Apigenin: Perbedaan antara revisi
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==Sumber di alam==
Apigenin ditemukan dalam banyak buah-buahan dan sayuran; tetapi [[peterseli]], [[seledri]], dan teh kamomil adalah sumber yang paling umum.<ref>[http://medicalxpress.com/news/2013-05-compound-mediterranean-diet-cancer-cells.html The compound in the Mediterranean diet that makes cancer cells 'mortal' ] Emily Caldwell, Medical Express, May 20, 2013.</ref> Apigenin sangat melimpah di bunga tanaman kamomil, yang merupakan 68% dari total [[flavonoid]].<ref name="pmid26487830">{{cite journal | vauthors = Venigalla M, Gyengesi E, Münch G | title = Curcumin and Apigenin – novel and promising therapeutics against chronic neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease | journal = Neural Regeneration Research | volume = 10 | issue = 8 | pages = 1181–5 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 26487830 | pmc = 4590215 | doi = 10.4103/1673-5374.162686 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Peterseli kering dapat mengandung sekitar 45 mg apigenin/gram herba, dan bunga kamomil kering sekitar 3–5 mg/gram.<ref name="pmid29399439">{{cite journal | vauthors=Shankar E, Goel A, Gupta K, Gupta S | title=Plant flavone apigenin: An emerging anticancer agent | journal=Current Pharmacology Reports | volume=3 | issue=6 | pages=423–446 | year=2017 | doi = 10.1007/s40495-017-0113-2 | pmc=5791748 | pmid=29399439}}</ref> Kandungan apigenin peterseli segar dilaporkan 215,5 mg/100 gram, yang jauh lebih tinggi dari sumber makanan tertinggi berikutnya, yakni jantung seledri hijau yang menyediakan 19,1 mg/100 gram apigenin.<ref name="lpi-flav">{{cite web | last = Delage, PhD | first = Barbara | title = Flavonoids | url=http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/flavonoids|publisher=[[Linus Pauling Institute]], Oregon State University | location=Corvallis, Oregon|access-date=2021-01-26|date=November 2015}}</ref>
==Farmakologi==
Apigenin secara kompetitif mengikat situs benzodiazepin pada reseptor GABA<sub>A</sub>.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Viola |first1=H. |last2=Wasowski |first2=C. |last3=Levi de Stein |first3=M. |last4=Wolfman |first4=C. |last5=Silveira |first5=R. |last6=Dajas |first6=F. |last7=Medina |first7=J. H. |last8=Paladini |first8=A. C. |date=June 1995 |title=Apigenin, a component of Matricaria recutita flowers, is a central benzodiazepine receptors-ligand with anxiolytic effects |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7617761/ |journal=Planta Medica |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=213–216 |doi=10.1055/s-2006-958058 |issn=0032-0943 |pmid=7617761}}</ref> Ada temuan yang bertentangan mengenai bagaimana apigenin berinteraksi dengan situs ini.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dekermendjian |first1=K. |last2=Kahnberg |first2=P. |last3=Witt |first3=M. R. |last4=Sterner |first4=O. |last5=Nielsen |first5=M. |last6=Liljefors |first6=T. |date=1999-10-21 |title=Structure-activity relationships and molecular modeling analysis of flavonoids binding to the benzodiazepine site of the rat brain GABA(A) receptor complex |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10543878/ |journal=Journal of Medicinal Chemistry |volume=42 |issue=21 |pages=4343–4350 |doi=10.1021/jm991010h |issn=0022-2623 |pmid=10543878}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Avallone |first1=R. |last2=Zanoli |first2=P. |last3=Puia |first3=G. |last4=Kleinschnitz |first4=M. |last5=Schreier |first5=P. |last6=Baraldi |first6=M. |date=2000-06-01 |title=Pharmacological profile of apigenin, a flavonoid isolated from Matricaria chamomilla |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10751547/ |journal=Biochemical Pharmacology |volume=59 |issue=11 |pages=1387–1394 |doi=10.1016/s0006-2952(00)00264-1 |issn=0006-2952 |pmid=10751547}}</ref> Apigenin dapat meningkatkan aktivitas enzim antioksidan endogen seperti SOD dan CAT, membantu mengurangi stres oksidatif.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stanfordchem.com/top-6-benefits-of-apigenin-for-health.html |title=Top 6 Benefits of Apigenin for Health |last=Blanca |date=Aug 7, 2024 |website=Stanford Chemicals |access-date=Oct 16, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Abhinav |last2=Singh |first2=Jagjit |year=2024 |title=A comprehensive review of apigenin a dietary flavonoid: biological sources, nutraceutical prospects, chemistry and pharmacological insights and health benefits |journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition |pages=1–37 |doi=10.1080/10408398.2024.2390550|pmid=39154213 }}</ref>
==Biosintesis==
