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[[Berkas:Apollo 11 Saturn V lifting off on July 16, 1969.jpg|jmpl|250px]]
[[File:Soyuz TMA-5 launch.jpg|thumb|[[Soyuz TMA-5]] Rusia lepas landas dari Kosmodrom Baikonur di Kazakhstan menuju [[Stasiun Luar Angkasa Internasional]]]]
[[File:Space_Launchers.png|thumb|Perbandingan wahana peluncur. Tampilkan massa muatan ke [[Low Earth orbit|LEO]], [[Geostationary transfer orbit|GTO]], [[Trans-lunar injection|TLI]] dan [[Heliocentric orbit#Trans-Mars injection|MTO]] ]]
[[Berkas:Delta-4H DSP-23 2.jpg|300px|jmpl|Delta IV Heavy Expendable Launch Vehicle milik Boeing.]]
'''Kendaraan peluncur''' biasanya adalah [[kendaraan]] bertenaga [[roket]] yang dirancang untuk membawa muatan (pesawat antariksa berawak maupun kargo tidak beraak atau [[satelit]]) dari permukaan Bumi atau atmosfer bawah ke luar angkasa. Bentuk yang paling umum adalah [[roket multitahap]] berbentuk rudal balistik, tetapi istilahnya lebih umum dan juga mencakup kendaraan seperti [[Pesawat Ulang Alik]]. Sebagian besar kendaraan peluncur beroperasi dari [[landasan peluncuran]], didukung oleh [[Pusat kendali misi|pusat kendali]] peluncuran dan sistem seperti perakitan dan pengisian bahan bakar kendaraan. Kendaraan peluncur direkayasa dengan aerodinamika dan teknologi canggih, yang berkontribusi pada biaya operasi yang tinggi.
Mesin Centaur telah berevolusi dari waktu ke waktu, dan tiga versi (RL10A-4-2, RL10C-1 dan RL10C-1-1) digunakan pada tahun 2024 (lihat tabel di bawah). Semua versi menggunakan hidrogen cair dan oksigen cair.
== Proses penempatan satelit ke orbit ==
Menempatkan satelit ke [[orbit]] merupakan operasi [[teknologi]] yang memerlukan perencanaan yang cermat, sumber daya keuangan yang signifikan, dan kolaborasi tim yang sangat terspesialisasi. Proses ini, yang mungkin tampak sederhana dari sudut pandang pengamat di Bumi, melibatkan beberapa langkah dan teknologi canggih.
Sistem satelit yang didedikasikan untuk cakupan global terdiri dari konstelasi satelit
* [[orbit Bumi rendah]] ([[LEO]]) dan
Satelit dapat memiliki berbagai tujuan, seperti observasi Bumi, telekomunikasi, navigasi, atau penelitian ilmiah. Sebelum meluncurkan satelit, satelit harus dirancang dan dibangun sesuai dengan tujuan khusus yang diminta oleh klien misi yang berbeda. Desain harus mempertimbangkan:
* [[orbit Bumi geostasioner]] ([[GEO]]).
* '''Berat dan ukuran''': Satelit harus cukup ringan untuk dibawa oleh roket, tetapi juga cukup kuat untuk menahan kondisi luar angkasa yang ekstrem. Massa peluncuran merupakan faktor yang sangat memengaruhi biaya penempatan satelit ke orbit, sehingga parameter ini harus dioptimalkan semaksimal mungkin agar proyek satelit menguntungkan.
* '''Sistem energi''': Sebagian besar satelit mengandalkan panel surya untuk menghasilkan listrik. Selain itu, satelit memiliki sistem propulsi untuk melakukan berbagai manuver koreksi orbit.
* Teknologi komunikasi: Untuk mengirimkan data ke Bumi, satelit memerlukan sistem komunikasi yang efisien dan andal. Selain itu, satelit memiliki sistem kendali jarak jauh dan telemetri yang dipantau dari pusat kendali satelit untuk memastikan pengoperasiannya yang benar.
* '''Perlindungan Termal''': Karena suhu dapat berkisar dari 120ºC di sisi satelit yang menghadap Matahari hingga -150ºC di sisi bayangan, sangat penting untuk merancang satelit dengan sistem kontrol termal yang menjaga komponennya pada suhu yang sesuai.
Proses ini diakhiri dengan serangkaian pengujian yang sangat melelahkan, yang mensimulasikan kondisi ekstrem yang akan dialami satelit di luar angkasa selama lebih dari 15 tahun masa pakainya.
=== Memilih kendaraan peluncur ===
Setelah satelit dirancang dan dibangun, satelit tersebut diangkut ke lokasi peluncuran. Kendaraan peluncur adalah roket yang dirancang khusus untuk mengangkut satu atau lebih muatan satelit ke orbit tertentu dan melepaskannya di lokasi yang sesuai.
=== Pemilihan orbit ===
Pemilihan orbit merupakan faktor krusial yang bergantung pada tujuan satelit:
* Orbit Bumi Rendah (LEO): Terletak antara 200 dan 2.000 km di atas permukaan Bumi, orbit Bumi rendah digunakan, di antara aplikasi lain, untuk observasi Bumi dan telekomunikasi.
* Orbit Bumi Menengah (MEO): Antara 2.000 dan 35.785 km, juga digunakan untuk satelit komunikasi dan navigasi.
* Orbit Geostasioner (GEO): Digunakan oleh satelit telekomunikasi seperti milik Hispasat, mereka mempertahankan jejak cakupan tetap di atas Bumi, pada 35.786 km di atas permukaan laut.
* Orbit Kutub: Memungkinkan cakupan global dengan melewati kutub, berguna untuk pengamatan dan pemantauan iklim.
=== Persiiapan pra-peluncuran ===
Sebelum peluncuran, beberapa pengujian dilakukan untuk memastikan semuanya beres:
* '''Integrasi satelit dengan roket''': Satelit ditempatkan di atas roket dan uji kompatibilitas dilakukan.
* '''Simulasi dan pengujian''': Simulasi penerbangan dan uji darat dijalankan untuk mengidentifikasi dan memperbaiki kemungkinan kesalahan.
* '''Keselamatan lokasi''': Lokasi peluncuran harus dipersiapkan, memastikan semua orang dan peralatan aman.
=== Peluncuran ===
Peluncuran merupakan salah satu momen paling krusial dari keseluruhan misi. Peluncuran melibatkan penyalaan mesin roket dan pendakiannya melalui atmosfer sehingga satelit memulai perjalanannya ke posisi orbitnya. Selama proses ini, lintasan dan status roket harus dipantau dengan saksama.
=== Penempatan dan masuk ke layanan ===
Setelah roket dan satelit terpisah, satelit akan memasang panel surya, mengirim sinyal telemetri pertama, dan menyalakan mesin apogee, yang akan digunakan untuk mencapai - dalam perjalanan yang dapat berlangsung beberapa bulan - orbit sementara, tempat satelit akan menjalani pengujian baru. Setelah melewati pengujian ini, satelit akan bergerak ke posisi akhirnya dan mulai menyediakan layanan. Statusnya dikontrol dan dipantau dari Bumi, melakukan penyesuaian berkala pada orbit dan sistemnya jika perlu.
== Proses peluncuran satelit ==
Proses peluncuran satelit menuju orbit geostasioner karena jaraknya yang terlalu jauh dari Bumi, memerlukan beberapa langkah.
* Pada langkah pertama, satelit diinjekikan ke orbit melingkar Bumi rendah (LEO).
Cara paling sederhana untuk melakukan perubahan bidang adalah dengan melakukan pembakaran di sekitar salah satu dari dua titik persimpangan bidang awal dan akhir. Delta-v yang diperlukan adalah vektor perubahan kecepatan antara dua bidang pada titik tersebut.
=== Umur satelit ===
Satelit yang berada di orbit rendah pada ketinggian beberapa ratus kilometer dari permukaan tanah akan memasuki atmosfer dan terbakar dalam beberapa tahun hingga beberapa dekade. Di sisi lain, satelit yang berada di orbit tinggi di atas 1.000 km akan terus berputar selama lebih dari 100 tahun. Satelit yang berada di luar angkasa tanpa jatuh dalam waktu yang lama menimbulkan masalah sampah antariksa (space debris) dan berbagai diskusi tentang masalah ini diadakan di seluruh dunia.
Daftar berikut memberikan panduan kasar mengenai masa hidup suatu objek dalam orbit melingkar atau hampir melingkar pada berbagai ketinggian dan Masa Hidup.
* 200 km 1 hari
* 300 km 1 bulan
* 400 km 1 tahun
* 500 km 10 tahun
* 700 km 100 tahun
* 900 km 1000 tahun
Berikut adalah beberapa faktor lain yang memengaruhi umur satelit:
* '''Desain''': Umur desain satelit GPS adalah 7,5 hingga 15 tahun.
* '''Bahan bakar''': Mengirim satelit ke orbit dengan banyak bahan bakar dapat memperpanjang umurnya.
* '''Radiasi''': Mendesain komponen untuk menahan radiasi keras dapat memperpanjang umur satelit.
* '''Aktivitas matahari''': Prediksi cuaca luar angkasa dapat memengaruhi umur satelit.
Ketika satelit mencapai akhir masa pakainya, satelit tersebut dibuang dengan berbagai cara, tergantung pada ukuran dan orbitnya:
* Satelit yang lebih kecil di orbit rendah terbakar oleh gesekan dengan udara saat jatuh kembali ke Bumi.
* Satelit yang lebih besar di orbit rendah diturunkan di dekat Point Nemo, bagian terpencil Samudra Pasifik, agar tidak mencapai permukaan Bumi.
== Mesin roket ==
Rekor untuk mesin terbanyak pada satu penerbangan roket adalah 44, yang ditetapkan oleh NASA pada tahun 2016 pada Black Brant.
=== Propelan cair tahap pertama===
Propelan cair yang digunakan dalam roket tahap pertama terdiri dari bahan bakar dan oksidator dapat berupa hidrogen, metana, oksigen, dan kerosene (RP-1):
* Hidrogen dan oksigen, Digunakan dalam roket yang membutuhkan kinerja tinggi. Namun, hidrogen sulit disimpan.
* Metana dan oksigen, Pilihan yang baik karena mudah diproduksi di Mars, lebih mudah disimpan daripada hidrogen, dan memiliki kinerja yang lebih baik daripada minyak tanah.
* RP-1, Bahan bakar cair yang digunakan dalam roket kerolox. RP-1 memiliki risiko ledakan yang lebih rendah daripada hidrogen cair, dan dapat disimpan pada suhu sekitar.
* Minyak tanah dan oksigen, Digunakan dalam sebagian besar kendaraan peluncur karena dapat diandalkan dan memiliki kinerja yang layak.
Selain itu, bahan bakar roket juga bisa berupa amonium perklorat, bubuk aluminium, dan polibutadiena berujung hidroksil (HTPB). Propelan roket yang terdiri dari bahan bakar dan oksidator terpisah disebut bipropelan.
== Segmen darat ==
Elemen-elemen ini hadir di hampir semua [[misi luar angkasa]], baik [[komersial]], [[militer]], maupun [[ilmiah]]. Elemen-elemen ini mungkin terletak bersama atau terpisah secara geografis, dan mungkin dioperasikan oleh pihak-pihak yang berbeda. Beberapa elemen dapat mendukung beberapa wahana antariksa secara bersamaan.
=== Daftar penyedia layanan peluncuran ===
Penyedia layanan peluncuran adalah jenis perusahaan yang menggunakan kendaraan peluncur dan layanan terkait yang disediakan oleh Badan Peluncuran, termasuk menyediakan kendaraan peluncur, dukungan peluncuran, peralatan dan fasilitas, untuk tujuan meluncurkan satelit ke orbit atau ruang angkasa dalam. Ada lebih dari 100 perusahaan peluncuran dari seluruh dunia. Perusahaan-perusahaan ini dan kendaraan peluncurnya berada dalam berbagai tahap pengembangan, dengan beberapa (seperti SpaceX, RocketLab, dan ULA) sudah beroperasi secara reguler, sementara yang lain belum.<ref name=":0">{{Cite report |url=https://archive.org/details/spacepropertyandlaw/2018_ast_compendium/page/n13/mode/2up?q=%22Launch+Service+Provider%22&view=theater |title=The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2018 |date=January 2018 |publisher=United States Government (Federal Aviation Administration) |page= |access-date=2022-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Launch Services Definition: 101 Samples |url=https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/launch-services#:~:text=Launch%20Services%20means%20the%20Launch,launching%20the%20Satellites%20into%20orbit. |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Law Insider |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Launch Service Providers |url=https://rocketlaunch.org/launch-providers |website=RocketLaunch.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 April 2016 |title=Propulsion Products Catalog |url=https://www.orbitalatk.com/flight-systems/propulsion-systems/docs/2016%20OA%20Motor%20Catalog.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107014333/https://www.orbitalatk.com/flight-systems/propulsion-systems/docs/2016%20OA%20Motor%20Catalog.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=3 November 2017 |publisher=Orbital ATK }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=14 September 2018 |title=Engineers say goodbye to society-changing Delta 2 rocket – Spaceflight Now |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/09/14/engineers-say-goodbye-to-society-changing-delta-2-rocket/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=Spaceflight Now |publisher=Pole Star Publications |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Federal Aviation Administration |url=https://archive.org/details/commercialspacei0000unse/ |title=Commercial Space Industry: Manufacturing, Suborbitals and Transportation |publisher=Nova Science Publishers |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-62257-303-5 |veditors=Freeman SO, Butler KI |series=Space Science, Exploration and Policies |location=New York |chapter=Commercial Space Transportation: 2011 Year in Review |type=This is an edited, reformatted and augmented version of the Federal Aviation Administration, HQ-121525.INDD, dated January 2012. |access-date=2022-04-22 |url-access=registration}}</ref>
Pada tahun 2018, sektor layanan peluncuran menyumbang $5,5 miliar dari total "ekonomi luar angkasa global" sebesar $344,5 miliar. Sektor ini bertanggung jawab atas pemesanan, konversi atau konstruksi roket pembawa , perakitan dan penumpukan, integrasi muatan, dan akhirnya melakukan peluncuran itu sendiri. Beberapa tugas ini dapat didelegasikan atau disubkontrakkan ke perusahaan lain. Misalnya, United Launch Alliance secara resmi mensubkontrakkan produksi motor roket padat GEM untuk roket Delta II dan Delta IV (versi Medium) mereka ke Alliant Techsystems. (Kedua kendaraan tersebut sekarang sudah tidak digunakan lagi) Sebuah LSP tidak serta merta membangun semua roket yang diluncurkannya.
Dokumen yang penting untuk penyediaan layanan peluncuran yang sukses adalah Dokumen Kontrol Antarmuka (ICD), sebuah kontrak yang menentukan tanggung jawab persyaratan integrasi dan misi di seluruh penyedia layanan dan pengacara layanan.
Dalam beberapa kasus, LSP tidak diperlukan untuk meluncurkan roket. Organisasi pemerintah seperti militer dan pasukan pertahanan dapat melakukan peluncuran sendiri.
