Perwara: Perbedaan antara revisi

Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan
 
(7 revisi perantara oleh pengguna yang sama tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 37:
Di Kamboja, ''perwara'' adalah dayang berpangkat tinggi yang bertugas melayani makan minum raja, mengipasi dan mengurut badan raja, dan adakalanya memuaskan berahi raja. Lazimnya perempuan-perempuan tersebut meniti karier di istana mulai dari jenjang [[pekerja rumah tangga|biti-biti]] sampai akhirnya menjadi perwara, [[pergundikan|selir]], bahkan [[permaisuri]]. ''Srey Snom'' ({{lang-km|ស្រីស្នំ}}) adalah sebutan untuk perwara dalam bahasa Kamboja.
 
Kemungkinan besar enam dayang kesayangan [[Sisowath dari Kamboja|Raja Sri Swasti]] berasal dari jenjang penari istana yang beranggotakan anak-anak gadis rakyat jelata. Raja SisowatSri Swasti diketahui memperselir hampir semua penari istana. Penari kahyangan, [[Apsara]], adalah salah satunya. PraktikKebiasaan memperselir penari istana bermulamula-mula muncul pada zaman kegemilangan Kerajaan Kmer.
 
=== Kanada ===
Baris 72:
 
=== Denmark ===
Majelis istana Denmar pada Awal Abad Kiwari diatur mengikuti tatanan majelis istana Jerman, yang terinspirasi dari tatanan majelis istana Austria, sejak abad ke-16.<ref name="Persson 1999"/> Pangkat tertinggi istanawati yang berkhidmat kepada seorang sentana putri adalah ''[[Hofmesterinde]]'' (kepala istana perempuan) atau, sejak tahun 1694/1698, ''[[Overhofmesterinde]]'' (ketua istana perempuan), sejajar dengan kepala istana perempuan urusan busana, biasanya dijabat seorang janda sepuh, yang menyelia semua perwara lain.<ref name="Kjølsen 2010, page?">{{harvnb|Kjølsen|2010|p=}}</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2017}} Istanawati selebihnya adalah ''[[Kammerfrøken]]'' (dayang kehormatan senior), disusul sekelompok ''Hofdame'' (perwaraistanawati) dan ''Hoffrøken'' ([[dayang kehormatan]]).<ref name="Kjølsen 2010, page?"/> Di bawah mereka masih ada biti-biti bukan ningrat yang tidak berpangkat perwara, misalnya biti-biti bilik peraduan.
 
Hierarki semacam inilah yang dipakai sejak abad ke-16 sampai dengan kemangkatan [[Christian IX dari Denmark|Raja Christian IX]] pada tahun 1906.<ref name="Kjølsen 2010, page?" /> Pada abad ke-20, kebanyakan gelar tersebut tidak lagi dipakai, dan semua perwara di istana Kerajaan Denmark sekarang ini hanya disebut ''Hofdame'' (perwaraistanawati).
 
=== Prancis ===
Baris 125:
''Gungnyeo'' terdiri atas para perwara, baik dayang-dayang maupun biti-biti (disebut ''nain'') yang bertanggung jawab atas sebagian besar pekerjaan rumah tangga. ''Gungnyeo'' menempati [[Naemyeongbu|jenjang]] 9 sampai 5 (jenjang 4 sampai 1 diduduki para selir resmi), dan masing-masing peringkat terbagi lagi menjadi dua tingkat (sepuh dan anom). Jenjang tertinggi yang dapat dicapai adalah ''[[sanggung]]'' (jenjang 5 tingkat sepuh).<ref>{{cite web |title=상궁(尙宮), Sanggung |url=http://www.aks.ac.kr/glossary/glossary_detail.asp?g_code=15278&page=1&c_code=&search_field=g_korean&keyword=%EC%83%81%EA%B6%81&order=g_korean&kanada= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183543/http://www.aks.ac.kr/glossary/glossary_detail.asp?g_code=15278&page=1&c_code=&search_field=g_korean&keyword=%EC%83%81%EA%B6%81&order=g_korean&kanada= |archive-date=3 Maret 2016 |access-date=9 September 2016 |publisher=[[The Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko, en}}</ref> ''Gungnyeo'' juga mencakup golongan-golongan pekerja wanita di luar jenjang tersebut, misalnya ''musuri'' (perempuan dari golongan masyarakat paling rendah yang melakukan berbagai pekerjaan kasar, seperti menimba air dan membagi-bagi kayu bakar), ''gaksimi'' (juga dikenal dengan sebutan ''bija'' dan ''bangja'', yakni pelayan pribadi ''sanggung''), ''sonnim'' (secara harfiah berarti 'tamu', yakni pelayan yang dibawa masuk ke lingkungan istana untuk melayani selir, sering kali memiliki hubungan erat dengan keluarga selir yang dilayaninya), dan ''uinyeo'' (dipilih dari antara budak-budak perempuan milik negara untuk bekerja di panti husada kerajaan atau balai kesehatan umum, dan mempraktikkan keahlian pengobatan sederhana).
 