Apigenin secara biosintesis berasal dari jalur fenilpropanoid umum dan jalur sintesis flavon.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Forkmann|first=G.|date=January 1991|title=Flavonoids as Flower Pigments: The Formation of the Natural Spectrum and its Extension by Genetic Engineering|journal=Plant Breeding|language=en|volume=106|issue=1|pages=1–26|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0523.1991.tb00474.x|issn=0179-9541|doi-access=free}}</ref> Jalur fenilpropanoid dimulai dari asam amino aromatik L-fenilalanina atau L-[[tirosina]], keduanya merupakan produk dari jalur sikimat.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Herrmann KM | title = The shikimate pathway as an entry to aromatic secondary metabolism | journal = Plant Physiology | volume = 107 | issue = 1 | pages = 7–12 | date = January 1995 | pmid = 7870841 | pmc = 161158 | doi = 10.1104/pp.107.1.7 }}</ref> Ketika dimulai dari L-fenilalanina, pertama-tama asam amino tersebut dideaminasi secara non-oksidatif oleh fenilalanina amonia liase (PAL) untuk menghasilkan sinamat, diikuti oleh oksidasi pada posisi ''para'' oleh sinamat 4-hidroksilase (C4H) untuk menghasilkan ''p''-kumarat. Karena L-tirosin telah dioksidasi pada posisi ''para'', ia melewati oksidasi ini dan hanya dideaminasi oleh tirosin amonia liase (TAL) untuk menghasilkan ''p''-kumarat.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee H, Kim BG, Kim M, Ahn JH | title = Biosynthesis of Two Flavones, Apigenin and Genkwanin, in Escherichia coli | journal = Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology | volume = 25 | issue = 9 | pages = 1442–8 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 25975614 | doi = 10.4014/jmb.1503.03011 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Untuk melengkapi jalur fenilpropanoid umum, 4-kumarat CoA ligase (4CL) menggantikan koenzim A (CoA) pada gugus karboksi ''p''-kumarat. Memasuki jalur sintesis flavon, enzim sintase poliketida tipe III kalkon sintase (CHS) menggunakan kondensasi berurutan dari tiga ekuivalen [[malonil-KoA]] diikuti oleh aromatisasi untuk mengubah ''p''-kumaroil-CoA menjadi [[kalkon]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Austin MB, Noel JP | title = The chalcone synthase superfamily of type III polyketide synthases | journal = Natural Product Reports | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages = 79–110 | date = February 2003 | pmid = 12636085 | doi = 10.1039/b100917f | citeseerx = 10.1.1.131.8158 }}</ref> Kalkon isomerase (CHI) kemudian mengisomerisasi produk untuk menutup cincin piron untuk membuat naringenin. Akhirnya, enzim sintase flavanon (FNS) mengoksidasi [[naringenin]] menjadi apigenin.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Martens S, Forkmann G, Matern U, Lukacin R | title = Cloning of parsley flavone synthase I | journal = Phytochemistry | volume = 58 | issue = 1 | pages = 43–6 | date = September 2001 | pmid = 11524111 | doi = 10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00191-1 | bibcode = 2001PChem..58...43M }}</ref> Dua jenis FNS telah dijelaskan sebelumnya; FNS I, enzim larut yang menggunakan 2-oksogluturat, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, dan askorbat sebagai kofaktor dan FNS II, monooksigenase [[sitokrom p450]] yang terikat membran dan bergantung NADPH.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Leonard E, Yan Y, Lim KH, Koffas MA | title = Investigation of two distinct flavone synthases for plant-specific flavone biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae | journal = Applied and Environmental Microbiology | volume = 71 | issue = 12 | pages = 8241–8 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16332809 | pmc = 1317445 | doi = 10.1128/AEM.71.12.8241-8248.2005 | bibcode = 2005ApEnM..71.8241L }}</ref>
==Glikosida==
[[Glikosida]] alami yang terbentuk dari kombinasi apigenin dengan gula meliputi:
==Dalam makanan==▼
*Apiin (apigenin 7-''O''-apioglukosida), diisolasi dari peterseli<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Meyer H, Bolarinwa A, Wolfram G, Linseisen J | title = Bioavailability of apigenin from apiin-rich parsley in humans | journal = Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism | volume = 50 | issue = 3 | pages = 167–72 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16407641 | doi = 10.1159/000090736 | s2cid = 8223136 | url = https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:384-opus4-857673 }}</ref> dan seledri
*Apigetrin (apigenin 7-glukosida), ditemukan dalam [[kopi dandelion]]
*Viteksin (apigenin 8-''C''-glukosida)
*Isoviteksin (apigenin 6-''C''-glukosida)
*Roifolin (apigenin 7-''O''-neohesperidosida)
*Skaftosida (apigenin 6-''C''-glukosida 8-''C''-arabinosida)
Beberapa makanan mengandung apigenin dalam jumlah yang relatif tinggi:<ref name="Ref_USDA">[https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400525/Data/Flav/Flav_R03.pdf USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Release 3 (2011)]</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Produk
! Apigenin<br /><small>(miligram per 100 gram)</small>
|-
|Peterseli kering
|4500<ref name="pmid29399439" />
|-
| Kamomil
| 300–500
|-
| [[Peterseli]]
| 215,5
|-
| Jantung seledri, hijau
| 19,1
|-
| [[Rutabaga]] mentah
| 4
|}
==Referensi==
{{Reflist|32em}}
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