=== Penyedia layanan peluncuran saat ini ===
==== Perusahaan ====
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[AgniKul Cosmos]] (India)
* [[Antrix Corporation]] (India)<ref name=":0" />
* [[Arianespace]] (France)<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=34}}
* [[Astra (American spaceflight company)|Astra]] (United States)
* [[Blue Origin]] (United States)<ref name=":0" />
* [[CAS Space]] (China)
* [[Deep Blue Aerospace]] (China)
* [[Eurockot Launch Services]] (Germany)
* [[Evolution Space]] (United States)
* [[Firefly Aerospace]] (United States)<ref name=":0" />
* [[Galactic Energy]] (China)
* [[GK Launch Services]] (Russia, Kazakhstan)<ref name=":0" />
* [https://www.innospc.com/ INNOSPACE] (Korea)<ref name=":0" />
* [[International Launch Services]] ''aka'' ILS (United States)<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=34}}
* [[Interstellar Technologies]] (Japan)
* [[ISC Kosmotras]] (Russia)
* [[i-Space (Chinese company)|i-Space]] (China)
* [[Landspace]] (China)
* [[LinkSpace]] (China)<ref name=":0" />
* [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]] ''via'' MHI Launch Services (Japan)<ref name=":0" />
* [[Northrop Grumman Space Systems Group]] (United States)
* [[HyImpulse]] (Germany)
* [[OneSpace]] (China)<ref name=":0" />
* [[Orienspace]] (China)
* [[PLD Space]] (Spain)<ref name=":0" />
* [[Relativity Space]] (United States)
* [[Rocket Factory Augsburg]] (Germany)
* [[Rocket Lab]] (United States/New Zealand)<ref name=":0" />
* [[Sea Launch]] (Switzerland)<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=34}}
* [[Skyroot Aerospace]] (India)
* [[Space One]] (Japan)
* [[Space Pioneer]] (China)
* [[SpaceX]] (United States)<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=34}}
* [[Starsem]] (France)
* [[Stoke Space]] (United States) <ref>https://www.stokespace.com {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>
* [[United Launch Alliance]] ''aka'' ULA (United States)<ref name=":0" />
* [[Up Aerospace]] (United States) <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.abqjournal.com/news/local/rocket-carrying-cremains-crashes-after-launching-from-spaceport-america/article_e0eedfcc-cf87-5596-a11f-33e8c364cf1d.html | title=Rocket carrying cremains crashes after launching from Spaceport America | date=2 May 2023 }}</ref>
* [[Vector Launch]] (United States)<ref name=":0" />
* [[Virgin Galactic]] (United States)<ref>https://www.virgingalactic.com {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>
* [[Zero 2 Infinity]] (Spain)
}}
==== Perusahaan Former ====
* [[Orbital ATK]] (United States)<ref name=":0" />
* [[Orbital Sciences Corporation]] (United States)<ref name=":1">{{Cite thesis |last=Moore |first=Maurice H. |title=Department of Defense Spacelift In A Fiscally Constrained Environment |date=February 2011 |degree=MS (Master of Military Art and Science) |publisher=U.S. Army Command and General Staff College |url=https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA556297/}}</ref>{{Rp|page=34}}
* [[Stratolaunch Systems]] (United States)<ref name=":0" />
* [[Virgin Orbit]] (United States)<ref name=":0" />
==== Pemerintah dan milik negara ====
* [[China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology|CALT]] (China)
* [[DARPA]] (United States)<ref name=":0" />
* [[ExPace]] (China)<ref name=":0" />
* [[Glavkosmos]] (Russia)<ref name="TradeInLaunchServices1991">{{cite journal |last=Brooks |year=1991 |first=Timothy A. |title=Regulating International Trade in Launch Services |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24122277 |url-access=subscription |journal=[[High Technology Law Journal]] |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=66 |jstor=24122277 |issn=0885-2715 |eissn=2380-4734 |access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref>{{rp|71}}
* [[Iranian Space Agency|ISA]] (Iran)<ref name=":0" />
* [[JAXA]] (Japan)<ref name=":0" />
*
* [[National Aerospace Development Administration|NADA]] (North Korea)<ref name=":0" />
* [[NASA]] (United States)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heiney |first=Anna |date=2018-04-10 |title=LSP Overview |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/lsp-overview |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=NASA}}</ref>
* [[NewSpace India Limited|NSIL]] (India)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandate {{!}} NSIL |url=https://www.nsilindia.co.in/mandate |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=www.nsilindia.co.in}}</ref>
=== Pusat Pengendali Misi ===
Pusat kendali misi atau mission control center (MCC, terkadang disebut pusat kendali penerbangan atau pusat operasi) adalah [[fasilitas]] yang mengelola [[penerbangan antariksa]], biasanya dari [[Bandar antariksa|titik peluncuran]] hingga pendaratan atau akhir misi, mirp dengan [[pemandu lalu lintas udara]] ATC pada bandara penerbangan sipil. Pusat kendali misi merupakan bagian dari [[segmen darat]] operasi wahana antariksa. Staf pengendali penerbangan dan personel pendukung lainnya memantau semua aspek misi menggunakan [[telemetri]], dan mengirim perintah ke wahana menggunakan stasiun darat. Personel yang mendukung misi dari MCC dapat mencakup perwakilan dari sistem kendali sikap, tenaga, propulsi, termal, dinamika sikap, operasi orbital, dan disiplin subsistem lainnya. Pelatihan untuk misi ini biasanya berada di bawah tanggung jawab pengendali penerbangan, yang biasanya mencakup latihan ekstensif di MCC.
{{Double image|right|Russian ISS Flight Control Room.jpg|260|ISS Flight Control Room 2006.jpg|250|Ruangan pengendali [[International Space Station]] di Rusia dan di Amerika Serikat.||}}
Pusat kendali misi adalah struktur yang menyatukan sarana yang diperlukan untuk pengelolaan operasional satelit buatab, wahana antariksa yang menjelajahi tata surya, atau pencapaian misi penerbangan berawak. Badan antariksa utama (NASA, Badan Antariksa Eropa, Roscosmos), yang mengembangkan sejumlah besar misi, memiliki pusat kendali misi yang paling penting. Yang paling terkenal adalah Pusat Luar Angkasa Lyndon B. Johnson untuk misi berawak NASA , ESOC untuk Badan Antariksa Eropa, TsUP untuk misi [[Soviet]] dan kemudian [[Rusia]]. Di samping pusat kendali umum yang mengontrol peluncuran, penyebaran, navigasi dan perubahan orbit serta manuver koreksi lintasan, seringkali terdapat pusat kendali yang lebih khusus yang bertanggung jawab atas manajemen muatan (instrumen ilmiah atau pengumpulan data) dengan mengaktifkan instrumen, mengirimkan perintah, dan mengambil data.
Tugas utama pusat kendali misi adalah mengelola kemajuan misi luar angkasa mulai dari lepas landas hingga pendaratan atau penyelesaian misi. Sebuah tim pengontrol penerbangan, bersama dengan personel pendukung lainnya, bertanggung jawab untuk memantau seluruh aspek misi menggunakan telemetri . Pertukaran dengan pesawat ruang angkasa dilakukan melalui radio melalui stasiun bumi.
Tugas pokok yang dilaksanakan oleh ruang kendali adalah :
* pemantauan parameter operasi (telemetri);
* koreksi anomali;
* kontrol dan koreksi lintasan;
* mengirimkan instruksi ke payload ;
* pengumpulan dan pemrosesan data yang dikumpulkan oleh payload.
Bedakan antara pusat kendali peluncuran yang memantau kemajuan peluncuran dan yang sering kali secara fisik terletak di pangkalan peluncuran dan pusat kendali misi yang mengambil alih pesawat ruang angkasa setelah berada di orbit operasionalnya. Pusat kendali misi dapat spesifik untuk misi tertentu (misi ilmiah tertentu) atau digunakan bersama (misalnya ESOC untuk misi Badan Antariksa Eropa).
=== Bandar antariksa ===
[[Bandar antariksa]], <ref name="bandariksa">[http://badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/glosarium/index.php?gloss_asing=&gloss_indonesia=bandariksa&jenis=contain&Bidang=all&infocmd=Cari Glosarium Badan Bahasa]{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Diambil pada tanggal 5 Maret 2016.</ref> pelabuhan angkasa atau [[kosmodrom]] adalah tempat diluncurkannya [[wahana antariksa|wantariksa]]. Umumnya sebuah bandariksa harus mempunyai luas yang cukup besar agar jika sebuah [[roket]] meledak ia tak akan membahayakan nyawa manusia di sekitar lokasi peluncuran.
Lokasi yang lebih disukai biasanya terletak di dekat [[khatulistiwa]] ke arah timur agar dapat memanfaatkan kecepatan rotasi Bumi secara maksimum, dan merupakan orientasi yang baik untuk menuju sebuah [[orbit]] [[geostasioner]]. Selain itu, hal ini meningkatkan rasio massa terhadap orbit. Untuk orbit-orbit kutub atau [[Molniya]], aspek-aspek ini tidak berlaku. Untuk keselamatan, sebuah jalur peluncuran di atas air atau tanah kosong sangatlah penting.
=== Landasan peluncuran ===
[[Landasan peluncuran]] ([[bahasa Inggris]]: ''launch pad'') adalah fasilitas di atas tanah [[tempat]] rudal bertenaga [[roket]] atau [[wahana antariksa]] diluncurkan secara [[vertikal]]. Istilah landasan peluncuran dapat digunakan untuk menggambarkan hanya platform peluncuran pusat (platform peluncur bergerak), atau seluruh kompleks (kompleks peluncuran). Seluruh kompleks akan mencakup dudukan peluncur atau platform peluncuran untuk secara fisik mendukung wahana, struktur layanan dengan tali pusar, dan [[infrastruktur]] yang diperlukan untuk menyediakan propelan, cairan kriogenik, tenaga listrik, komunikasi, telemetri, perakitan roket, pemrosesan muatan, fasilitas penyimpanan untuk propelan dan gas, peralatan, jalan akses, dan drainase.
Sebagian besar landasan peluncuran mencakup struktur layanan tetap untuk menyediakan satu atau lebih platform akses guna merakit, memeriksa, dan merawat kendaraan dan untuk memungkinkan akses ke wahana antariksa, termasuk pemuatan awak. Landasan peluncuran dapat berisi struktur pembelokan api untuk mencegah panas yang hebat dari gas buang roket merusak wahana atau struktur landasan peluncuran, dan sistem [[peredam suara]] yang menyemprotkan air dalam jumlah besar dapat digunakan. Landasan peluncuran juga dapat dilindungi oleh penangkal petir. Sebuah pelabuhan antariksa biasanya mencakup beberapa kompleks peluncuran dan infrastruktur pendukung lainnya.
=== Satelit relai selama peluncuran ===
Satelit relai adalah satelit yang meneruskan pesan perintah dari [[stasiun darat]] ke [[satelit]] pengguna, dan menerima [[telemetri]] dari satelit pengguna untuk diteruskan ke stasiun darat. Satelit relai biasanya dioperasikan oleh perusahaan komunikasi nasional atau internasional untuk menyediakan layanan ke wilayah terpencil dan seluruh dunia.
Satelit relai dapat digunakan untuk mengirimkan informasi seperti pesan telepon dan program televisi. NASA memiliki sistem komunikasi satelit yang disebut Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS). TDRSS terdiri dari satelit Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) dan stasiun bumi. TDRSS dirancang untuk meningkatkan waktu pesawat ruang angkasa berkomunikasi dengan tanah dan meningkatkan jumlah data yang dapat ditransfer.
Satelit TDRSS berada di orbit geosinkron, yaitu 35.786 km di atas permukaan bumi. Satelit-satelit TDRSS tersebar di Samudra Atlantik, Pasifik, dan Hindia.
Satelit relai data menerima pesan perintah dari stasiun darat lalu meneruskannya ke satelit pengguna melalui tautan silang RF (tautan antar-satelit). Satelit pengguna mengembalikan telemetri melalui tautan silang lain ke satelit relai, yang mentransmisikan data telemetri ke stasiun darat. Tautan naik dan tautan silang ke satelit pengguna disebut tautan maju; tautan silang dan tautan turun dari satelit pengguna disebut tautan balik.
Sistem Satelit Relai Data dan Pelacakan NASA (TDRSS) adalah konstelasi satelit relai data geostasioner yang menyediakan cakupan satelit pengguna yang luas (hampir 100%) pada ketinggian orbit 200 hingga 1200 km. Semua data diteruskan melalui satu kompleks stasiun darat di White Sands, NM. Sistem TDRSS mendukung komunikasi "pita-S" (2,1–2,3 GHz) hingga 10 kbps maju, hingga 50 kbps kembali, untuk sebanyak 20 satelit pengguna. Hingga dua pengguna dapat memiliki dukungan "S-band" pada kecepatan maju hingga 300 kbps, kecepatan balik hingga 12 Mbps. Hingga 2 pengguna dapat memiliki dukungan "Ku-band" (13,8–15,0 GHz) pada kecepatan maju hingga 25 Mbps, kecepatan balik hingga 300 Mbps.
Berikut ini beberapa informasi tentang satelit relai selama peluncuran:<ref>https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/11/29/japanese-data-relay-satellite-set-for-launch-on-h-2a-rocket/
</ref><ref>https://english.news.cn/20240320/16f77c7163c44a7b8197fdeff2d2916d/c.html</ref>
;Sistem Satelit Pelacakan dan Relai Data (TDRS) NASA
Sistem satelit dalam orbit geosinkron ini merelai sinyal antara wahana antariksa dan stasiun kontrol darat. Sistem TDRS dirancang untuk meningkatkan jumlah data yang dapat ditransfer dan jumlah waktu wahana antariksa dapat berkomunikasi dengan darat.
;Satelit relai Queqiao-2 Tiongkok
Satelit ini diluncurkan pada 20 Maret 2024 dari Pusat Peluncuran Luar Angkasa Wenchang di Provinsi Hainan, Tiongkok. Satelit tersebut terpisah dari roket setelah 24 menit terbang dan memasuki orbit transfer Bumi-Bulan. Panel surya dan antena komunikasi satelit dibuka. Satelit ini dirancang untuk mendukung misi bulan mendatang oleh Tiongkok dan negara-negara lain.
;Satelit relai data Jepang
Satelit yang dilengkapi laser ini dirancang untuk mengirimkan data dengan kecepatan hingga 1,8 gigabit per detik. Satelit ini akan melayani satelit observasi Bumi yang dioperasikan warga sipil Jepang dan pesawat ruang angkasa pengintaian pengumpulan intelijen milik armada Jepang.
== Jenis kendaraan peluncuran ==
Kendaraan tahap tunggal (seperti sounding roket), dan kendaraan multi tahap mulai yang lebih kecil dari berbagai ukuran, biasanya dapat dirakit secara vertikal, langsung di landasan peluncuran dengan mengangkat setiap tahap pesawat ruang angkasa dan secara berurutan di tempat dengan cara diderek.
