-e-14 \|isbn=978-1-9337-8266-9 \|ref=harv \|access-date=2024-08-21 \|archive-date=2020-08-14 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814020603/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780190214371.001.0001/acref-9780190214371-e-14 \|dead-url=no }} * {{cite journal \|last=Buell \|first=Paul D. \|date=2010 \|title=Some Royal Mongol Ladies: Alaqa-beki, Ergene-Qatun and Others \|journal=World History Connected \|volume=7 \|issue=1 \|url=https://worldhistoryconnected.press.uillinois.edu/7.1/buell.html \|accessdate=25 November 2023 \|ref=harv \|archive-date=2020-09-21 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921033005/https://worldhistoryconnected.press.uillinois.edu/7.1/buell.html \|dead-url=no }} * {{cite journal \|last=Cleaves \|first=Francis Woodman \|author-link=Francis Woodman Cleaves \|date=1955 \|journal=[[Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies]] \|title=The Historicity of The Baljuna Covenant \|volume=18 \|issue=3 \|pages=357–421 \|doi=10.2307/2718438 \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718438 \|ref=harv \|access-date=2024-08-21 \|archive-date=2023-04-25 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425204119/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718438 \|dead-url=no }} * {{cite web \|last=Craig \|first=Erin \|date=19 July 2017 \|title=Why Genghis Khan's tomb can't be found \|access-date=19 Juli 2023 \|url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20170717-why-genghis-khans-tomb-cant-be-found \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718100715/https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20170717-why-genghis-khans-tomb-cant-be-found \|archive-date=18 Juli 2023 \|url-status=live \|website=[[BBC]] \|ref=harv }} * {{cite book \|last=Favereau \|first=Marie \|author-link=Marie Favereau \|date=2021 \|title=The Horde: How the Mongols Changed the World \|location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts\|Cambridge]] \|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] \|isbn=978-0-6742-7865-3 \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv322v4qv \|ref=harv \|access-date=2024-08-21 \|archive-date=2023-06-23 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623153339/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv322v4qv \|dead-url=no }} * {{cite journal \|last1=Fiaschetti \|first1=Francesca \|year=2014 \|url=http://mongol.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/Fiaschetti-%20MQYJ%202015.pdf \|title=Tradition, Innovation and the construction of Qubilai's diplomacy \|journal=Ming Qing Yanjiu \|volume=18 \|issue=1 \|page=82 \|access-date=10 Januari 2020 \|url-status=live \|archive-date=11 Juni 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611102740/http://mongol.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/Fiaschetti-%20MQYJ%202015.pdf \|ref=harv }} * {{cite book \|editor-last1=Fitzhugh \|editor-first1=William W. \|editor-link1=William W. Fitzhugh \|editor-last2=Rossabi \|editor-first2=Morris \|editor-link2=Morris Rossabi \|editor-last3=Honeychurch \|editor-first3=William \|year=2009 \|title=Genghis Khan and the Mongolian Empire \|publisher=Mongolian Preservation Foundation \|location=Washington \|isbn=978-0-2959-8957-0 \|url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanmongo00medi \|url-access=limited \|ref=harv }} * {{cite journal \|last=Fogel \|first=Joshua \|author-link=Joshua Fogel \|date=2008 \|title=Chinggis on the Japanese Mind \|journal=Mongolian Studies \|volume=30/31 \|pages=259–269 \|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/43193543 \|ref=harv \|access-date=2024-08-21 \|archive-date=2024-07-08 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708214150/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43193543 \|dead-url=no }} * {{cite book \|last=Golden \|first=Peter \|author-link=Peter Benjamin Golden \|date=2009 \|chapter=Inner Asia c.1200 \|series=[[The Cambridge History of Inner Asia]] \|title=The Chinggisid Age \|editor-last1=Di Cosmo \|editor-first1=Nicola \|editor-link1=Nicola Di Cosmo \|editor-last2=Frank \|editor-first2=Allen J. \|editor-last3=Golden \|editor-first3=Peter \|editor-link3=Peter Benjamin Golden \|pages=9–25 \|isbn=978-1-1390-5604-5\|ref=harv}} * {{cite book \|last=de Hartog \|first=Leo \|date=1999 \|orig-date=1979 \|title=Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World \|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]] \|location=London \|isbn=978-1-8606-4972-1 \|url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanconqu0000hart/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater \|ref=harv }} * {{cite journal \|last=Hung \|first=William \|author-link=William Hung (sinologist) \|date=1951 \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718184 \|journal=[[Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies]] \|title=The