Pada umumnya perwara dipilih dari antara anak-anak gadis golongan ''[[sangmin]]'' (rakyat jelata) dan [[Nobi|budak]]-budak perempuan pribadi golongan ''[[Yangban|sadaebu]]'' (priayi). Kemudian hari, perwara juga dipilih dari antara budak-budak milik negara maupun anak-anak gadis yang lahir dari rahim gundik-gundik priayi (para mantan [[Kisaeng|pramuria]] atau budak). Para ''nain'', yang erat kaitannya dengan lingkungan kediaman khusus bagi raja dan permaisuri, dipilih sendiri oleh wanita-wanita istana berpangkat tinggi, lewat rekomendasi dan koneksi. Para ''nain'' yang bekerja di jawatan-jawatan dengan kemahiran khusus semisal jahit-menjahit dan sulam-menyulam berasakberasal dari kalangan ''[[jungin]]'' (golongan menengah), sementara ''gungnyeo'' di jenjang terbawah berasal dari kalangan ''[[cheonmin]]'' (rakyat kasar).<!--
 
Perwara termuda berumur 4 tahun saat pertama kali masuk istana. Sesudah mempelajari budi bahasa dan tata krama istana, mereka dapat menjadi ''nain''. Sesudah mengabdi di istana lebih dari 15 tahun, mereka akhirnya mendapatkan peluang untuk naik pangkat, tetapi hanya berpeluang naik pangkat menjadi ''sanggung'' sesudah mengabdi selama sekurang-kurangnya 35 tahun.
They could be as young as 4 when entering the palace, and after learning court language and etiquette, they could be elevated to a ''nain''. When they had served the court for more than 15 years, they would eventually be promoted to higher ranks, however they were eligible for the rank of ''sanggung'' only after a minimum of 35 years of work.
 
Ladies-in-waitingJika coulddisukai raja, becomeperwara concubinesdapat ifsaja thenaik kingpangkat favoredmenjadi themselir. TheyPerwara wouldyang bedemikian elevatedakan todinaikkan theke highestjenjang ranktertinggi (seniorjejang 5th)5 andtingkat would besepuh) knowndan asdisebut ''seungeun sanggung'' (or 'favored/specialwanita courtistana ladykinasih/istimewa'). IfJika theymelahirkan gaveseorang birth to a sonputra, they''seugeun wouldsanggung'' become membersakan ofmenjadi thesentanaraja royalsesudah family, after beingdinaikkan promotedpangkatnya tomenjadi ''[[StylesSebutan anddan titlesgelar indi theDinasti Joseon dynasty|sug-won]]'' (juniorjenjang 4th4 tingkat anom), anddan untilsampai thedengan 18thabad century,ke-18 theymungkin couldsaja advancedinaikkan aspangkatnya highsampai aske becomingjenjang queenpermaisuri (thecontoh mostyang notablepaling exampleterkenal beingadalah [[RoyalJang Noble Consort Huibin JangHui-bin|Jang Ok-jeong]], a concubine ofselir [[Sukjong ofdari Joseon|Raja Sukjong]] anddan mother ofibu [[Gyeongjong ofdari Joseon|Raja Gyeongjong]]).
 
=== Negeri Rendah ===
Istana Kadipaten Burgundia, yang berlokasi di Begeri Belanda pada abad ke-15, terkenal dengan tatanan kehidupan istananya yang menjelimet dan menjadi panutan beberapa istana lain di Eropa.{{sfn|Kolk|2009}} Tatanan hidup di istana Burgundia menjadi panutan majelis istana kekaisaran Austria pada abad ke-16, ketika Negeri Belanda di bawah kekuasaan Kadipaten Burgundia bersatu dengan Austria melalui pertalian darah wangsa Habsburg.<ref name="Duindam date? page?"/>
 