== Perbandingan sistem peluncur orbital ==
<small>'''Keterangan singkatan orbit dalam tabel:'''</small>
{{MultiCol}}
* GEO - [[Orbit geostasioner]]
* GSO - [[Orbit geosinkron]]
* GTO - [[Orbit transfer geostasioner]]
{{ColBreak}}
* HCO - [[Orbit heliosentris]]
* HEO - [[Orbit Bumi tinggi]]
* LEO - [[Orbit Bumi rendah]]
{{ColBreak}}
* MEO - [[Orbit Bumi menengah]]
* SSO - [[Orbit sinkron Matahari]]
* TLI - [[Injeksi translunar]]
{{Multicol-end}}
<small>'''Legend for launch system status in below table:''' [<span style="background:khaki;">under development</span>] — [<span style="background:lightgrey;">retired</span>] — [<span style="background:white;">operational</span>]</small>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! width=120|Vehicle
! Origin
! Manufacturer
! Mass to<br>[[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]<br>(kg)
! Mass to<br>[[List of orbits|other orbits]]<br>(kg)
! Cost<br>(Mil [[US$]])
! Cost/kg<br>(LEO) (US$)
! Cost/kg<br>(GTO) (US$)
! Launches
! Status
! First flight
! Last flight
! width=120|Vehicle
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic"
|[[Angara (rocket family)|Angara 1.1]]
|{{RUS}}
|[[Khrunichev]]
|
|
|
|
|
| {{nts|0}}
| Development
|
|
|[[Angara (rocket family)|Angara 1.1]]
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic;"
|[[Angara (rocket family)|Angara 1.2]]
|{{RUS}}
|[[Khrunichev]]
|{{nts|3800}}<ref name="khru_angara">{{cite web|url=http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=44|title=Angaga Launch Vehicle Family|publisher=Khrunichev|access-date=2013-11-15|archive-date=2017-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118135419/http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=44|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
|
|
|
|
| {{nts|0}}
| Development
|
|
| [[Angara (rocket family)|Angara 1.2]]
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic;"
| [[Angara (rocket family)|Angara A3]]
| {{RUS}}
| [[Khrunichev]]
| {{nts|14600}}<ref name="khru_angara"/>
| {{nts|2400}}–3,600 to GTO<ref name="khru_angara"/>
| {{ntsh|70}} €50 (US$70)<ref name="esd2006">European Space Directory 2006. Referenced in: Brian Harvey, The Rebirth of the Russian Space Program. p.296.</ref>
|
|
| {{nts|0}}
| Development
|
|
| [[Angara (rocket family)|Angara A3]]
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic;"
| [[Angara (rocket family)|Angara A5]]
| {{RUS}}
| [[Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center|Khrunichev]]
| {{nts|24500}} (63°) <ref name="rus">[http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=44 Семейство ракет-носителей «Ангара»] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118135419/http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=44 |date=2017-01-18 }}, date unknown, Retrieved 2010-08-09.</ref><ref name="eng">{{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/angara7.html |title=The Angara-7 rocket |publisher=Russianspaceweb.com |date= |accessdate=2012-07-25}}</ref>
|
|
|
|
| {{nts|0}}
| Development
|
|
| [[Angara (rocket family)|Angara A5]]
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic;"
| [[Angara (rocket family)|Angara A7]]
| {{RUS}}
| [[Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center|Khrunichev]]
| {{nts|41000}}<ref name="rus"/><ref name="eng"/>
|
|
|
|
| {{nts|0}}
| Development
|
|
| [[Angara (rocket family)|Angara A7]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Ariane 1]]
|{{Flag|Europe}}
|[[Aérospatiale]]
|{{nts|1400}}
|{{nts|1830}} to GTO<ref name="GSP-OldAriane">{{cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/ariane.htm|title=Ariane-1, -2, -3, -4|first=Krebs|last=Gunter|work=Gunter's Space Page|accessdate=2 August 2011}}</ref>
|
|
|
| {{nts|11}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
| Retired
| 1979
| 1986
|[[Ariane 1]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Ariane 2]]
|{{Flag|Europe}}
|[[Aérospatiale]]
|
| {{nts|2270}} to GTO<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|6}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
| Retired
| 1986
| 1989
|[[Ariane 2]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Ariane 3]]
|{{Flag|Europe}}
|[[Aérospatiale]]
|
|{{nts|2650}} to GTO<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|11}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
| Retired
| 1984
| 1989
|[[Ariane 3]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| [[Ariane 4]] 40
| {{Flag|Europe}}
| [[Aérospatiale]]
| {{nts|4600}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
| {{nts|2740}} to SSO<br/>1,900 to GTO<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|3}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
| Retired
| 1990
| 1993
| [[Ariane 4]] 40
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| [[Ariane 4]] 40 H10+
| {{Flag|Europe}}
| [[Aérospatiale]]
|
| {{nts|2020}} to GTO<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|1}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
| Retired
| 1995
| 1995
| [[Ariane 4]] 40 H10+
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| [[Ariane 4]] 40 H10-3
| {{Flag|Europe}}
| [[Aérospatiale]]
|
| {{nts|2105}} to GTO<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|3}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
| Retired
| 1995
| 1999
| [[Ariane 4]] 40 H10-3
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Ariane 4]] 42L
|{{Flag|Europe}}
|[[Aérospatiale]]
|{{nts|7000}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
|{{nts|4500}} to SSO<br/>3,200 to GTO<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|1}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
| Retired
| 1993
| 1993
|[[Ariane 4]] 42L
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| [[Ariane 4]] 42L H10+
| {{Flag|Europe}}
| [[Aérospatiale]]
| {{nts|7000}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
| {{nts|3350}} to GTO<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|1}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
| Retired
| 1994
| 1994
| [[Ariane 4]] 42L H10+
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| [[Ariane 4]] 42L H10-3
| {{Flag|Europe}}
| [[Aérospatiale]]
| {{nts|7000}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
| {{nts|3480}} to GTO<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|11}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
| Retired
| 1995
| 2002
| [[Ariane 4]] 42L H10-3
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| [[Ariane 4]] 42P
| {{Flag|Europe}}
| [[Aérospatiale]]
| {{nts|6000}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
| {{ntsh|2600}} 3,400 to SSO<br/>2,600 to GTO<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|2}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
| Retired
| 1990
| 1992
| [[Ariane 4]] 42P
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| [[Ariane 4]] 42P H10+
| {{Flag|Europe}}
| [[Aérospatiale]]
|
| {{nts|2740}} to GTO<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|4}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
| Retired
| 1992
| 1994
| [[Ariane 4]] 42P H10+
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| [[Ariane 4]] 42P H10-3
| {{Flag|Europe}}
| [[Aérospatiale]]
|
| {{nts|2930}} to GTO<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|9}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
| Retired
| 1994
| 2002
| [[Ariane 4]] 42P H10-3
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| [[Ariane 4]] 44L
| {{Flag|Europe}}
| [[Aérospatiale]]
| {{nts|7000}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
| {{ntsh|4200}} 6,000 to SSO<br/>4,200 to GTO<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|11}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
| Retired
| 1989
| 1992
| [[Ariane 4]] 44L
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| [[Ariane 4]] 44L H10+
| {{Flag|Europe}}
| [[Aérospatiale]]
| {{nts|7000}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
| {{nts|4460}} to GTO<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|5}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
| Retired
| 1992
| 1994
| [[Ariane 4]] 44L H10+
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Ariane 4]] 44L H10-3
|{{Flag|Europe}}
|[[Aérospatiale]]
|{{nts|7000}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
|{{nts|4720}} to GTO<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
|
|
|
|{{nts|24}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
|Retired
|1995
|2003
|[[Ariane 4]] 44L H10-3
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Ariane 4]] 44LP
|{{Flag|Europe}}
|[[Aérospatiale]]
|{{nts|7000}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
| {{ntsh|3700}} 5,000 to SSO<br/>3,700 to GTO<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
|
|
|
|{{nts|7}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
|Retired
|1988
|1993
|[[Ariane 4]] 44LP
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Ariane 4]] 44LP H10+
|{{Flag|Europe}}
|[[Aérospatiale]]
|{{nts|7000}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
|{{nts|4030}} to GTO<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
|
|
|
|{{nts|6}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
|Retired
|1992
|1995
|[[Ariane 4]] 44LP H10+
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Ariane 4]] 44LP H10-3
|{{Flag|Europe}}
|[[Aérospatiale]]
|{{nts|7000}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
|{{nts|4220}} to GTO<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
|
|
|
|{{nts|13}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
|Retired
|1995
|2001
|[[Ariane 4]] 44LP H10-3
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Ariane 4]] 44P
|{{Flag|Europe}}
|[[Aérospatiale]]
|{{nts|6500}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
| {{ntsh|3000}} 4,100 to SSO<br/>3,000 to GTO<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
|
|
|
|{{nts|2}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
|Retired
|1991
|1991
|[[Ariane 4]] 44P
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Ariane 4]] 44P H10-3
|{{Flag|Europe}}
|[[Aérospatiale]]
|
| {{nts|3465}} to GTO<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
|
|
|
|{{nts|9}}<ref name="GSP-OldAriane"/>
|Retired
|1995
|2001
|[[Ariane 4]] 44P H10-3
|-
| [[Ariane 5]]ECA
| {{flag|Europe}}
| [[EADS Astrium Space Transportation|EADS Astrium]]
| {{nts|21000}}<ref name="Ariane5_U_M">{{cite web | url=http://www.arianespace.com/site/documents/Ariane5_users_manual_Issue4.pdf | format=PDF | title=Ariane 5 Users Manual, Issue 4, P. 39 (ISS orbit) | publisher=[[Arianespace]] | accessdate=2007-11-13 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927021638/http://www.arianespace.com/site/documents/Ariane5_users_manual_Issue4.pdf | archivedate=2007-09-27 | dead-url=yes }}</ref>
| {{nts|10050}} to GTO<ref name="Ariane5RecordGTOMassApr2011">{{cite web| url=http://www.arianespace.com/news-mission-update/2011/789.asp | title=Ariane 5 delivers a record performance with two payloads for new Arianespace customers | publisher=[[Arianespace]] | accessdate=2011-04-11}}</ref>
|{{nts|220}} <ref name="faa ocst 2009">{{cite web | url=http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/10998.pdf | title=FAA Semi-Annual Launch Report: Second Half of 2009 | publisher=Federal Aviation Administration - Office of Commercial Space Transportation | accessdate=August 18, 2011 | pages=end of document}}</ref>
| {{nts|10476}} <ref name="faa ocst 2009" />
|
| {{nts|31}}<br><ref group="note">A full listing of the [[Ariane 5]] launch history is in its main article.</ref>
| Operational
| 2002
|
|
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic"
| [[Ariane 5#Ariane 5 ME|Ariane 5ME]]
| {{flag|Europe}}
| [[EADS Astrium Space Transportation|EADS Astrium]]
|
| {{nts|11500}} to GTO<ref name="Ariane5ME">{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Launchers_Access_to_Space/SEM9G9RHPOG_0.html |title=ESA - Launch vehicles - Ariane 5 ME |publisher=Esa.int |date=2011-06-21 |accessdate=2013-11-11}}</ref>
|
|
|
| {{nts|0}}
| Development
|
|
| [[Ariane 5#Ariane 5 ECB|Ariane 5ME]]
|-
| [[Ariane 5]]ES
| {{flag|Europe}}
| [[EADS Astrium Space Transportation|EADS Astrium]]
| {{nts|21000}}<ref name="Ariane5_U_M"/>
| {{nts|8000}} to GTO<ref name="gsp-ariane5">{{cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/ariane5.htm |title=Ariane-5 |publisher=Space.skyrocket.de |date= |accessdate=2012-07-25}}</ref>
| {{nts|220}} <ref name="faa ocst 2009" />
| {{nts|10,476}} <ref name="faa ocst 2009" />
|
| {{nts|2}}
| Operational
| 2008
|
| [[Ariane 5]]ES
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| [[Ariane 5]]G
| {{flag|Europe}}
| [[EADS Astrium Space Transportation|EADS Astrium]]
| {{nts|18000}}<ref name="gsp-ariane5"/>
| {{nts|6900}}<ref name="gsp-ariane5"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|16}}<ref name="gsp-ariane5"/>
| Retired<ref name="v193">{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEM5TFAK73G_index_0.html |title=Final launch of Ariane 5 GS completes busy year / Launchers / Our Activities / ESA |publisher=Esa.int |date=2009-12-19 |accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref>
| 1996
| 2003
| [[Ariane 5]]G
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| [[Ariane 5|Ariane 5G+]]
| {{flag|Europe}}
| [[EADS Astrium Space Transportation|EADS Astrium]]
| {{nts|18000}}{{citation needed|date=September 2011}}
| {{nts|7100}} to GTO <ref name="gsp-ariane5"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|3}}<ref name="gsp-ariane5"/>
| Retired<ref name="v193"/>
| 2004
| 2004
| [[Ariane 5|Ariane 5G+]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| [[Ariane 5]]GS
| {{flag|Europe}}
| [[EADS Astrium Space Transportation|EADS Astrium]]
| {{nts|18000}}{{citation needed|date=September 2011}}
| {{nts|6600}} to GTO <ref name="gsp-ariane5"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|6}}<ref name="gsp-ariane5"/>
| Retired<ref name="v193"/>
| 2005
| 2009
| [[Ariane 5]]GS
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic"
| [[Ariane 6]]
| {{flag|Europe}}
| [[EADS Astrium Space Transportation|EADS Astrium]]
|
| {{nts|6500}} to GTO
| 93
|
|
| {{nts|0}}
| Development
|
|
| [[Ariane 6]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle|ASLV]]
|{{IND}}
|[[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.org/Launchvehicles/launchvehicles.aspx#ASLV |title=Welcome To ISRO :: Launch Vehicles |publisher=Isro.org |date= |accessdate=2013-11-04 |archive-date=2014-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029221429/http://www.isro.org/launchvehicles/launchvehicles.aspx#ASLV |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1987
|1994
|[[Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle|ASLV]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Athena I]]
|{{USA}}
|[[Lockheed Martin]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|4}}<ref name="athenaii">{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/athena1.htm |title=Athena-1 |publisher=Astronautix.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref>
|Retired
|1995
|2001
|[[Athena I]]
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic"
|[[Athena I]]c <ref name="Athena c">{{Cite web |url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/news/press_releases/2010/0325_ss_athena.html |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2013-11-15 |archive-date=2010-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328161229/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/news/press_releases/2010/0325_ss_athena.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|{{USA}}
|[[Alliant Techsystems|ATK]]<br>[[Lockheed Martin]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|0}}
|Development
|
|
|[[Athena I]]c
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Athena II]]
|{{USA}}
|[[Lockheed Martin]]
|{{nts|2065}}{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|3}}<ref name="athen">{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/athena2.htm |title=Athena-2 |publisher=Astronautix.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref>
|Retired{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}
|1998
|1999
|[[Athena II]]
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic"
|[[Athena II]]c <ref name="Athena c"/>
|{{USA}}
|[[Alliant Techsystems|ATK]]<br>[[Lockheed Martin]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|0}}
|Development
|
|
|[[Athena II]]c
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Atlas-Centaur]]
|{{USA}}
|[[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]]
|{{nts|8618}}{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
|{{nts|3833}} to GTO{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
|
|
|
|{{nts|148}}
|Retired
|1962
|1983
|[[Atlas-Centaur]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| [[Atlas G]]
| {{USA}}
| [[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]]
|{{nts|5900}}<ref name="GSP-AC"/>
| {{nts|2222}} to GTO<br/>1,179 to HCO<ref name="GSP-AC"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|7}}<ref name="GSP-AC"/>
| Retired
| 1984
| 1989
| [[Atlas G]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Atlas H]]/[[Multiple Satellite Dispenser|MSD]]
|{{USA}}
|[[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|5}}
|Retired
|1983
|1987
|[[Atlas H]]/[[Multiple Satellite Dispenser|MSD]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Atlas I]]
|{{USA}}
|[[Lockheed Martin]]
|{{nts|5900}}<ref name="GSP-AC"/>
| {{nts|2340}}<ref name="GSP-AC"/>
|
|
|
|{{nts|11}}<ref name="GSP-AC"/>
|Retired
|1990
|1997
|[[Atlas I]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Atlas II]]
|{{USA}}
|[[Lockheed Martin]]
|{{nts|6780}}<ref name="GSP-AC"/>
| {{nts|2810}} to GTO<br/>2,000 to HCO<ref name="GSP-AC"/>
|
|
|
|{{nts|10}}<ref name="GSP-AC"/>
|Retired
|1991
|1998
|[[Atlas II]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Atlas II]]A
|{{USA}}
|[[Lockheed Martin]]