Transmission of The Book Known as The Secret History of The Mongols \|volume=14 \|issue=3/4 \|pages=433–492 \|doi=10.2307/2718184 \|ref=harv \|access-date=2024-08-21 \|archive-date=2023-04-21 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421113345/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718184 \|dead-url=no }} * {{cite book \|last=Jackson \|first=Peter \|author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) \|date=2017 \|title=The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion \|publisher=[[Yale University Press]] \|location=[[New Haven, Connecticut\|New Haven]] \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1n2tvq0 \|isbn=978-0-3001-2533-7 \|ref=harv \|access-date=2024-08-21 \|archive-date=2023-07-19 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719222124/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1n2tvq0 \|dead-url=no }} * {{cite book \|last=Jackson \|first=Peter \|author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) \|date=2023 \|title=From Genghis Khan to Tamerlane: The Reawakening of Mongol Asia \|publisher=[[Yale University Press]] \|location=[[New Haven, Connecticut\|New Haven]] \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.9421075 \|isbn=978-0-3002-5112-8 \|ref=harv \|access-date=2024-08-21 \|archive-date=2024-08-12 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812151239/https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.9421075 \|dead-url=no }} * {{cite journal \|last=Jagchid \|first=Sechin \|year=1979 \|title=The Mongol Khans and Chinese Buddhism and Taoism \|journal=The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies \|volume=2 \|issue=1 \|pages=7–28 \|url=http://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8475/2382 \|ref=harv \|access-date=2024-08-21 \|archive-date=2018-05-05 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505162354/http://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8475/2382 \|dead-url=no }} * {{cite journal \|last=Kwanten \|first=Luc \|author-link=Luc Kwanten \|date=1978 \|title=The Career of Muqali: A Reassessment \|journal=[[Bulletin of Sung and Yüan Studies]] \|volume=14 \|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23497511 \|pages=31–38 \|ref=harv \|access-date=2024-08-21 \|archive-date=2023-07-16 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716220701/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23497511 \|dead-url=no }} * {{cite book \|last=Lane \|first=George \|author-link=George A. Lane \|title=Genghis Khan and Mongol Rule \|year=2004 \|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] \|location=[[Westport, Connecticut\|Westport]] \|isbn=978-0-3133-2528-1 \|url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanmongo00geor \|ref=harv }} * {{cite book \|last1=Liu \|first1=Fang-ju \|last2=Cheng \|first2=Shu-fang \|script-title=zh:國立故宮博物院藏蒙古文物彙編 \|trans-title=Cultural Relics of the Mongols in the National Palace Museum Collection \|isbn=978-9-5756-2734-8 \|year=2015 \|language=zh \|publisher=[[National Palace Museum]] \|location=Taipei\|ref=harv}} * {{cite journal \|last1=Lkhagvasuren \|first1=Gavaachimed \|last2=Shin \|first2=Heejin \|last3=Lee \|first3=Si Eun \|last4=Tumen \|first4=Dashtseveg \|last5=Kim \|first5=Jae-Hyun \|last6=Kim \|first6=Kyung-Yong \|last7=Kim \|first7=Kijeong \|last8=Park \|first8=Ae Ja \|last9=Lee \|first9=Ho Woon \|last10=Kim \|first10=Mi Jin \|last11=Choi \|first11=Jaesung \|last12=Choi \|first12=Jee-Hye \|last13=Min \|first13=Na Young \|last14=Lee \|first14=Kwang-Ho \|display-authors=1 \|date=2016 \|title=Molecular Genealogy of a Mongol Queen's Family and Her Possible Kinship with Genghis Khan \|journal=[[PLoS ONE]] \|volume=11 \|issue=9 \|page=433 \|issn=1932-6203 \|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0161622 \|pmc=5023095 \|pmid=27627454 \|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1161622L \|doi-access=free \|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308121873 \|ref=harv }} * {{cite book \|last=Man \|first=John \|author-link=John Man (penulis) \|date=2004 \|title=Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection \|location=London \|publisher=[[Bantam Press]] \|url-access=registration \|url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanlifed0000manj \|isbn=978-0-3129-8965-1 \|ref=harv }} * {{cite book \|last=Man \|first=John \|author-link=John Man (penulis) \|date=2014 \|title=The Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan, His Heirs, and the Founding of Modern China \|location=London \|publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] \|isbn=978-0-5521-6880-9\|ref=harv}} * {{cite book \|last=May \|first=Timothy \|date=2007 \|title=The Mongol Art of War: Chinggis Khan and the Mongol Military System \|location=[[Yardley, Pennsylvania\|Yardley]] \|publisher=Westholme \|url=https://archive.org/details/mongolartofwarch0000mayt \|isbn=978-1-5941-6046-2 \|ref=harv }} * {{cite book \|last=May \|first=Timothy \|date=2008 \|title=Culture and Customs of Mongolia \|series=Culture and Customs of Asia \|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] \|isbn=978-0-3133-3983-7 \|location=[[Westport, Connecticut\|Westport]] \|ref=harv}} * {{cite book \|last=May \|first=Timothy \|title=The Mongol Conquests in World History \|year=2012 \|publisher=[[Reaktion Books]] \|location=London \|isbn=978-1-8618-9971-2 \|url=https://archive.org/details/Book_1080 \|ref=harv }} * {{cite book \|last=May \|first=Timothy \|date=2018 \|title=The Mongol Empire \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68 \|location=Edinburgh \|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] \|isbn=978-0-7486-4237-3 \|ref=harv \|access-date=2024-08-21 \|archive-date=2023-04-24 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424115013/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68 \|dead-url=no }} * {{cite book \|last=McLynn \|first=Frank \|author-link=Frank McLynn \|title=Genghis Khan: His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy \|year=2015 \|publisher=[[Hachette Books]] \|isbn=978-0-3068-2395-4 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jcQzCgAAQBAJ \|location=New York \|ref=harv }} * {{cite book \|last=Morgan \|first=David \|author-link=David O. Morgan \|date=1986 \|title=The Mongols \|series=The Peoples of Europe \|publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] \|location=Oxford \|isbn=978-0-6311-7563-6 \|url-access=registration \|url=https://archive.org/details/mongolspeoplesof00davi \|ref=harv }} * {{cite encyclopedia \|last=Morgan \|first=David \|author-link=David O. Morgan \|date=1990 \|title=Čengīz Khan \|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] \|volume=V \|pages=133–135 \|access-date=10 December 2022 \|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cengiz-khan \|ref=harv \|archive-date=2022-12-06 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206225711/https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cengiz-khan \|dead-url=no }} * {{cite book \|last=Mote \|first=Frederick W. \|author-link=Frederick W. Mote \|date=1999 \|title=Imperial China, 900–1800 \|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] \|location= [[Cambridge, Massachusetts\|Cambridge]] \|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Imperial_China_900_1800/SQWW7QgUH4gC \|isbn=978-0-6740-1212-7 \|ref=harv \|access-date=2024-08-21 \|archive-date=2024-01-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128081407/https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Imperial_China_900_1800/SQWW7QgUH4gC \|dead-url=no }} * {{cite book \|last=Pelliot \|first=Paul \|author-link=Paul Pelliot \|date=1959 \|title=Notes on Marco Polo \|volume=I \|publisher=[[Imprimerie nationale]] \|location=Paris \|access-date=17 October 2022 \|url=https://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/Pelliot/Pelliot_Notes%20on%20Marco%20Polo_I%201959.pdf \|url-status=live \|archive-date=31 August 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831164116/https://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/Pelliot/Pelliot_Notes%20on%20Marco%20Polo_I%201959.pdf \|oclc=1741887 \|ref=harv }} * {{cite book \|last1=Porter \|first1=Jonathan \|title=Imperial China, 1350–1900 \|year=2016 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MAFiCwAAQBAJ \|isbn=978-1-4422-2293-9 \|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] \|location=[[Lanham, Maryland\|Lanham]] \|ref=harv }} * {{cite journal \|last=Pow \|first=Stephen \|date=2017 \|title=The Last Campaign and Death of Jebe Noyan \|journal=[[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society]] \|volume=27 \|issue=1 \|pages=31–51 \|doi=10.1017/S135618631600033X\|ref=harv}} * {{cite book \|translator-last=de Rachewiltz \|translator-first=Igor \|translator-link=Igor de Rachewiltz \|date=2015 \|title=The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century \|url=https://cedar.wwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=cedarbooks \|access-date=22 November 2022 \|type=Shorter Version; edited by John C. Street \|ref={{SfnRef\|de Rachewiltz 2015}} \|archive-date=2020-10-25 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025144637/https://cedar.wwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=cedarbooks \|dead-url=no }} * {{cite book \|last=Ratchnevsky \|first=Paul \|year=1991 \|translator=Thomas Haining \|translator-link=Thomas Haining \|title=Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy \|publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] \|location=Oxford \|url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhan00paul/ \|url-access=registration \|isbn=978-0-6311-6785-3 \|ref=harv }} * {{cite journal \|last=Rosenfeld \|first=Gavriel D. \|author-link=Gavriel D. Rosenfeld \|date=2018 \|title=Who Was "Hitler" Before Hitler? Historical Analogies and the Struggle to Understand Nazism, 1930–1945 \|journal=[[Central European History]] \|volume=51 \|issue=2 \|pages=249–281 \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26567826 \|ref=harv \|access-date=2024-08-21 \|archive-date=2024-05-17 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517171111/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26567826 \|dead-url=no }} * {{cite encyclopedia \|last=Sanders \|first=Alan J. K. \|date=2017 \|title=Historical Dictionary of Mongolia \|edition=Fourth \|volume=1 \|isbn=978-1-5381-0227-5 \|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Historical_Dictionary_of_Mongolia/UGwvDwAAQBAJ? \|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] \|location=[[Lanham, Maryland\|Lanham]] \|ref=harv \|access-date=2024-08-21 \|archive-date=2024-01-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128081424/https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Historical_Dictionary_of_Mongolia/UGwvDwAAQBAJ? \|dead-url=no }} * {{cite book \|last=Sverdrup \|first=Carl \|date=2017 \|title=The Mongol Conquests: The Military Campaigns of Genghis Khan and Sübe'etei \|isbn=978-1-9133-3605-9 \|publisher=Helion & Company \|location=[[Solihull]] \|url=https://archive.org/details/Book_1096 \|url-access=registration \|ref=harv }} * {{cite book \|last=Togan \|first=Isenbike \|date=2016 \|chapter=Otchigin's Place in the Transformation from Family to Dynasty \|title=Central Asia in the Middle Ages: Studies in Honour of Peter B. Golden \|series=Turcologica \|editor-last1=Zimonyi \|editor-first1=Istvan \|editor-last2=Karatay \|editor-first2=Osman \|publisher=[[Harrassowitz Verlag]] \|location=[[Wiesbaden]] \|url=https://www.academia.edu/36081475/2016_Otchigins_Place_in_the_Transformation_from_Family_to_Dyna_pdf \|pages=407–424 \|isbn=978-3-4471-0664-1 \|ref=harv \|access-date=2024-08-21 \|archive-date=2023-07-27 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727192951/https://www.academia.edu/36081475/2016_Otchigins_Place_in_the_Transformation_from_Family_to_Dyna_pdf \|dead-url=no }} * {{cite book \|last=Waley \|first=Arthur \|author-link=Arthur Waley \|date=2002 \|title=The Secret History of the Mongols: and other pieces \|publisher=House of Stratus \|location=London \|url=https://archive.org/details/secrethistoryofm0000unse/ \|url-access=registration \|isbn=978-1-8423-2370-0 \|ref=harv }} * {{cite book \|last=Waterson \|first=James \|title=Defending Heaven: China's Mongol Wars, 1209–1370 \|date=2013 \|publisher=[[Pen and Sword Books\|Frontline Books]] \|isbn=978-1-7834-6943-7 \|location=[[Barnsley]]\|ref=harv}} * {{cite book \|last=Weatherford \|first=Jack \|author-link=Jack Weatherford \|title=Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World \|date=2004 \|publisher=[[Crown Publishing Group]] \|location=New York \|isbn=978-0-3072-3781-1 \|url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanmaki00jack \|url-access=registration \|ref=harv }} * {{cite book \|last=Wilkinson \|first=Endymion \|author-link=Endymion Wilkinson \|date=2012 \|orig-date=1973 \|edition=Third \|title=[[Chinese History: A New Manual]] \|isbn=978-0-6740-6715-8 \|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] \|location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts\|Cambridge]]\|ref=harv}} * {{cite encyclopedia \|last=Wright \|first=David Curtis \|date=2017 \|orig-year=2016 \|encyclopedia=[[Oxford Bibliographies Online\|Oxford Bibliographies]]: Military History \|title=Genghis Khan \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] \|location=Oxford \|doi=10.1093/OBO/9780199791279-0154 \|url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780199791279/obo-9780199791279-0154.xml \|url-access=subscription \|ref=harv \|access-date=2024-08-21 \|archive-date=2023-03-20 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320031927/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780199791279/obo-9780199791279-0154.xml \|dead-url=no }} * {{cite journal \|first1=Wenpeng \|last1=You \|first2=Francesco M. \|last2=Galassi \|first3=Elena \|last3=Varotto \|first4=Maciej \|last4=Henneberg \|title=Genghis Khan's death (AD 1227): An unsolvable riddle or simply a pandemic disease? \|journal=[[International Journal of Infectious Diseases]] \|volume=104 \|date=2021 \|pages=347–348 \|issn=1201-9712 \|doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.089 \|pmid=33444749 \|s2cid=231610775 \|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971221000205 \|doi-access=free \|hdl=10447/620953 \|hdl-access=free \|ref=harv \|access-date=2024-08-21 \|archive-date=2023-07-19 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719204147/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971221000205 \|dead-url=no }} {{refend}}