InPada theabad 16th centuryke-16, thepara ladies-in-waitingperwara inyang themengabdi courtskepada ofpara theGubernur HabsburgBelanda governorsdari ofwangsa the NetherlandsHabsburg, Margaretyakni ofMargareta menak Austria anddan [[MaryMaria ofdari HungaryHongaria (governor of theGubernur NetherlandsBelanda)|MaryMaria ofmenak HungaryHongaria]], wereterdiri composedatas of one {{lang|nl|''Hofmeesteres}}'' (Courtkepala Mistressistana) oratau {{lang|fr|''Dame d'honneur}}'' whoselaku servedperwara asutama, thesatu principalorang lady-in-waiting; one {{lang|nl|''Hofdame}}'' oratau {{lang|fr|''Mere de Filles}},'' whoselaku wasperwara secondmadya inmerangkap rankdeputi and deputy of the {{lang|nl|''Hofmeesteres}}'' assekaligus wellmembawahi aspara being in charge of the {{lang|nl|''Eredames}}'' (Maidsdayang of Honourkehormatan), alsoyang knownjuga asdikenal {{lang|fr|dengan sebutan ''Demoiselle d'honneur}}'', {{lang|fr|''Fille d'honneur}}'', ormaupun {{lang|de|''Junckfrauen}}'', anddan finallyyang theterakhir {{lang|nl|adalah ''Kameniersters}}'' (Chamberbiti-biti Maidsbilik peraduan), allsemuanya menyandang withberagam differentgelar titlestergantung dependingkepada onbahasa languageyang indipakai thedi multilingualNegeri areaBelanda ofyang themultibahasa Netherlandsitu.<ref name="Kerkhoff date? page?"/>
 
TheBerdirinya [[KingdomKerajaan of the NetherlandsBelanda]] waspada founded intahun 1815, signifying themenyiratkan organisationadanya ofusaha amenata royalmajelis courtistana. InPada theabad 19th centuryke-19, thepara ladies-in-waitingperwara ofdi theistana DutchKerajaaan courtBelanda werediketuai headedoleh by the {{lang|nl|''Grootmeesteres}}'' (Grandperwara Mistressbesar, equivalentsejajar todengan Mistressperwara ofurusan the Robesbusana),. ofPara secondperwara ranktingkat weremadya theadalah {{lang|fr|''Dames du Palais}}'' (marriedpara ladies-in-waitingperwara bersuami), followeddan bypara theperwara thirdtingkat rankpratama {{lang|nl|adalah ''Hofdames}}'' (Court Ladiesistanawati, equivalent tosejajar Maidsdengan ofdayang Honourkehormatan).{{sfn|Hamer|2011|p=}}{{page needed|date=April 2017}}<ref>S Gravenhaagsche Stads-Almanak: voor 1857</ref>{{full citation needed|date=April 2017}}
 
[[Beatrix ofdari theBelanda|Ratu NetherlandsBeatrix]] had amemiliki total oftujuh sevenorang {{lang|nl|''Hofdames}}''. TheyMereka accompaniedmengiring theratu queenmaupun andpara thesentana otherputri femaledalam membersacara oflawatan theatau Royaljamuan Housedi duringistana.<!-- visits and receptions at the royal court. The monarch paid for their expenses, but they did not receive any salary. Not all of these ladies were members of the Dutch aristocracy, but each had a "notable" husband. Excellent social behavior and discretion were the most important recommendations for becoming a {{lang|nl|Hofdame}}. In 2012, the {{lang|nl|Hofdames}} were Letje van Karnebeek-van Lede, Lieke Gaarlandt-van Voorst van Beest, Julie Jeekel-Thate, Miente Boellaard-Stheeman, {{lang|nl|[[Jonkheer|Jonkvrouwe]]}} Reina de Blocq van Scheltinga, Elizabeth Baroness van Wassenaer-Mersmans and Bibi Baroness van Zuylen van Nijevelt, {{lang|nl|Jonkvrouwe}} den Beer Poortugael. [[Queen Maxima of the Netherlands|Queen Maxima]] reduced the number of {{lang|nl|Hofdames}} to three, hers being: Lieke Gaarlandt-van Voorst van Beest, Pien van Karnebeek-Thijssen and Annemijn Crince le Roy-van Munster van Heuven. After their voluntary retirement, {{lang|nl|Hofdames}} were appointed to the honorary royal household. The honorary royal household still distinguishes between {{lang|nl|Dames du Palais}} and {{lang|nl|Hofdames}}, but the category {{lang|nl|Dames du Palais}} is slated for discontinuation.
 