|{{nts|7316}}<ref name="GSP-AC"/>
| {{nts|3180}} to GTO<br/>2,160 to HCO<ref name="GSP-AC"/>
|
|
|
|{{nts|23}}<ref name="GSP-AC"/>
|Retired
|1992
|2002
|[[Atlas II]]A
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Atlas II]]AS
|{{USA}}
|[[Lockheed Martin]]
|{{nts|8618}}<ref name="GSP-AC"/>
|{{nts|3833}} to GTO<br/>2,680 to HCO<ref name="GSP-AC"/>
|
|
|
|{{nts|30}}<ref name="GSP-AC"/>
|Retired
|1993
|2004
|[[Atlas II]]AS
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Atlas III]]A
|{{USA}}
|[[Lockheed Martin]]
|{{nts|8686}}<ref name="GSP-AC"/>
| {{nts|4060}} to GTO<br/>2,970 to HCO<ref name="GSP-AC"/>
|
|
|
|{{nts|2}}<ref name="GSP-AC"/>
|Retired
|2000
|2004
|[[Atlas III]]A
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| [[Atlas III]]B/[[Centaur (rocket stage)|DEC]]
| {{nowrap|{{USA}}}}
| [[Lockheed Martin]]
| {{nts|10759}}<ref name="GSP-AC">{{cite web |url= http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/atlas_centaur.htm |title=Atlas Centaur |first=Krebs|last=Gunter |work=Gunter's Space Page |accessdate=1 August 2011}}</ref>
| {{nts|4609}} to GTO<ref name="GSP-AC"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|1}}<ref name="GSP-AC"/>
| Retired
| 2002
| 2002
| [[Atlas III]]B/[[Centaur (rocket stage)|DEC]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| [[Atlas III]]B/[[Centaur (rocket stage)|SEC]]
| {{USA}}
| [[Lockheed Martin]]
|
| {{nts|4193}} to GTO <ref name="GSP-AC"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|3}}<ref name="GSP-AC"/>
| Retired
| 2003
| 2005
| [[Atlas III]]B/[[Centaur (rocket stage)|SEC]]
|-
| [[Atlas V]] 401
| {{USA}}
| [[United Launch Alliance]]
| {{nts|9050}}<ref name="GSP-AtlasV">{{cite web |url= http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/atlas-5.htm |title=Atlas-5 |first=Krebs|last=Gunter |work=Gunter's Space Page |accessdate=1 August 2011}}</ref>
| {{ntsh|4950}} 6,670 to SSO<br/>4,950 to GTO<ref name="GSP-AtlasV"/>
| {{nts|125}} <ref name="faa ocst 2009" />
| {{nts|13,812}} <ref name="faa ocst 2009" />
|
| {{nts|18}}<ref name="GSP-AtlasV"/>
| Operational
| 2002
|
| [[Atlas V]] 401
|-
| [[Atlas V]] 411
| {{USA}}
| [[United Launch Alliance]]
| {{nts|9050}}<ref name="GSP-AtlasV"/>
| {{ntsh|6075}} 8,495 to SSO<br/>6,075 to GTO<ref name="GSP-AtlasV"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|3}}<ref name="GSP-AtlasV"/>
| Operational
| 2006
|
| [[Atlas V]] 411
|-
| [[Atlas V]] 421
| {{USA}}
| [[United Launch Alliance]]
| {{nts|9050}}<ref name="GSP-AtlasV"/>
| {{ntsh|7000}} 9,050 to SSO<br/>7,000 to GTO<ref name="GSP-AtlasV"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|3}}<ref name="GSP-AtlasV"/>
| Operational
| 2007
|
| [[Atlas V]] 421
|-
| [[Atlas V]] 431
| {{USA}}
| [[United Launch Alliance]]
| {{nts|9050}}<ref name="GSP-AtlasV"/>
| {{ntsh|7800}} 9,050 to SSO<br/>7,800 to GTO<ref name="GSP-AtlasV"/>
|
|
|
|{{nts|2}}<ref name="GSP-AtlasV"/>
| Operational
| 2005
|
| [[Atlas V]] 431
|-
| [[Atlas V]] 501
| {{USA}}
| [[United Launch Alliance]]
| {{nts|8250}}<ref name="GSP-AtlasV"/>
| {{ntsh|3970}} 5,945 to SSO<br/>3,970 to GTO<br/>1,500 to GEO<ref name="GSP-AtlasV"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|4}}<ref name="GSP-AtlasV"/>
| Operational
| 2010
|
| [[Atlas V]] 501
|- style="font-style:italic;"
| [[Atlas V]] 511
| {{USA}}
| [[United Launch Alliance]]
| {{nts|10950}}<ref name="GSP-AtlasV"/>
| {{ntsh|5370}} 7,820 to SSO<br/>5,370 to GTO<br/>1,750 to GEO<ref name="GSP-AtlasV"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|0}}<ref name="GSP-AtlasV"/>
| Operational
|
|
| [[Atlas V]] 511
|-
| [[Atlas V]] 521
| {{USA}}
| [[United Launch Alliance]]
| {{nts|13300}}<ref name="GSP-AtlasV"/>
| {{ntsh|6485}} 9,585 to SSO<br/>6,485 to GTO<br/>2,760 to GEO<ref name="GSP-AtlasV"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|2}}<ref name="GSP-AtlasV"/>
| Operational
| 2003
|
| [[Atlas V]] 521
|-
| [[Atlas V]] 531
| {{USA}}
| [[United Launch Alliance]]
| {{nts|15300}}<ref name="GSP-AtlasV"/>
| {{ntsh|7425}} 11,160 to SSO<br/>7,425 to GTO<br/>3,250 to GEO<ref name="GSP-AtlasV"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|2}}<ref name="GSP-AtlasV"/>
| Operational
| 2010
|
| [[Atlas V]] 531
|- style="font-style:italic;"
| [[Atlas V]] 541
| {{USA}}
| [[United Launch Alliance]]
| {{nts|17100}}<ref name="GSP-AtlasV"/>
| {{ntsh|8240}} 12,435 to SSO<br/>8,240 to GTO<br/>3,730 to GEO<ref name="GSP-AtlasV"/>
| 223 (2013)<ref name="NASAC12-016">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2012/apr/HQ_C12-016_GOES-R_GOES-S_Launch.html|title=CONTRACT RELEASE : C12-016: NASA Awards Launch Contract For Goes-R And Goes-S Missions|accessdate=2013-04-21|publisher=NASA}}</ref>
|
| 27,063
| {{nts|1}}<ref name="GSP-AtlasV"/>
| Operational
|
|
| [[Atlas V]] 541
|-
| [[Atlas V]] 551
| {{USA}}
| [[United Launch Alliance]]
| {{nts|18500}}<ref name="GSP-AtlasV"/>
| {{ntsh|8700}} 12,435 to SSO<br/>8,700 to GTO<br/>3,960 to GEO<ref name="GSP-AtlasV"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|4}}<ref name="GSP-AtlasV"/>
| Operational
| 2006
|
| [[Atlas V]] 551
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Black Arrow]]
|{{nowrap|{{UK}}}}
|[[Royal Aircraft Establishment|RAE]]
|{{nts|73}}
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|2}}
|Retired
|1969<ref group="note">Suborbital test in 1969, first orbital launch attempt in 1970</ref>
|1971
|[[Black Arrow]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|{{hs|Titan III}}[[Commercial Titan III]]
|{{USA}}
|[[Martin Marietta]]
|
|
|
|
|
| {{nts|4}}
| Retired
| 1990
| 1992
|[[Commercial Titan III]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta 0100|Delta 0300]]
|{{USA}}
|[[McDonnell Douglas]]
|{{nts|700}}{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
|{{nts|370}} to SSO{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
|
|
|
|{{nts|3}}<ref name="GSP-Delta">{{cite web |url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/delta.htm |title=Delta |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/60dqY3Xtj?url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/delta.htm |archivedate=2011-08-02 |first=Krebs |last=Gunter |work=Gunter's Space Page |accessdate=2 August 2011 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
|Retired<ref name="EA-D0300">{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/dela0300.htm |title=Delta 0300 |first=Mark |last=Wade |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/60dqp35oP?url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/dela0300.htm |archivedate=2011-08-02 |work=Encyclopedia Astronautica |accessdate=2 August 2011 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
|1972
|1973
|[[Delta 0100|Delta 0300]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta 0100|Delta 0900]]
|{{USA}}
|[[McDonnell Douglas]]
|{{nts|1300}}<ref name="EA-D0900">{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/dela0900.htm |title=Delta 0900 |first=Mark |last=Wade |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/60dqt327u?url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/dela0900.htm |archivedate=2011-08-02 |work=Encyclopedia Astronautica |accessdate=2 August 2011 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
| {{nts|818}} to SSO<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|
|
|
|{{nts|2}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|Retired
|1972
|1972
|[[Delta 0100|Delta 0900]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta 1000|Delta 1410]]
|{{USA}}
|[[McDonnell Douglas]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|1}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|Retired
|1975
|1975
|[[Delta 1000|Delta 1410]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta 1000|Delta 1604]]
|{{USA}}
|[[McDonnell Douglas]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|2}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|Retired
|1972
|1973
|[[Delta 1000|Delta 1604]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta 1000|Delta 1900]]
|{{USA}}
|[[McDonnell Douglas]]
|{{nts|1800}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|1}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|Retired
|1973
|1973
|[[Delta 1000|Delta 1900]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta 1000|Delta 1910]]
|{{USA}}
|[[McDonnell Douglas]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|1}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|Retired
|1975
|1975
|[[Delta 1000|Delta 1910]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta 1000|Delta 1913]]
|{{USA}}
|[[McDonnell Douglas]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|1}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|Retired
|1973
|1973
|[[Delta 1000|Delta 1913]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta 1000|Delta 1914]]
|{{USA}}
|[[McDonnell Douglas]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|2}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|Retired
|1972
|1973
|[[Delta 1000|Delta 1914]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta 2000|Delta 2310]]
|{{USA}}
|[[McDonnell Douglas]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|3}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|Retired
|1974
|1981
|[[Delta 2000|Delta 2310]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta 2000|Delta 2313]]
|{{USA}}
|[[McDonnell Douglas]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|3}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|Retired
|1974
|1977
|[[Delta 2000|Delta 2313]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta 2000|Delta 2910]]
|{{USA}}
|[[McDonnell Douglas]]
|{{nts|1887}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|6}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|Retired
|1975
|1978
|[[Delta 2000|Delta 2910]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta 2000|Delta 2913]]
|{{USA}}
|[[McDonnell Douglas]]
|{{nts|2000}}<ref name="EA-D2913">{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/dela2913.htm |title=Delta 2913 |first=Mark |last=Wade |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/60dt0Zu2u?url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/dela2913.htm |archivedate=2011-08-02 |work=Encyclopedia Astronautica |accessdate=2 August 2011 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
| {{nts|700}} to GTO<ref name="EA-D2913"/>
|
|
|
|{{nts|6}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|Retired
|1975
|1976
|[[Delta 2000|Delta 2913]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta 2000|Delta 2914]]
|{{USA}}
|[[McDonnell Douglas]]
|
| {{nts|724}} to GTO<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|
|
|
|{{nts|30}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|Retired
|1974
|1979
|[[Delta 2000|Delta 2914]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta 3000|Delta 3910]]
|{{USA}}
|[[McDonnell Douglas]]
|{{nts|2494}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
| {{nts|1154}} to GTO with [[PAM-D]]<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|
|
|
|{{nts|10}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|Retired
|1980
|1988
|[[Delta 3000|Delta 3910]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta 3000|Delta 3913]]
|{{USA}}
|[[McDonnell Douglas]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|1}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|Retired
|1981
|1981
|[[Delta 3000|Delta 3913]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta 3000|Delta 3914]]
|{{USA}}
|[[McDonnell Douglas]]
|
| {{nts|954}} to GTO<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|
|
|
|{{nts|13}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|Retired
|1975
|1987
|[[Delta 3000|Delta 3914]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta 3000|Delta 3920]]
|{{USA}}
|[[McDonnell Douglas]]
|{{nts|3452}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
| {{nts|1284}} to GTO with [[PAM-D]]<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|
|
|
|{{nts|10}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|Retired
|1982
|1989
|[[Delta 3000|Delta 3920]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta 3000|Delta 3924]]
|{{USA}}
|[[McDonnell Douglas]]
|
| {{nts|1104}} to GTO<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|
|
|
|{{nts|4}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|Retired
|1982
|1984
|[[Delta 3000|Delta 3924]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta 4000|Delta 4925]]
|{{USA}}
|[[McDonnell Douglas]]
|{{nts|3400}}<ref name="EA-D4000">{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/dela4000.htm |title=Delta 4000 |first=Mark |last=Wade |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/60e2WpW6v?url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/dela4000.htm |archivedate=2011-08-02 |work=Encyclopedia Astronautica |accessdate=2 August 2011 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
| {{nts|1312}} to GTO<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|
|
|
|{{nts|2}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|Retired
|1989
|1990
|[[Delta 4000|Delta 4925]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta 5000|Delta 5920]]
|{{USA}}
|[[McDonnell Douglas]]
|{{nts|3848}}<ref name="EA-D5000">{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/dela5000.htm |title=Delta 5000 |first=Mark |last=Wade |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/60e2dul4v?url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/dela5000.htm |archivedate=2011-08-02 |work=Encyclopedia Astronautica |accessdate=2 August 2011 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|1}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|Retired
|1989
|1989
|[[Delta 5000|Delta 5920]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta II]] 6920
|{{USA}}
|[[McDonnell Douglas]]
|{{nts|3983}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|3}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
| Retired
| 1990
| 1992
|[[Delta II]] 6920
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta II]] 6925
|{{USA}}
|[[McDonnell Douglas]]
|
| {{nts|1447}} to GTO<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|14}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
| Retired
| 1989
| 1992
|[[Delta II]] 6925
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta II]] 7320
|{{USA}}
|[[United Launch Alliance]]
|{{nts|2865}}<ref name="DII fairing" group="note">With 9.5 foot (2.9 metre) fairing</ref><ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|{{nts|1651}} to SSO<ref name="DII fairing" group="note"/><ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|10}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
| Retired
| 1999
| 2011
|[[Delta II]] 7320
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta II]] 7326
|{{USA}}
|[[Boeing IDS]]
|
| {{nts|934}} to GTO<br/>636 to TLI<br/>629 to HCO<ref name="DII fairing" group="note"/><ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|3}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
| Retired
| 1998{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|
|[[Delta II]] 7326
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta II]] 7420
|{{USA}}
|[[United Launch Alliance]]
|{{nts|3185}}<ref name="DII fairing" group="note"/><ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
| {{nts|1966}} to SSO<ref name="DII fairing" group="note"/><ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|13}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
| Retired
| 1998
| 2010
|[[Delta II]] 7420
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta II]] 7425
|{{USA}}
|[[Boeing IDS]]
|
| {{nts|1100}} to GTO<br/>804 to HCO<ref name="DII fairing" group="note"/><ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|4}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
| Retired
| 1998
| 2002
|[[Delta II]] 7425
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta II]] 7426
|{{USA}}
|[[Boeing IDS]]
|
| {{nts|1058}} to GTO<br/>734 to TLI<br/>711 to HCO<ref name="DII fairing" group="note"/><ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|1}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
| Retired
| 1999
| 1999
|[[Delta II]] 7426
|-
|[[Delta II]] 7920
|{{USA}}
|[[United Launch Alliance]]
|{{nts|5030}}<ref name="DII fairing" group="note"/><ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
| {{nts|3123}} to SSO<ref name="DII fairing" group="note"/><ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|27}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
| Operational
| 1998
| 2011
|[[Delta II]] 7920
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta II]] 7925
|{{USA}}
|[[Boeing IDS]]
|
| {{nts|1819}} to GTO<br/>1,177 to TLI<br/>1,265 to HCO<ref name="DII fairing" group="note"/><ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|69}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
| Retired
| 1990
| 2009
|[[Delta II]] 7925
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta II|Delta II-H]] 7920H
|{{USA}}
|[[United Launch Alliance]]
|{{nts|6097}}<ref name="DII fairing" group="note"/><ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|
|
|
|
| {{nts|3}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
| Retired
| 2003
| 2011
|[[Delta II|Delta II-H]] 7920H
|-
|[[Delta II|Delta II-H]] 7925H
|{{USA}}
|[[United Launch Alliance]]
|
| {{nts|2171}} to GTO<br/>1,508 to HCO<ref name="DII fairing" group="note"/><ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|3}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
| Operational<br/>{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}<ref group=note>No flights planned, but 5 unsold heavies could be used.</ref>
| 2003
| 2007
|[[Delta II|Delta II-H]] 7925H
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta III]] 8930
|{{USA}}
|[[Boeing IDS]]
|{{nts|8292}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
| {{nts|3810}} to GTO<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|3}}<ref name="GSP-Delta"/>
| Retired
| 1998
| 2000
|[[Delta III]] 8930
|-
| [[Delta IV|Delta IV-H]]
| {{USA}}
| [[United Launch Alliance]]
| {{nts|22950}}<ref name="DeltaIV">{{cite web | url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/images/product_sheet/Delta_Product_Sheet_FINAL.pdf | format=PDF | title=Delta Product Sheet, FINAL | publisher=[[United Launch Alliance]] | accessdate=2007-11-14 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928093124/http://www.ulalaunch.com/images/product_sheet/Delta_Product_Sheet_FINAL.pdf | archivedate=2007-09-28 | dead-url=yes }}</ref>
| {{nts|12980}} to GTO <ref name="DeltaIV" />
| {{nts|300}}(€220)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1111/10orioneft1/ |title=Breaking News | Lockheed Martin to select Delta 4 rocket for Orion test |publisher=Spaceflight Now |date= |accessdate=2012-07-25}}</ref>
| {{nts|13072}}{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}
|
| {{nts|5}}
| Operational
| 2004
|
| [[Delta IV|Delta IV-H]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Delta IV|Delta IV-M]]
|{{USA}}
|[[Boeing IDS]]
|{{nts|8120}}<ref name="GSP-Delta4">{{cite web |url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/delta-4.htm |title=Delta-4 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/60e9nhnjT?url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/delta-4.htm |archivedate=2011-08-02 |first=Krebs |last=Gunter |work=Gunter's Space Page |accessdate=2 August 2011 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
| {{nts|4210}} to GTO<br/>2,722 to HCO<ref name="GSP-Delta4"/>
|
|
|
|{{nts|3}}<ref name="GSP-Delta4"/>
| Retired
| 2003
| 2006
|[[Delta IV|Delta IV-M]]
|-
|[[Delta IV|Delta IV-M+(4,2)]]
|{{USA}}
|[[United Launch Alliance]]
| {{nts|11750}}<ref name="slr_delta4">{{cite web|author=Ed Kyle |url=http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/delta4.html |title=Delta IV Data Sheet |publisher=Spacelaunchreport.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref>
| {{nts|5740}} to GTO<ref name="slr_delta4"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|8}}<ref name="GSP-Delta4"/>
| Operational
| 2002
|
|[[Delta IV|Delta IV-M+(4,2)]]
|- style="font-style:italic;"
| [[Delta IV|Delta IV-M+(5,2)]]
| {{USA}}
| [[United Launch Alliance]]
| {{nts|10250}}<ref name="slr_delta4"/>
| {{nts|4590}} to GTO<ref name="slr_delta4"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|0}}<ref name="GSP-Delta4"/>
| Operational
|
|
| [[Delta IV|Delta IV-M+(5,2)]]
|-
|[[Delta IV|Delta IV-M+(5,4)]]
|{{USA}}
|[[United Launch Alliance]]
| {{nts|13500}}<ref name="slr_delta4"/>
| {{nts|6470}} to GTO<ref name="slr_delta4"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|1}}<ref name="GSP-Delta4"/>
| Operational
| 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/delta/d346/ |title=Delta Launch Report | New communications craft launched for U.S. military |publisher=Spaceflight Now |date=2009-12-05 |accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref>
|
|[[Delta IV|Delta IV-M+(5,4)]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Diamant]]
|{{FRA}}
|[[SEREB]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|12}}
|Retired
|1965
|1975
|[[Diamant]]
|-
|[[Dnepr-1]]
|{{UKR}}
|[[Yuzhmash]]
|{{nts|3700}}<ref name="GSP-Dnepr">{{cite web |url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/dnepr-1.htm |title=Dnepr-1 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/60eARVyOE?url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/dnepr-1.htm |archivedate=2011-08-02 |first=Krebs |last=Gunter |work=Gunter's Space Page |accessdate=2 August 2011 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
|
| {{nts|14}}(€10)<ref name="esd2006"/>
| {{nts|3784}}{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}
|
| {{nts|16}}
| Operational
| 1999
|
|[[Dnepr-1]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| [[Energia]]<ref group="note">Without Buran, and assuming payload providing orbital insertion</ref>
| {{USSR}}
| [[NPO Energia]]
| {{nts|100000}}<ref name="Energia"/>
| {{nts|20000}} to [[Geostationary transfer orbit|GTO]]<ref name="Energia"/><br/>32,000 to TLI<ref name="Energia"/>
| {{nts|240}}<ref group="note" name="N6"/>
|
|
| {{nts|1}}<ref name="Energia3"/>
| Retired
| 1987
| 1987
| [[Energia]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| [[Energia]]-[[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran]]
| {{USSR}}
| [[NPO Energia]] ([[Energia|Launcher]])<br>[[NPO Molniya]] ([[Buran (spacecraft)|Orbiter]])
| {{nts|30000}}<ref name="Energia">{{cite web | url = http://www.energia.ru/english/energia/launchers/vehicle_energia.html | title = S.P.Korolev RSC Energia - LAUNCHERS | publisher = Energia | access-date = 2013-11-15 | archive-date = 2016-03-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172607/http://www.energia.ru/english/energia/launchers/vehicle_energia.html | dead-url = yes }}</ref><br><ref group="note" name="spaceplane">The US [[Space Shuttle|Space Shuttle Transportation System]] and the Soviet [[Energia]]-[[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran]] system, consist of launch vehicle rockets and returnable [[spaceplane]] orbiter. Payload values listed here are for the mass of the payload in cargo bay of the [[spaceplane]]s, excluding the mass of the spaceplanes themselves.</ref>
|
|
|
|
| {{nts|1}}
| Retired
| 1988
| 1988
| [[Energia]]-[[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran]]
|- style=style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Epsilon (roket)|Epsilon]]
|{{JPN}}
|[[IHI Aerospace]]<ref name=IHIAERO>{{cite web | url=http://www.ihi.co.jp/ia/en/product/rocket.html | title=Projects&Products | publisher=IHI Aerospace | accessdate=2011-03-08 | archive-date=2011-04-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406035626/http://www.ihi.co.jp/ia/en/product/rocket.html | dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|{{nts|1200}}<ref name=ISAS/>
|
|¥3.8B (US$38)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/epsilon/sprinta/130914launch/ |title=Breaking News | Japan's 'affordable' Epsilon rocket triumphs on first flight |publisher=Spaceflight Now |date=2013-09-14 |accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref>
|{{nts|31667}}
|
|1
|Operational<ref name=ISAS/>
|2013
|
|[[Epsilon (roket)|Epsilon]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Falcon 1]]
|{{USA}}
|[[SpaceX]]
|{{nts|670}}{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
|
|{{nts|7}}{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
|
|
|{{nts|5}}
|Retired<ref name=Falcon1 />
|2006
|2009
|[[Falcon 1]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Falcon 1e]]
|{{USA}}
|[[SpaceX]]
|{{nts|1010}}{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
|
|{{nts|10.9}}
|{{nts|10792}}{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}
|
|{{nts|0}}
|Retired<ref name=Falcon1>{{cite web | url=http://www.spacex.com/falcon1.php | title=Space Exploration Technologies Corporation - Falcon 1 | accessdate=2010-10-29 | archive-date=2013-04-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405065921/https://spacex.com/falcon1.php | dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|
|
|[[Falcon 1e]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| [[Falcon 9 v1.0]]
| {{USA}}
| [[SpaceX]]
| {{nts|10450}}<ref name="SpaceX_f9">{{cite web | url= http://www.spacex.com/falcon9.php | title= FALCON 9 OVERVIEW | publisher= [[SpaceX]] | accessdate= 2013-11-04 | archive-date= 2013-05-01 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130501002858/http://www.spacex.com/falcon9.php | dead-url= yes }}</ref><ref name=spacex>{{cite web |url=http://spacex.com/falcon9.php |title=Falcon 9 Overview |publisher=Space Exploration Technologies |accessdate=29 Oct 2010 |archive-date=2007-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013152341/http://spacex.com/falcon9.php |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name=sxf9_20111201archive>{{cite web
|url = http://www.spacex.com/falcon9.php
|title = Falcon 9 Overview
|year = 2011
|publisher = SpaceX
|accessdate = 2011-12-01
|archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/63btGA0Bq?url=http://www.spacex.com/falcon9.php
|archivedate = 2011-12-01
|dead-url = no
}}</ref>
| {{nts|4680}} to GTO<ref name="SpaceX_f9" />
| {{nts|56}}<ref name="SpaceX_f9" />
| {{nts|5359}}{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}
|
| {{nts|5}}<ref name=sn20130906>{{cite news|last=Klotz|first=Irene|title=Musk Says SpaceX Being "Extremely Paranoid" as It Readies for Falcon 9’s California Debut|url=http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/37094musk-says-spacex-being-%E2%80%9Cextremely-paranoid%E2%80%9D-as-it-readies-for-falcon-9%E2%80%99s|accessdate=2013-11-04|newspaper=Space News|date=2013-09-06|quote=''...the company’s five previous Falcon 9 boosters, all launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station here. Three of those rockets carried Dragon cargo capsules to the international space station for NASA. Two others were test flights.''|archive-date=2013-09-22|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20130922163105/http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/37094musk-says-spacex-being-%E2%80%9Cextremely-paranoid%E2%80%9D-as-it-readies-for-falcon-9%E2%80%99s|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
| Retired<ref name=sfn>{{cite web |last=Clark|first=Stephen |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/falcon9/003/120518musk/ |title=Q&A with SpaceX founder and chief designer Elon Musk |date=2012-05-18 |accessdate=2013-11-04 |quote=''The next version of Falcon 9 will be used for everything. The last flight of version 1.0 will be Flight 5. All future missions after Flight 5 will be v1.1. We've got this mission, which is Flight 3. And we've two CRS [Commercial Resupply Services] missions, Flight 4 and Flight 5, which will fly Version 1.0. Then all future missions, CRS or otherwise, will fly Version 1.1.'' }}</ref>
| 2010
| 2013
| [[Falcon 9 v1.0]]
|-
| [[Falcon 9 v1.1]]
| {{USA}}
| [[SpaceX]]
| {{nts|16625}}<ref name="SpaceX_f91.1">{{cite web | url= http://elvperf.ksc.nasa.gov/elvMap/elvMap.ui.PerfQuery0?ReqType=Query&ContSource=-5&OrbitType=LEO&Incl=28&Contract=2&Vehicles=4&Drop1=Apogee&Entry1=200 | title= FALCON 9 Launch Vehicle Performance | publisher= [[NASA]] | accessdate= 2013-11-04 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| {{nts|5760}} to GTO<ref name="SpaceX_f91.1GTO">{{cite web | url= http://elvperf.ksc.nasa.gov/elvMap/elvMap.ui.PerfQuery0?ReqType=Query&ContSource=-5&OrbitType=GTO&Contract=2&Vehicles=4&Drop1=Apogee&Entry1=35700&Drop2=Incl&Entry2=28.5&Plot=Ap_Mass | title= FALCON 9 Launch Vehicle Performance | publisher= [[NASA]] | accessdate= 2013-11-04 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| {{nts|56}}<ref name="SpaceX_f9" />
| {{nts|4109}}<ref name=nbf20130323/>
|
| {{nts|1}}
| Operational
| 2013
|
| [[Falcon 9 v1.1]]
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic;"
| [[Falcon Heavy]]
| {{USA}}
| [[SpaceX]]
| {{nts|53000}}<ref name=sxFH20130322>{{cite web |title=Falcon Heavy Overview |url=https://spacex.com/falcon_heavy.php |date=2013<!-- SpaceX copyright on the web page --> |publisher=SpaceX |accessdate=2013-03-22 |archive-date=2013-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405070749/https://spacex.com/falcon_heavy.php |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name="SpaceX">{{cite web|title=SpaceX Brochure|url=http://www.spacex.com/downloads/spacex-brochure.pdf|publisher=Spacex.com|accessdate=14 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107075247/http://www.spacex.com/downloads/spacex-brochure.pdf|archivedate=2010-01-07|dead-url=no}}</ref>
| {{nts|12000}} to GTO<ref name=sxFH20130322/><br/>{{nts|16000}} to TLI<ref name="SpaceX"/>
| {{nts|83}}–128<ref name=sxFH20130322/><!-- "Pricing: Payloads up to 6.4 ton to GTO: $83M*; greater than 6.4 ton to GTO $128M* ... *Paid in full standard launch prices for 2012" --><!-- these published prices are explicitly listed on the 2013 version of the FH web page at SpaceX, but are listed as "launch prices for 2012"; the older/somewhat lower numbers that had been claimed have no source provided at all. -->
| {{nts|2200}}<!-- 2200/kg is from {{convert|1000|$/lb|$/kg|disp=flip}} --><ref name=nbf20130323>{{cite web|author= |url=http://nextbigfuture.com/2013/03/upgraded-spacex-falcon-911-will-launch.html |title=Upgraded Spacex Falcon 9.1.1 will launch 25% more than old Falcon 9 and bring price down to $4109 per kilogram to LEO |publisher=Nextbigfuture.com |date=2013-03-22 |accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref>
|
| {{nts|0}}
| Development
|
|
| [[Falcon Heavy]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV Mk.I(a)]]
|{{IND}}
|[[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.org/gslv-d1/gslv-d1.aspx |title=Welcome To ISRO :: GSLV :: GSLV-D1 |publisher=Isro.org |date= |accessdate=2013-11-04 |archive-date=2013-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111011907/http://www.isro.org/gslv-d1/gslv-d1.aspx |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.org/gslv-d2/gslv-d2.aspx |title=Welcome To ISRO :: Launch Vehicles :: GSLV :: GSLV-D2 |publisher=Isro.org |date=2001-04-18 |accessdate=2013-11-04 |archive-date=2013-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111011708/http://www.isro.org/gslv-d2/gslv-d2.aspx |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Retired
|2001
|2001
|[[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV Mk.I(a)]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV Mk.I(b)]] <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.org/gslv-f01/gslv-f01.aspx |title=Welcome To ISRO |publisher=Isro.org |date= |accessdate=2013-11-04 |archive-date=2013-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111011712/http://www.isro.org/gslv-f01/gslv-f01.aspx |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.org/gslv-f04/gslv-f04.aspx |title=Welcome To ISRO :: Launch Vehicles :: GSLV :: GSLV-F04 |publisher=Isro.org |date= |accessdate=2013-11-04 |archive-date=2013-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822075148/http://www.isro.org/gslv-f04/gslv-f04.aspx |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|{{IND}}
|[[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Retired
|2004
|2007{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|[[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV Mk.I(b)]]
|- style="font-style:italic;"
|[[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV Mk.I(c)]]
|{{IND}}
|[[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|1}}{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}
|Operational
|2010
|
|[[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV Mk.I(c)]]
|- style="font-style:italic;"
|[[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV Mk.II]] <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.org/gslv-d3/gslv-d3.aspx |title=Welcome To ISRO :: Launch Vehicles :: GSLV :: GSLV-D3 |publisher=Isro.org |date=2010-04-15 |accessdate=2013-11-04 |archive-date=2010-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416141241/http://isro.org/gslv-d3/gslv-d3.aspx |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|{{IND}}
|[[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
|
|{{nts|2500}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.org/Launchvehicles/GSLV/gslv.aspx |title=Welcome To ISRO :: Launch Vehicles :: GSLV |publisher=Isro.org |date= |accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref>
|
|
|
|
|Operational
|2010
|
|[[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV Mk.II]]
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic;"
| [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk III|GSLV Mk.III]]
| {{IND}}
| [[ISRO]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/Launchvehicles/GSLVMARKIII/mark3.aspx |title=Welcome To ISRO :: Launch Vehicles :: GSLV Mark III |publisher=Isro.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2013-11-04 |archive-date=2013-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811185233/http://isro.gov.in/Launchvehicles/GSLVMARKIII/mark3.aspx |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
| {{nts|10000}}{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}<!-- note: no sourced claim for LEO payload appears to be in the GSLV article as of 2012-08-12 -->
| {{nts|5,000}}<ref name=isro20120812>{{cite web |url=http://isro.org/Launchvehicles/GSLVMARKIII/mark3.aspx |title=GSLV Mark III |year=2011 |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |accessdate=2012-08-12 |archive-date=2012-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125032756/http://isro.org/Launchvehicles/GSLVMARKIII/mark3.aspx |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|
|
|
| {{nts|0}}
| Development
|
|
| [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk III|GSLV Mk.III]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[H-I]]
|{{JPN}}<br/>{{USA}}
|[[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]]
|{{nts|3200}}{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
|{{nts|1100}} to GTO{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
|
|
|
|{{nts|9}}
|Retired
|1986
|1992
|[[H-I]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[H-II]]
|{{JPN}}
|[[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]]
|
|
|
|
|
| {{nts|5}}<ref name="GSP-H2">{{cite web |url= http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/h-2.htm|title=H-2 |first=Krebs|last=Gunter |work=Gunter's Space Page |accessdate=1 August 2011}}</ref><ref group="note">Not including two launches made using the H-II/SSB and H-IIS configurations</ref>
| Retired
| 1994
| 1998
|[[H-II]]
|-
| [[H-IIA]] 202
| {{JPN}}
| [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]]