The {{lang|nl|Grootmeesteres}} (Grandmistress) is the highest-ranking lady at the royal court. From 1984 until 2014, the position was held by [[Martine van Loon-Labouchere]], descendant of the famous banker family, a former diplomat and the widow of {{lang|nl|[[Jonkheer]]}} [[Maurits van Loon]] of the famous Amsterdam canal estate. The current {{lang|nl|Grootmeesteres}} is Bibi Countess van Zuylen van Nijevelt-den Beer Poortugael (lady-in-waiting between 2011 and 2014).
Baris 150:
During the [[Denmark–Norway|Danish–Norwegian union]], from 1380 until 1814, the Danish royal court in Copenhagen was counted as the Norwegian royal court, and thus there was no royal court present in Norway during this period. During the union between Norway and Sweden from 1814 to 1905, there were Norwegian courtiers who served during the Swedish royal family's visits to Norway. The female courtiers were appointed according to the Swedish court model, that is to say the class of ''Hovfröken'' (Maid of Honour), ''Kammarfröken'' (Chief Maid of Honour) and ''Statsfru'' (Lady of the Bedchamber), all supervised by the ''[[Overhoffmesterinne]]'' (Mistress of the Robes): these posts were first appointed in 1817.{{sfn|Hauge|Egeberg|1960|p=}}{{page needed|date=April 2017}} When the union between Sweden and Norway was dissolved in 1905, a permanent Norwegian royal court was established.
 
=== KemaharajaanKekaisaran Usmani ===
 
In theDi [[OttomanKesultanan Utsmaniyah|Kekaisaran EmpireUsmani]], the word ''lady-in-waitingperwara'' oratau courtwanita ladyistana hasadalah often been used to describe those women ofperempuan-perempuan thepenghuni [[ImperialHarem harem|ImperialKesultanan Utsmaniyah|Harem Baginda]] whoyang functionedberfungsi assebagai servantsbiti-biti, secretariessetia usaha, anddan companionssahabiyat ofpara the consortsgarwa (concubinesselir), daughtersputri, sisterssaudari, anddan mothers of theibunda [[OttomanDaftar Sultansultan Utsmaniyah|padisyah]]. These women originally came to the Harem as slaves, captured through the [[Crimean slave trade]], the [[Barbary slave trade]] and the [[White slave trade]].<ref name="books.google.se">Madeline Zilfi: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oo_AetRkC9UC&dq=Cariyes&pg=PA223 Women and Slavery in the Late Ottoman Empire: The Design of Difference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414214634/https://books.google.com/books?id=oo_AetRkC9UC&dq=Cariyes&pg=PA223 |date=14 April 2023 }}''</ref>
When they entered the Harem, they were given the position of ''[[Cariye]]'' and were all formally available as concubines to the Sultan, but if they were not chosen to share his bed, they served in a position similar to lady-in-waiting, serving the mother, concubines, sisters, and daughters of the Sultan.<ref name="books.google.se"/>
 
Baris 201:
During the reign of [[Queen Elizabeth II]], one of the ''women of the bedchamber'' was always in daily attendance; each served for a fortnight at a time, in rotation. In the [[Court Circular]] the phrase 'Lady in Waiting to the Queen' referred to the women on duty at a given time.<ref>e.g. "Mrs. Fiona Henderson has succeeded Mrs. Robert de Pass as Lady in Waiting to The Queen" ([https://www.royal.uk/court-circular Court Circular, 29 October 2002] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629182208/https://www.royal.uk/court-circular |date=29 June 2016 }}).</ref>
 
[[File:Royal Visit Toronto 2010 5.JPG|thumb|right|Walking behind [[QueenRatu Elizabeth II]] on a [[Royal tours of Canada#21st century|visit to Toronto]] in 2010 are two ladies-in-waiting: a Woman of the Bedchamber ([[Lady Susan Hussey]], left) and a Lady of the Bedchamber ([[Diana Maxwell, Baroness Farnham|Lady Farnham]], right).]]
The ''ladies of the bedchamber'' were not in daily attendance, but were called upon for the more important public occasions and events.<ref name="AllisonRiddell1991" /> Two ladies-in-waiting used to accompany the Queen on overseas tours, one of whom was usually a Lady of the Bedchamber.<ref name="AllisonRiddell1991" /> For many years the Queen was always attended by three ladies-in-waiting at the State Opening of Parliament (the Mistress of the Robes, a Lady of the Bedchamber and a Woman of the Bedchamber), but in 1998 the number attending was reduced to two.<ref>{{cite news |title=State Opening of Parliament - Royal Procession |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/a-z_of_parliament/r-s/194148.stm |access-date=29 June 2024 |work=BBC News |date=15 October 1998}}</ref>