| {{nts|10000}}<ref name="GSP-H2A">{{cite web |url= http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/h-2a.htm |title=H-2A |first=Krebs|last=Gunter |work=Gunter's Space Page |accessdate=1 August 2011}}</ref>
| {{nts|3800}} to GTO<ref name="GSP-H2A"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|9}}<ref name="GSP-H2A"/>
| Operational
| 2001
|
| [[H-IIA]] 202
|-
| [[H-IIA]] 204
| {{JPN}}
| [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]]
|
| {{nts|5800}} to GTO<ref name="GSP-H2A"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|1}}<ref name="GSP-H2A"/>
| Operational
| 2006
| 2006
| [[H-IIA]] 204
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| [[H-IIA]] 2022
| {{JPN}}
| [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]]
|
| {{nts|4200}}<ref name="GSP-H2A"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|3}}<ref name="GSP-H2A"/>
| Retired
| 2005
| 2007
| [[H-IIA]] 2022
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| [[H-IIA]] 2024
| {{JPN}}
| [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]]
|
| <!-- ref name="GSP-H2A"/ -->
|
|
|
| {{nts|7}}<ref name="GSP-H2A"/>
| Retired
| 2002
| 2008
| [[H-IIA]] 2024
|-
| [[H-IIB]] 304
| {{JPN}}
| [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]]
| {{nts|16500}}<ref name=sxFH20130322/>
| {{nts|8000}}<ref name="H-IIB_2">{{cite web | url=http://www.jaxa.jp/pr/brochure/pdf/01/rocket05.pdf | title=H-IIB Launch Vehicle, P. 2 | publisher=[[Jaxa]] | accessdate=3 September 2008 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730201604/http://www.jaxa.jp/pr/brochure/pdf/01/rocket05.pdf | archivedate=2009-07-30 | dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|
|
|
| {{nts|2}}<ref name="slr_launchstats">{{cite web|url=http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/log2011.html |title=Space Launch Report 2011 Launch Stats |publisher=Spacelaunchreport.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref>
| Operational
| 2009
|
| [[H-IIB]] 304
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[H-II|H-II/SSB]]
|{{JPN}}
|[[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]]
|
|
|
|
|
| {{nts|1}}<ref name="GSP-H2"/>
| Retired
| 1995
| 1995
|[[H-II|H-II/SSB]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;font-style:italic;"
| [[H-II]]S
| {{JPN}}
| [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]]
|
|
|
|
|
| {{nts|1}}<ref group="note">Only launch failed to achieve orbit</ref><ref name="GSP-H2"/>
| Retired
| 1999
| 1999
| [[H-II]]S
|- style="background:lightgrey;font-style:italic;"
|[[J-I]]
|{{JPN}}
|[[IHI Corporation]]<br/>[[Nissan Motors]]<ref name=Nissan/>
|
|
|
|
|
|{{ntsh|0.001}}0(+1)
|Retired
|1996
|1996
|[[J-I]]
|- style="font-style:italic;"
|[[Kaituozhe-1]]
|{{CHN}}
|[[China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology|CALT]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|2}}
|Operational
|2002
|2003{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|[[Kaituozhe-1]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Kosmos-3M]]
|{{USSR}}<br>{{RUS}}
|[[NPO Polyot]]
|{{nts|1500}}
|
|€12 million<ref name="esd2006"/>
|
|
|{{nts|442}}{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
|Retired
|1967
|2010{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|[[Kosmos-3M]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Lambda 4S]]
|{{JPN}}
|[[Nissan Motors]]<ref name=Nissan>{{cite web|title=NISSAN HERITAGE COLLECTION online【その他】プリンス自動車工業小史|url=http://nissan-heritage-collection.com/NEWS/publicContents/index.php?procType=CATEGORY&catID=14|publisher=[[Nissan Motors]]|accessdate=8 March 2011}}</ref>
|{{nts|26}}<ref name=ISAS/>
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|5}}
|Retired
|1966
|1970{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|[[Lambda 4S]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Long March 1]]
|{{CHN}}
|[[China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology|CALT]]
|{{nts|300}}{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|3}}
|Retired<ref>{{cite web|url=http://astronautix.com/lvs/cz1.htm |title=CZ-1 |publisher=Astronautix.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref>
|1969
|1971{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|[[Long March 1]]
|- style="font-style:italic;"
|[[Long March 1D]]
|{{CHN}}
|[[China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology|CALT]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{ntsh|0.003}}0(+3)
|Operational{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}
|1995<ref group="note">Suborbital test flights in 1995, 1997 and 2002, no orbital launches attempted</ref>
|2002
|[[Long March 1D]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;font-style:italic;"
|{{nowrap|[[Long March 2A]]}}
|{{CHN}}
|[[China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology|CALT]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|1}}
|Retired
|1974
|1974{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|[[Long March 2A]]
|-
|[[Long March 2C]]
|{{CHN}}
|[[China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology|CALT]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|32}}
|Operational
|1975{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|
|[[Long March 2C]]
|-
|[[Long March 2D]]
|{{CHN}}
|[[China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology|CALT]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|14}}
|Operational
|1992{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|
|[[Long March 2D]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Long March 2E]]
|{{CHN}}
|[[China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology|CALT]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|7}}{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|Retired
|1990
|1995{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|[[Long March 2E]]
|-
|[[Long March 2F]]
|{{CHN}}
|[[China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology|CALT]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|7}}
|Operational
|1999 {{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|
|[[Long March 2F]]
|-
| [[Long March 2F/G]]
| {{CHN}}
| [[China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology|CALT]]
|
|
|
|
|
| {{nts|1}}
| Operational
| 2011
|
| [[Long March 2F/G]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Long March 3]]
|{{CHN}}
|[[China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology|CALT]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|14}}
|Retired
|1984
|
|[[Long March 3]]
|-
|[[Long March 3A]]
|{{CHN}}
|[[China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology|CALT]]
|
|{{nts|2650}} to GTO<ref>{{cite web|url=http://war.news.163.com/11/1029/18/7HI8TGRJ00014J0G.html |title=[专题]中国大推力火箭技术已被日本大幅超越_网易新闻中心 |publisher=War.news.163.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref>
|
|
|
|{{nts|23}}{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
|Operational
|1994
|
|[[Long March 3A]]
|-
| [[Long March 3B]]
| {{CHN}}
| [[China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology|CALT]]
| {{nts|11,200}}<ref name=sxFH20130322/><ref name="长征三号甲运载火箭简述">{{cite web|title=长征三号甲运载火箭简述|url=http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2007-09-13/103113882288.shtml|accessdate=31 October 2011}}</ref>{{Source need translation}}
|
|
|
|
| {{nts|10}}{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
| Operational
| 1996
|
| [[Long March 3B]]
|-
| [[Long March 3B|Long March 3B/E]]
| {{CHN}}
| [[China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology|CALT]]
|
|{{nts|5,500}} to GTO <ref name="长征三号甲运载火箭简述"/>
|
|
|
|
| Operational
| 2007{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|
| [[Long March 3B|Long March 3B/E]]
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic;"
| [[Long March 3B(A)]]
| {{CHN}}
| [[China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology|CALT]]
|
|
|
|
|
| {{nts|0}}
| Development{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}<!-- when was this in development? is it still? -->
|
|
| [[Long March 3B(A)]]
|-
|[[Long March 3C]]
|{{CHN}}
|[[China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology|CALT]]
|
|{{nts|3700}} <ref name="长征三号甲运载火箭简述"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|8}}<br>{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}
| Operational
| 2008
|
| [[Long March 3C]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Long March 4A]]
|{{CHN}}
|[[China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology|CALT]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|2}}<br>{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}
|Retired
|1988
|1990{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|[[Long March 4A]]
|-
|[[Long March 4B]]
|{{CHN}}
|[[China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology|CALT]]
|{{nts|4200}}<ref name="cz-4b"/>
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|18}}<ref name="cz-4b">{{cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/cz-4b.htm |title=CZ-4B (Chang Zheng-4B) |publisher=Space.skyrocket.de |date= |accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref>
|Operational
|1999<ref name="cz-4b"/>
|
|[[Long March 4B]]
|-
|[[Long March 4C]]
|{{CHN}}
|[[China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology|CALT]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Operational
|2007{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|
|[[Long March 4C]]
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic;"
| [[Long March 5]]
| {{CHN}}
| [[China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology|CALT]]
| {{nts|25000}} <ref name="longmarch">{{Cite news|url= http://www.sinodefence.com/space/launcher/changzheng5.asp|title= ChangZheng 5 (Long March 5) Launch Vehicle|publisher=SinoDefence.com|date=2009-02-20|accessdate=2009-03-06}}</ref>
| {{nts|14000}} to GTO <ref name="longmarch" />
|
|
|
| {{nts|0}}
| Development{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
|
|
| [[Long March 5]]
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic;"
|[[Long March 6]]
|{{CHN}}
|[[China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology|CALT]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|0}}
|Development{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}<br><small>since 2009</small>
|
|
|[[Long March 6]]
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic;"
|[[Long March 7]]
|{{CHN}}
|[[China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology|CALT]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|0}}
|Development<br><small>since 2009</small>{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|
|
|[[Long March 7]]
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic;"
|[[Long March 9]]
|{{CHN}}
|[[China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology|CALT]]
|{{nts|130000}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Covault |first=Craig |url=http://www.americaspace.com/?p=22881 |title=First Look: China’s Big New Rockets « AmericaSpace |publisher=Americaspace.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref>
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|0}}
|Development
|
|
|[[Long March 9]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[M-V]]
|{{JPN}}
|[[Nissan Motors]]<ref name=Nissan/> (-2000)<br>[[:ja:IHIエアロスペース|IHI AEROSPACE]]<ref name=IHIAERO/> (-2006)
|{{nts|1800}} - 1,850<ref name=ISAS/>
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|7}}
|Retired
|1997
|2006
|[[M-V]]
|-
|[[Minotaur I]]
|{{USA}}
|[[Orbital Sciences Corporation|Orbital]]
|{{nts|580}}<ref name=osc20120228>{{cite web |url=http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/Publications/Minotaur_I_Fact.pdf |title=Minotaur I Space Launch Vehicle—Fact Sheet |year=2012 |work= |publisher=Orbital Sciences Corporation |accessdate=2012-02-28 |quote=''Spacecraft mass-to-orbit of up to 580 kg to LEO (28.5 deg, 185 km)'' |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018165506/http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/Publications/Minotaur_I_Fact.pdf |archivedate=2006-10-18 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|10}}<ref name=minotaur1>{{cite web |url=http://www.orbital.com/spacelaunch/minotaur/ |title=Minotaur Space Launch Vehicles |year=2012 |work= |publisher=Orbital Sciences Corporation |accessdate=2012-08-28 |quote=''To date, Minotaur has conduced ten missions with a 100% success rate, delivering 33 satellites into orbit.''}}</ref>
|Operational
|2000
|2011
|[[Minotaur I]]
|-
|[[Minotaur IV]]
|{{USA}}
|[[Orbital Sciences Corporation|Orbital]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|3}}(+2)<ref name="minotaur">{{Cite web |url=http://www.orbital.com/SpaceLaunch/Minotaur/History/minotaur_history.shtml |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2013-11-15 |archive-date=2013-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919032016/http://www.orbital.com/SpaceLaunch/Minotaur/History/minotaur_history.shtml |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|Operational
|2010<ref name="minotaur"/>
|2011<ref name="minotaur"/>
|[[Minotaur IV]]
|-
|[[Minotaur V]]
|{{USA}}
|[[Orbital Sciences Corporation|Orbital]]
|
|{{nts|640}} to GTO<br/>447 to [[Trans Lunar Injection|TLI]]
|
|
|
|{{nts|1}}<ref name="minotaur"/> <!-- LADEE mission should appear shortly -->
|Operational
|2013<ref name="minotaur"/>
|
|[[Minotaur V]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Molniya (rocket)|Molniya]]
|{{USSR}}
|[[RSC Energia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|24}}<ref name="molniya">{{cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/molniya.htm |title=Molniya and Soyuz with upper stages |publisher=Space.skyrocket.de |date= |accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref>
|Retired
|1960
|1965<ref name="molniya"/>
|[[Molniya (rocket)|Molniya]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Molniya-M]]
|{{USSR}}<br>{{RUS}}
|[[RSC Energia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|275}}
|Retired
|1964
|2010
|[[Molniya-M]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Mu (rocket family)|Mu-3C]]
|{{JPN}}
|[[Nissan Motors]]<ref name=Nissan/>
|{{nts|195}}<ref name=ISAS/>
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|4}}
|Retired
|1974
|1979
|[[Mu (rocket family)|Mu-3C]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Mu (rocket family)|Mu-3H]]
|{{JPN}}
|[[Nissan Motors]]<ref name=Nissan/>
|{{nts|300}}<ref name=ISAS/>
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|3}}
|Retired
|1977
|1978
|[[Mu (rocket family)|Mu-3H]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Mu (rocket family)|Mu-3S]]
|{{JPN}}
|[[Nissan Motors]]<ref name=Nissan/>
|{{nts|300}}<ref name=ISAS/>
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|4}}
|Retired
|1980
|1984{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|[[Mu (rocket family)|Mu-3S]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Mu (rocket family)|Mu-3SII]]
|{{JPN}}
|[[Nissan Motors]]<ref name=Nissan/>
|{{nts|770}}<ref name=ISAS/>
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|8}}
|Retired
|1985
|1995
|[[Mu (rocket family)|Mu-3SII]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Mu (rocket family)|Mu-4S]]
|{{JPN}}
|[[Nissan Motors]]<ref name=Nissan/>
|{{nts|180}}<ref name=ISAS>{{cite web|title=Satellite Launch Vehicles|url=http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/enterp/rockets/vehicles/index.shtml|publisher=[[Institute of Space and Astronautical Science|Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS)]]|accessdate=4 March 2011}}</ref>
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|4}}
|Retired
|1971
|1972
|[[Mu (rocket family)|Mu-4S]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;font-style:italic;"
| [[N1 (rocket)|N1]]
| {{USSR}}
| [[NPO Energia]]
| {{nts|95000}} <ref name="refN1-1"/><ref name="refN1-2"/><ref name="refN1-3"/><ref group="note" name="N4"/>
|
|
|
|
| {{nts|4}} <ref name="refN1-4"/>
| Retired
| 1969
| 1972
| [[N1 (rocket)|N1]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[N-I (rocket)|N-I]]
|{{JPN}}<br/>{{USA}}<!--Delta-->
|[[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Retired
|1975
|1982{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|[[N-I (rocket)|N-I]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[N-II (rocket)|N-II]]
|{{JPN}}<br/>{{USA}}<!--Delta-->
|[[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|8}}
|Retired
|1981
|1987{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|[[N-II (rocket)|N-II]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Naro-1]]
|{{KOR}}<br/>{{RUS}}<!--Angara first stage-->
|[[KARI]]/[[Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center|Khrunichev]]
|
|
|
|
|
|3
|Retired
|2009
|2013
|[[Naro-1]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;font-style:italic;"
|[[Paektusan (rocket)|Paektusan]]
|{{flag|North Korea}}
|[[Korean Committee of Space Technology|KCST]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Retired
|1998
|1998
|-
|[[Pegasus (rocket)|Pegasus]]
|{{USA}}
|[[Orbital Sciences Corporation|Orbital]]
|{{nts|443}}
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|41}}<ref name="Pegasus">{{Cite web |url=http://www.orbital.com/SpaceLaunch/Pegasus/pegasus_history.shtml |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2013-11-15 |archive-date=2013-07-22 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6IIm5SI3B?url=http://www.orbital.com/SpaceLaunch/Pegasus/pegasus_history.shtml |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|Operational
|1990
|2012<ref name="Pegasus"/>
|[[Pegasus (rocket)|Pegasus]]
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic"
|[[Pegasus II (rocket)|Pegasus II]]
|{{USA}}
|[[Orbital Sciences Corporation|Orbital]]
|{{nts|6120}}<ref name=nsf20130524>
{{cite news|last=Bergin|first=Chris|title=Stratolaunch and Orbital – The Height of Air Launch|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2013/05/stratolaunch-orbital-air-launch/|accessdate=2013-05-24|newspaper=NASA SpaceFlight|date=2013-05-25 }}</ref>
|{{nts|2000}} to GTO<ref name=nsf20130524/>
|
|
|
|
|Development
|
|
|[[Pegasus II (rocket)|Pegasus II]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Polyot (rocket)|Polyot]]
|{{USSR}}
|[[RSC Energia]]
|{{nts|1400}}
|
|
|
|
|
|Retired
|1963
|1964{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|[[Polyot (rocket)|Polyot]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| [[Proton-K]]
| {{USSR}}<br>{{RUS}}
| [[Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center|Khrunichev]]
| {{nts|19760}}{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}
| {{nts|4930}}{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}} to GTO
|
|
|
| {{nts|311}} <ref name="astronautix1">{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/proton.htm |title=Proton |publisher=Astronautix.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref>
| Retired
| 1965
| 2012{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
| [[Proton-K]]
|-
| [[Proton-M]]
| {{USSR}}<br>{{RUS}}
| [[Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center|Khrunichev]]
| {{nts|21600}}<ref name="ProtonM">{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027045349/http://www.ilslaunch.com/products/proton/protonmpg/protonr6/pmpg_2e.pdf |archivedate=2007-10-27 |url=http://www.ilslaunch.com/launch-services/proton-mission-planners-guide |title=Proton Launch System Mission Planner’s Guide, LKEB-9812-1990 |publisher=[[International Launch Services]] |pages=2–2 |quote=LEO i = 51.6°, H = 200 km circular ... GTO (1800 m/s from GSO) i = 31.0°, Hp = 2100 km, Ha = 35,786 km |accessdate=2007-11-12 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
| {{nts|6150}} to GTO<ref name="ProtonM"/>
| {{nts|85}} <ref name="Futron_Launch_Costs">{{cite web | url=http://www.futron.com/upload/wysiwyg/Resources/Whitepapers/Space_Transportation_Costs_Trends_0902.pdf | format=PDF | title=Space Transportation Costs: Trends in Price Per Pound to Orbit 1990-2000 | publisher=[[Futron]] | accessdate=2010-05-02 | archive-date=2011-07-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711061933/http://www.futron.com/upload/wysiwyg/Resources/Whitepapers/Space_Transportation_Costs_Trends_0902.pdf | dead-url=yes }}</ref>
| {{nts|4302}}<ref name="Futron_Launch_Costs" />
|
| {{nts|61}} <ref name="astronautix1"/>
| Operational
| 2001{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|
| [[Proton-M]]
|-
| [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]]
| {{IND}}
| [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
| {{nts|3200}}<ref name=PSLV>{{cite web |url= http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_JRgHKYCaeH4/S-mJE29KQwI/AAAAAAAAAJk/ctRSrE7P72c/s1600/PSLV+variants1.jpg |title=PSLV variants capability |publisher=ISRO |accessdate=15 May 2010}}</ref>
| {{nts|1600}} to SSO<br/>1,050 to GTO<ref name="GSP-PSLV">{{cite web |url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/pslv.htm |title=PSLV |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/60eAq5vzm?url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/pslv.htm |archivedate=2011-08-02 |first=Krebs |last=Gunter |work=Gunter's Space Page |accessdate=2 August 2011 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
|
|
|
| {{nts|11}}
| Operational
| 1993{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|
| [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]]
|-
|[[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV-CA]]
|{{IND}}
|[[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
|{{nts|2800}}<ref name=PSLV />
|{{nts|1100}} to SSO<ref name="GSP-PSLV"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|7}}
| Operational
| 2007
|
|[[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV-CA]]
|-
|[[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV-XL]]
|{{IND}}
|[[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
|{{nts|3800}}<ref name="GSP-PSLV"/>
| {{ntsh|1300}} 1,750 to SSO<br/> 1,300 to GTO<ref name="GSP-PSLV"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|3}}
| Operational
| 2008
|
|[[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV-XL]]
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic;"
| [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV-HP]]
| {{IND}}
| [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
| {{nts|4000}}<ref name="GSP-PSLV"/>
| {{ntsh|1440}} 1,900 to SSO<br/> 1,440 to GTO<ref name="GSP-PSLV"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|0}}
| Development
|
|
| [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV-HP]]
|-
|[[Rokot]]
|{{RUS}}
|[[Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center|Khrunichev]]
|{{nts|1950}}
|
|{{nts|14}}<ref name="harvey">{{Cite book|last=Harvey|first=Brian|title=The Rebirth of the Russian Space Program|publisher=Springer|location=Germany|year=2007|edition=1st|chapter=Launchers and engines|isbn=978-0-387-71354-0}}</ref>
|{{nts|7179}}{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}
|
|{{nts|14}}<ref name="khru_rokot">{{cite web|url=http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=43|title=Rockot Launch Vehicle|publisher=Khrunichev.ru|accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref>
|Operational
|1990
|
|-
|[[Safir (rocket)|Safir]]
|{{IRI}}
|[[Iranian Space Agency]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|3}}
|Operational
|2008
|2012{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|[[Safir (rocket)|Safir]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Saturn I]]
|{{USA}}
|[[Chrysler]] (S-I)<br />[[Douglas Aircraft Company|Douglas]] ([[S-IV]])
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|10}}<ref name="saturn1">{{cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/saturn-1.htm |title=Saturn-1 & Saturn-1B |publisher=Space.skyrocket.de |date= |accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref>
|Retired
|1961
|1965<ref name="saturn1"/>
|[[Saturn I]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Saturn IB]]
|{{USA}}
|[[Chrysler]] ([[S-IB]])<br />[[Douglas Aircraft Company|Douglas]] ([[S-IVB]])
| {{nts|20412}}{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}
|
|
|
|
| {{nts|9}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Bilstein|first=Roger E. |title=Appendix C: Saturn Family/Mission Data |url= http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4206/app-c.htm |work=Stages to Saturn A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles |publisher=NASA History Office |accessdate=7 April 2011}}</ref>
| Retired
| 1966
| 1975
|[[Saturn IB]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| [[Saturn V]]
| {{USA}}
| [[Boeing]] ([[S-IC]])<br>[[North American Aviation|North American]] ([[S-II]])<br>[[Douglas Aircraft Company|Douglas]] ([[S-IVB]])
| {{nts|118000}}<ref name="Rocket and Space Technology"/>
| {{nts|47000}} to TLI<ref name="Rocket and Space Technology"/>
| {{nts|185}} ({{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|0.185|1969|r=2}}}} billion in {{CURRENTISOYEAR}})<ref name="SP4221Ch6">{{cite web |url= http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4221/ch6.htm |title=SP-4221 The Space Shuttle Decision- Chapter 6: ECONOMICS AND THE SHUTTLE |accessdate=2011-01-15 |publisher=NASA}}</ref>
| {{nts|9,915}}{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}
|
| {{nts|13}}<ref name="Saturn"/><ref name="Saturn V Flight History"/><ref group="note" name="N3"/>
| Retired
| 1967
| 1973
| [[Saturn V]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Scout (rocket family)|Scout]]
|{{USA}}
|[[US Air Force]]/[[NASA]]
|{{nts|150}}
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|125}}
|Retired
|1961
|1994
|[[Scout (rocket family)|Scout]]
|-
|[[Shavit]]
|{{ISR}}
|[[Israel Aerospace Industries|IAE]]
|{{nts|160}}
|
|{{nts|15}}
|
|
|{{nts|9}}
|Operational
|1988
|2010
|[[Shavit]]
|-
|[[Shtil']]
|{{RUS}}
|[[Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau|Makeyev]]
|{{nts|160}} - 430
|
|
|
|
|
|Operational
|1998
|2006{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|[[Shtil']]
|-
|[[Simorgh (rocket)|Simorgh]]
|{{IRI}}
|[[Iranian Space Agency]]
|{{nts|60}}-100<ref name="fars">{{cite web|url=http://english.farsnews.ir/newstext.php?nn=8811141592|title=Iranian DM: Simorgh to Carry Tolou, Mesbah Satellites into Space|publisher=Fars News Agency|date=2010-02-03|accessdate=2010-02-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113072413/http://english.farsnews.ir/newstext.php?nn=8811141592|archivedate=2011-11-13|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/10/feb/1025.html |title=Iran unveils three new home-made satellites |publisher=Payvand.com |date= |accessdate=2012-07-25 |archive-date=2010-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206215559/http://www.payvand.com/news/10/feb/1025.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|0}}
|
|
|
|[[Simorgh (rocket)|Simorgh]]
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic;"
| [[Space Launch System|SLS Block 1]]
| {{USA}}
| [[Alliant Techsystems]] ([[Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster|SRBs]])<br>
[[Boeing]] (proposed)<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/594163main_2011-SLS_Industry_Day_Final_Public1-1_rev2.pdf |title=Space Launch System (SLS) Program Overview |publisher=Nasa.gov |accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref>
| {{nts|70000}}<ref name="Space Launch System"/>
|
|
|
|
| {{nts|0}}
| Development
|
|
| [[Space Launch System|SLS Block 1]]
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic;"
| [[Space Launch System|SLS Block 2]]
| {{USA}}
| [[Alliant Techsystems]] ([[Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster|SRBs]])<br>
[[Boeing]] (proposed)<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
| {{nts|130000}}<ref name="Space Launch System"/>
|
|
|
|
| {{nts|0}}
| Development
|
|
| [[Space Launch System|SLS Block 2]]
|-
|[[Satellite Launch Vehicle|SLV]]
|{{IND}}
|[[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
|{{nts|40}}{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|4}}{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|
|1979
|1983{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|[[Satellite Launch Vehicle|SLV]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Soyuz (rocket)|Soyuz]]
|{{USSR}}
|[[RSC Energia]]
|{{nts|6450}}
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|30}}
|Retired
|1966
|1975
|[[Soyuz (rocket)|Soyuz]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Soyuz-L]]
|{{USSR}}
|[[RSC Energia]]
|{{nts|5500}}
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|3}}
|Retired
|1970
|1971
|[[Soyuz-L]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Soyuz-M]]
|{{USSR}}
|[[RSC Energia]]
|{{nts|6600}}
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|8}}
|Retired
|1971
|1976
|[[Soyuz-M]]
|-
|[[Soyuz-U]]
|{{USSR}}<br>{{RUS}}
|[[TsSKB-Progress]]
|{{nts|6200}}–6,700 kg from [[Plesetsk Cosmodrome|Plesetsk]])<br/>6590-6950 from [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonour]]<ref name="soyuz-u">{{Cite web |url=http://www.samspace.ru/ENG/RN/souz_u.htm |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2013-11-15 |archive-date=2012-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029153716/http://www.samspace.ru/ENG/RN/souz_u.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|727}}
|Operational
|1973
|
|[[Soyuz-U]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Soyuz-U2]]
|{{USSR}}<br>{{RUS}}
|[[TsSKB-Progress]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|92}}
|Retired
|1982
|1995
|[[Soyuz-U2]]
|-
|[[Soyuz-FG]]
|{{RUS}}
|[[TsSKB-Progress]]
|{{nts|6790}}–7130 kg<ref name="soyuz-fg">{{Cite web |url=http://www.samspace.ru/ENG/RN/souz_fg.htm |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2013-11-15 |archive-date=2012-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029153725/http://www.samspace.ru/ENG/RN/souz_fg.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|29}}
|Operational
|2001
|
|[[Soyuz-FG]]
|-
|[[Soyuz-2 (rocket)|Soyuz-2.1a]]
|{{RUS}}
|[[TsSKB-Progress]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{ntsh|7.001}}7(+1)<!--(suborbital)-->
|Operational
|2004<ref group="note">Suborbital test flight in 2004, first orbital launch in 2006</ref>
|
|[[Soyuz-2 (rocket)|Soyuz-2.1a]]
|-
|[[Soyuz-2 (rocket)|Soyuz-2.1b]]
|{{RUS}}
|[[TsSKB-Progress]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|4}}
|Operational
|2011
|
|[[Soyuz-2 (rocket)|Soyuz-2.1b]]
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic;"
|[[Soyuz-1 (rocket)|Soyuz-2.1v]]
|{{RUS}}
|[[TsSKB-Progress]]
|{{nts|2850}}
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|0}}
|Development
|
|
|[[Soyuz-1 (rocket)|Soyuz-2.1v]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| [[Space Shuttle]]
| {{USA}}
| [[Alliant Techsystems]] ([[Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster|SRBs]])<br>[[Martin Marietta]] ([[Space Shuttle external tank|ET]])<br>[[Rockwell International]] ([[Space Shuttle orbiter|Orbiter]])
| {{nts|24400}}<ref group="note" name="spaceplane"/>
|
| {{nts|300}} <ref name="Futron_Launch_Costs" />
| {{nts|10416}} <ref name="Futron_Launch_Costs" />
|
| {{nts|135}}<ref name="NASA-STS">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/main/index.html |title=NASA - Space Shuttle |publisher=Nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=2012-07-25}}</ref>
| Retired
| 1981
| 2011
| [[Space Shuttle]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Sputnik (rocket)|Sputnik]] 8K71PS
|{{USSR}}
|[[RSC Energia]]
|{{nts|500}}
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|2}}
|Retired
|1957
|1957
|[[Sputnik (rocket)|Sputnik]] 8K71PS
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Sputnik (rocket)|Sputnik]] 8A91
|{{USSR}}
|[[RSC Energia]]
|{{nts|1327}}
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|2}}
|Retired
|1958
|1958
|[[Sputnik (rocket)|Sputnik]] 8A91
|-
|[[Start-1]]
|{{RUS}}
|[[Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology|MITT]]
|{{nts|532}}{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|{{nts|167}} to [[Sun synchronous orbit|SSO]]{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|
|
|
|{{nts|7}}{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|Operational
|1993
|2006{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|[[Start-1]]
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic;"
|[[Stratolaunch launch vehicle|StratoLaunch]]
|{{USA}}
|[[Stratolaunch Systems]]
|{{nts|6100}}<ref name=aw2011213>{{cite web |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=space&id=news/awx/2011/12/13/awx_12_13_2011_p0-405946.xml&headline=Stratolaunch%20Aims%20to%20Break%20Affordability%20Barrier |title=Stratolaunch Aims to Break Affordability Barrier |date=2011-12-13 |publisher=Aviation Week |accessdate=2011-12-15 |archive-date=2012-12-05 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205201822/http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/awx_12_13_2011_p0-405946.xml |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|
|
|
|
|
|Development<ref name=aw2011213/>
|2016<ref name=aw20111220>{{cite news|last=Mecham|first=Michael|author2=Frank Morring, Jr.|title=Allen Places Big Bet On Air Launches|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story.jsp?channel=space&id=news/awst/2011/12/19/AW_12_19_2011_p26-406657.xml&headline=Allen%20Places%20Big%20Bet%20On%20Air%20Launches&prev=10|accessdate=2011-12-23|newspaper=Aviation Week|date=2011-12-20|quote=''the overall team is still working through details of how to progress toward its 2016 first launch.''}}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|
|[[Stratolaunch launch vehicle|StratoLaunch]]
|-
|[[Strela (rocket)|Strela]]
|{{RUS}}
|[[Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center|Khrunichev]]
|{{nts|1700}}
|
|€5 million.<ref name="esd2006"/>
|
|
|
|Operational{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}
|2003
|2003
|[[Strela (rocket)|Strela]]
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic;"
|[[Haas (rocket)|Super Haas]]
|{{ROM}}
|[[ARCASPACE|ARCA]]
|{{nts|2600}}
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|0}}
|Development
|
|
|[[Haas (rocket)|Super Haas]]
|-
|[[Taurus (rocket)|Taurus]]
|{{USA}}
|[[Orbital Sciences Corporation|Orbital]]
|{{nts|1320}}{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|9}}{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|Operational<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.orbital.com/spacelaunch/taurus/ |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2013-11-15 |archive-date=2014-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209053850/http://www.orbital.com/SpaceLaunch/Taurus/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|1994
|2011{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|[[Taurus (rocket)|Taurus]]
|-
| [[Antares (rocket)|Antares]]
| {{USA}}
| [[Orbital Sciences Corporation|Orbital]]
| {{nts|6000}}<ref name="ostug13_201104">{{cite web |url=http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/Publications/Taurus_II_Guide.pdf |format=PDF |title=Taurus II User’s Manual, Rev. 1.3 |publisher=Orbital |date=April 2010 |accessdate=2010-11-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509062344/http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/Publications/Taurus_II_Guide.pdf |archivedate=2010-05-09 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
| {{nts|1900}} to GTO<ref name="ostug13_201104"/>
|
|
|
| {{nts|2}}
| Operational
| 2013
| 2013
| [[Antares (rocket)|Antares]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Titan II GLV]]
|{{USA}}
|[[Martin Marietta]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{ntsh|11.001}}11(+1)
|Retired
|1964
|1966
|[[Titan II GLV]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Titan 23G|Titan II(23)G]]
|{{USA}}
|[[Martin Marietta]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|13}}
|Retired
|1988
|2003
|[[Titan 23G|Titan II(23)G]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Titan IIIA]]
|{{USA}}
|[[Martin Marietta]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Retired
|1964
|1965
|[[Titan IIIA]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Titan IIIB]]
|{{USA}}
|[[Martin Marietta]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|70}}
|Retired
|1966
|1987
|[[Titan IIIB]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Titan IIIC]]
|{{USA}}
|[[Martin Marietta]]
|
|
|
|
|
| {{nts|36}}
| Retired
| 1965
| 1982
|[[Titan IIIC]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Titan IIID]]
|{{USA}}
|[[Martin Marietta]]
|
|
|
|
|
| {{nts|22}}
| Retired
| 1971
| 1982
|[[Titan IIID]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Titan IIIE]]
|{{USA}}
|[[Martin Marietta]]
|
|
|
|
|
| {{nts|7}}
| Retired
| 1974
| 1977
|[[Titan IIID]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Titan 34D]]
|{{USA}}
|[[Martin Marietta]]
|
|
|
|
|
| {{nts|15}}
| Retired
| 1982
| 1989
|[[Titan 34D]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Titan IV]]A
|{{USA}}
|[[Martin Marietta]]
|
|
|
|
|
| {{nts|22}}<ref name="titaniv">{{cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/titan-4.htm |title=Titan-4 |publisher=Space.skyrocket.de |date= |accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref>
| Retired
| 1989
| 1998
|[[Titan IV]]A
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| [[Titan IV]]B
| {{USA}}
| [[Lockheed Martin]]
| {{nts|21682}}<ref name="titan4">{{cite web | url=https://www.maxwell.af.mil/au/awc/space/factsheets/titan_ivb.htm | title=Fact Sheet - TITAN IVB | publisher=[[United States Air Force]] | accessdate=2007-11-12 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| {{nts|5761}} to GTO <ref name="titan4" /><br>(9,000 with upper stage)
| {{nts|432}}
| {{nts|13836}}{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}
|
| {{nts|17}}<ref name="titaniv"/>
| Retired
| 1997
| 2005
| [[Titan IV]]B
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic"
|[[Tronador II]]
|{{ARG}}
|[[CONAE]]
|
|
|
|
|
| {{nts|0}}
|Development
|
|
| [[Tronador (rocket)|Tronador 2.0]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Tsyklon-2A]]
|{{USSR}}
|[[Yuzhmash]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|8}}<ref name="tsyklon2a">{{cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/tsiklon-2a.htm |title=Tsiklon-2A (11K67) |publisher=Space.skyrocket.de |date= |accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref>
|Retired
|1967
|1969
|[[Tsyklon-2A]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Tsyklon-2]]
|{{USSR}}<br>{{UKR}}
|[[Yuzhmash]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|106}}<ref name="tsyklon2">{{cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/tsiklon-2.htm |title=Tsiklon-2 (11K69) |publisher=Space.skyrocket.de |date= |accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref>
|Retired
|1969
|2006<ref name="tsyklon2"/>
|[[Tsyklon-2]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Tsyklon-3]]
|{{USSR}}<br>{{UKR}}
|[[Yuzhmash]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|122}}<ref name="tsyklon3">{{cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/tsiklon-3.htm |title=Tsiklon-3 (11K68) |publisher=Space.skyrocket.de |date= |accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref>
|Retired
|1977
|2009<ref name="tsyklon3"/>
|[[Tsyklon-3]]
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic;"
|[[Tsyklon-4]]
|{{UKR}}
|[[Yuzhmash]]
|{{nts|5500}} <ref name="tsyklon">{{Cite news|url= http://www.nkau.gov.ua/nsau/catalogNEW.nsf/systemE/2C16C6A39AAF93DBC3256BF8004C1235?OpenDocument&Lang=E|title= Tsyklon-4 launcher main features|publisher=nkau.gov.ua|accessdate=2013-02-25}}</ref>
|{{nts|1700}} to GTO <ref name="tsyklon" />
|
|
|
|{{nts|0}}
|Development
|
|
|[[Tsyklon-4]]
|- style="font-style:italic"
|[[Unha]]
|{{flag|North Korea}}
|[[Korean Committee of Space Technology|KCST]]
|{{nts|100}}{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|2}}{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|Operational{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|2006
|2009{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|[[Unha]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Vanguard (rocket)|Vanguard]]
|{{USA}}
|[[Martin Aircraft|Martin]]
|{{nts|23}}{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}
|
|
|
|
|{{ntsh|11.001}}11(+1)
|Retired
|1957
|1959
|[[Vanguard (rocket)|Vanguard]]
|-
|[[Vega (rocket)|Vega]]
|{{flag|Europe}}
|[[European Space Agency|ESA]]/[[Italian Space Agency|ASI]]
|{{nts|1500}}
|
| {{nts|23.5}} <ref name="price_vega">{{cite web|author=Ed Kyle |url=http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/vega.html |title=New Launchers - ESA Vega |publisher=Spacelaunchreport.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref>
| {{nts|15600}}{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}
|
|{{nts|2}}
|Operational
| 2012 <ref name="date_vega">{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Launchers_Access_to_Space/ASEKMU0TCNC_0.html |title=Vega / Launch vehicles / Launchers / Our Activities / ESA |publisher=Esa.int |date=2013-05-10 |accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref>
|
|[[Vega (rocket)|Vega]]
|- style="font-style:italic"
|[[VLS-1]]
|{{BRA}}
|[[Brazilian Space Agency|AEB]], [[National Institute for Space Research|INPE]]
|{{nts|380}}
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|2}}<ref group="note">A third rocket exploded before launch</ref>
|Operational
|1997
|2003
|[[VLS-1]]
|- style="font-style:italic;"
|[[Volna]]
|{{RUS}}
|[[Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau|Makeyev]]
|{{nts|100}}
|
|
|
|
|{{ntsh|1.005}}1(+5){{ref|A|[A]}}
|Operational{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}
|1995<ref group="note">First orbital launch attempt in 2005</ref>
|2005
|[[Volna]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Voskhod (rocket)|Voskhod]]
|{{USSR}}
|[[RSC Energia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|306}}
|Retired
|1963
|1976
|[[Voskhod (rocket)|Voskhod]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Vostok-L]]
|{{USSR}}
|[[RSC Energia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|4}}
|Retired
|1960
|1960
|[[Vostok-L]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Vostok-K]]
|{{USSR}}
|[[RSC Energia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|16}}
|Retired
|1960
|1964{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|[[Vostok-K]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Vostok-2 (rocket)|Vostok-2]]
|{{USSR}}
|[[RSC Energia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|45}}
|Retired
|1962
|1967{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|[[Vostok-2 (rocket)|Vostok-2]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Vostok-2M]]
|{{USSR}}
|[[RSC Energia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{nts|93}}{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}
|Retired
|1964
|1991{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|[[Vostok-2M]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Soyuz/Vostok]]
|{{USSR}}
|[[RSC Energia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Retired
|1965
|1966{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
|[[Soyuz/Vostok]]
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|[[Zenit-2]]
|{{USSR}}<br>{{UKR}}
|[[Yuzhnoye Design Bureau|Yuzhnoye]]
| {{nts|13740}}<ref name="slr_zenit">{{cite web|author=Ed Kyle |url=http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/zenit.html |title=Zenit Data Sheet |publisher=Spacelaunchreport.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref>
|
|
|
|
| {{nts|37}}<ref name="slr_launchstats" />
| Retired
| 1985
| 2004<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/zenit.html |title=Zenit launch vehicle |publisher=Russianspaceweb.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref>
|[[Zenit-2]]
|-
|[[Zenit-2M]] (2SLB)
|{{UKR}}
|[[Yuzhnoye Design Bureau|Yuzhnoye]]
| {{nts|13920}}<ref name="slr_zenit"/>
|
|
|
|
| {{nts|1}}
| Operational
| 2007
|
|[[Zenit-2M]] (2SLB)
|-
|[[Zenit-3F]]
|{{UKR}}
|[[Yuzhnoye Design Bureau|Yuzhnoye]]<ref group=note name="land"/>
|
|
|
|
|
| {{nts|1}}
| Operational
| 2011
|
| [[Zenit-3F]]
|-
| [[Zenit-3SL]]
| {{UKR}}
| [[Yuzhmash]]<br>[[RKK Energia]] <ref group=note>Operated by [[Sea Launch]]</ref>
|
| {{nts|6000}} to GTO <ref name="sea-launch launch_vehicle">{{cite web | url=http://www.sea-launch.com/sllaunch_vehicle.htm | title=Launch Vehicle | publisher=[[Sea Launch]] | accessdate=2012-12-10 | archive-date=2009-04-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404002737/http://www.sea-launch.com/sllaunch_vehicle.htm | dead-url=yes }}</ref>
| {{nts|100}}<ref name="faa ocst 2011">{{cite web | url=http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/HQ-121473.pdf | title=FAA Semi-Annual Launch Report: Second Half of Fiscal Year 2011 | publisher=Federal Aviation Administration - Office of Commercial Space Transportation | accessdate=December 10, 2012 | pages=end of document}}</ref>
|
|
| {{nts|30}}
| Operational
| 1999
|
| [[Zenit-3SL]]
|-
| [[Zenit-3SLB]]
| {{UKR}}
| [[Yuzhmash]] <br>[[RKK Energia]] <ref group=note name="land">Operated by [[Land Launch]]</ref>
|
| {{nts|3750}} to GTO{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}
|
|
|
| {{nts|4}}{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}
| Operational
| 2008
|
| [[Zenit-3SLB]]
|}
== Persaingan pasar peluncuran antariksa ==
Setelah munculnya teknologi penerbangan antariksa pada akhir tahun 1950-an, layanan peluncuran antariksa muncul, secara eksklusif oleh program nasional. Kemudian pada abad ke-20, operator komersial menjadi pelanggan penting penyedia peluncuran. Persaingan internasional untuk subset muatan satelit komunikasi dari pasar peluncuran semakin dipengaruhi oleh pertimbangan komersial. Namun, bahkan selama periode ini, untuk satelit komunikasi yang diluncurkan oleh komersial dan entitas pemerintah, penyedia layanan peluncuran untuk muatan ini menggunakan kendaraan peluncur yang dibuat sesuai spesifikasi pemerintah, dan dengan pendanaan pengembangan yang disediakan negara secara eksklusif.
Pada awal tahun 2010-an, lima dekade setelah manusia pertama kali mengembangkan teknologi penerbangan antariksa, sistem kendaraan peluncur yang dikembangkan secara pribadi dan penawaran layanan peluncuran antariksa muncul. Perusahaan kini menghadapi insentif ekonomi, bukan insentif politik seperti pada dekade-dekade sebelumnya. Bisnis peluncuran antariksa mengalami penurunan harga per unit yang drastis, bersamaan dengan penambahan kemampuan yang sama sekali baru, yang membawa babak baru persaingan di pasar peluncuran antariksa.<ref name ="Trends">{{cite web |title=Space Transportation Costs: Trends in Price Per Pound to Orbit ... |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/36996100/space-transportation-costs-trends-in-price-per-pound-to-orbit-1990-2000 |date=6 Sep 2002 |website=yumpu.com |publisher=Futron Corporation |access-date=3 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
Pada tahun 2024 dilaporkan bahwa, dengan menghitung semua aktivitas peluncuran dan penerbangan antariksa global, [[SpaceX]], yang memanfaatkan keluarga roket [[Falcon (keluarga roket)|Falcon]] miliknya, telah meluncurkan hampir 87% dari semua upmass di Bumi pada tahun 2023.
* [[Mesin roket]]
* [[Pelabuhan angkasa]]
* [[Segmen sistem antariksa]]
* [[Segmen antariksa]]
== Catatan ==
* [[Segmen darat]]
<references group="note">
* [[Peralatan telekomunikasi]]
<ref name="N3">The Saturn V made 13 launches, 12 of which reached the correct orbits, and the other ([[Apollo 6]]) reached a different orbit than the one which had been planned; however, some mission objectives could still be completed; [http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/saturn_apollo/documents/Flight_History.pdf NASA, Saturn V News Reference, Appendix: Saturn V Flight History (1968)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517075159/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/saturn_apollo/documents/Flight_History.pdf |date=2011-05-17 }}. For more information, see the [[Saturn V]] article. The Saturn V launch record is usually quoted as having never failed, e.g. ''"The rocket was masterminded by Wernher Von Braun and did not fail in any of its flights"'', Alan Lawrie and Robert Godwin; [http://www.apogeespacebooks.com/Books/Saturn.html Saturn], but the Apollo 6 launch should be considered a partial mission failure. The 13th launch of Saturn V was in special configuration (SA-513) with the [[Skylab]].</ref>
* [[Tracking and Data Relay Satellite]]
<ref name="N4">The N1 rocket was initially designed for 75mt LEO capacity and launch attempts were made with this version, but there were studies to increase the payload capacity to 90—95 mt, if a liquid-hydrogen upper stage engine could be developed.</ref>
* [[Satelit mata-mata]]
<ref name="N6">Encyclopedia Astronautica quotes Energia's "flyaway unit cost" at "$764 million in 1985 dollars". However the realistic exchange rate of Soviet currency was drastically different from the official conversion rate which had been set by decree at 0.8 Soviet rubles per US$1. Unofficially one US dollar in 1980s was in terms of purchasing power roughly equivalent to four Soviet rubles.</ref>
* [[Satelit militer]]
</references>
* [[Sistem navigasi satelit]]
* [[Layanan antar-satelit]]
* [[Satelit pengamat Bumi]]
* [[Satelit pengumpul data]]
* [[Satelit high throughput]]
* [[Sistem Komunikasi Satelit]]
* [[Unit data satelit]]
* [[Satelit radio amatir]]
* [[Radio satelit]]
* [[Televisi satelit]]
* [[Telepon satelit]]
* [[Satelit cuaca]]
* [[International Telecommunication Union]]
* [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]]
* [[Sel surya]]
* [[Pemeliharaan posisi orbital]]
* [[Antena (radio)]]
* [[Antena parabola]]
* [[Akses internet satelit]]
* [[Transponder (komunikasi satelit)]]
* [[Orbit polar]]
* [[Orbit Molniya]]
* [[Konstelasi satelit]]
* [[Orbit Bumi menengah]]
* [[Frekuensi]]
* [[Orbit geostasioner]]
* [[Orbit rendah Bumi]]
* [[Pita frekuensi S]]
* [[Pita frekuensi L]]
* [[Pita frekuensi K (IEEE)]]
* [[Pita frekuensi Ku]]
* [[Pita frekuensi Ka]]
* [[Pita frekuensi X]]
* [[Pita frekuensi C]]
* [[Pusat Pengendali Misi Christopher C. Kraft Jr.]]
* [[Pusat Pengendali Misi RKA]]
* [[European Space Operations Centre]]
* [[Beijing Aerospace Command and Control Center]]
* [[Centre national d'études spatiales]] ([[CNES]])
* [[Kosmodrom Baikonur]]
* [[Stasiun Angkatan Antariksa Cape Canaveral]]
* [[Pusat Antariksa Kennedy]]
* [[Pusat Peluncuran Satelit Jiuquan]]
* [[Pangkalan Angkatan Luar angkasa Vandenberg]]
* [[Kosmodrom Plesetsk]]
* [[Pusat Antariksa Uchinoura]]
* [[Pusat Peluncuran Satelit Jiuquan]]
* [[Pusat Antariksa Tanegashima]]
* [[Pusat Antariksa Satish Dhawan]]
* [[RD-107]]
* [[RD-170 (mesin roket)]]
* [[RD-0124]]
* [[YF-100]]
* [[YF-77]]
* [[YF-20]]
* [[LE-7]]
* [[LE-9]]
* [[Merlin (mesin roket)]]
* [[Vulcain]]
* [[Vinci (mesin roket)]]
* [[SpaceX Raptor]]
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}
<ref name="Rocket and Space Technology">{{cite web| url = http://www.braeunig.us/space/specs/saturn.htm | title = Rocket and Space Technology | publisher = Braeunig.us|accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref>
<ref name="Saturn">Alan Lawrie and Robert Godwin, '' [http://www.apogeespacebooks.com/Books/Saturn.html Saturn],'' 2005 (paperback, Apogee Books Space Series, 2010), ISBN 1-894959-19-1</ref>
<ref name="Saturn V Flight History">John Duncan, [http://www.apollosaturn.com/satvhist.htm Saturn V Flight History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805154018/http://www.apollosaturn.com/satvhist.htm |date=2011-08-05 }} (1999), web page (accessed 20 August 2010)</ref>
<ref name="refN1-1">{{cite web | url = http://www.energia.ru/en/history/systems/vehicles/vehicle_n1-l3.html | title = Complex N1-L3 | publisher = Energia.ru | accessdate = 2013-11-04 | archive-date = 2016-10-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161030204839/http://www.energia.ru/en/history/systems/vehicles/vehicle_n1-l3.html | dead-url = yes }}</ref>
<ref name="refN1-2">{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/l3.htm |title=L3 |publisher=Astronautix.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-04}}</ref>
<ref name="refN1-3">{{cite web |url=http://www.energia.ru/en/history/systems/vehicles/vehicle_n1-l3_c.html |title=RSC "Energia" - History |publisher=Energia.ru |date=2011-04-12 |accessdate=2013-11-04 |archive-date=2016-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030202622/http://www.energia.ru/en/history/systems/vehicles/vehicle_n1-l3_c.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
<ref name="refN1-4">{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/n1.htm|title=N1|last=Wade|first=Mark|publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica|accessdate=9 August 2010}}</ref>
<ref name="Energia"/>
<ref name="Energia3">{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/fam/energia.htm|title=Energia|last=Wade|first=Mark|publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica|accessdate=9 August 2010}}</ref>
<ref name="Space Launch System">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/664158main_sls_fs_master.pdf|title=Space Launch System|publisher=Nasa.gov|accessdate=27 August 2013|archive-date=2012-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813043824/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/664158main_sls_fs_master.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
[[Kategori:Kendaraan peluncur antariksa| ]]
[[Kategori:Penerbangan antariksa]]
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