Ulrich Zwingli: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Kesediaan Zwingli untuk meninggalkan Glarus semakin meningkat dengan berkembangnya semangat pro-Prancis di sana, apalagi pada waktu itu Zwingli sangat memihak kepada Paus. Tulisan-tulisan Zwingli sewaktu tinggal di Glarus menjadikan kardinal Swiss [[Mattias Schinner]] sahabatnya, dan memberikannya tunjangan tahunan dari [[Vatikan|Roma]].
===Tahun-tahun awal (1484–1518)===
[[File:Geburtshaus von Huldrych Zwingli.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Rumah tempat Zwingli dilahirkan di [[Wildhaus]] yang sekarang termasuk dalam [[Kanton St. Gallen]]]]
Ulrich Zwingli dilahirkan pada tanggal 1 Januari 1484 di [[Wildhaus]], di lembah [[Toggenburg]] [[Swiss]], ke dalam keluarga petani. Ia adalah anak ketiga dari sebelas bersaudara. Ayahnya, Ulrich, memainkan peran penting dalam administrasi masyarakat (''[[Amtmann]]'' atau kepala magistrat lokal).<ref>{{Harvnb|Potter|1976|p=6}}</ref> Pendidikan dasar Zwingli disediakan oleh pamannya, Bartholomew, seorang klerus di [[Weesen, Swiss|Weesen]], tempat ia mungkin bertemu dengan [[Katharina von Zimmern]].<ref name="katharina">{{cite web|url=http://frauen-und-reformation.de/?s=bio&id=93|title=Katharina von Zimmern|publisher=frauen-und-reformation.de|access-date=25 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331123825/http://www.frauen-und-reformation.de/?s=bio&id=93|archive-date=31 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pada usia sepuluh tahun, Zwingli dikirim ke [[Basel]] untuk menempuh pendidikan menengahnya. Di sana, ia mempelajari [[bahasa Latin]] di bawah bimbingan Magistrat Gregory Bünzli. Setelah tiga tahun di Basel, ia singgah beberapa saat di di [[Bern]] dengan Henry Wölfflin, seorang humanis. [[Ordo Dominikan|Kaum Dominikan]] di Bern berusaha meyakinkan Zwingli untuk bergabung dengan ordo mereka dan adalah memungkinkan bahwa ia diterima sebagai [[novis]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Gäbler|1986|p=24}}; {{Harvnb|Potter|1976|p=9}}. Potter menyebutkan kemungkinan ini. Gäbler menyatakan bahwa Zwingli tidak menyanggah klaim-klaim belakangan oleh penentangnya bahwa ia pernah menjadi seorang biarawan di Bern.</ref>
Namun, ayah dan pamannya tidak menyetujui hal tersebut dan ia meninggalkan Bern tanpa menamatkan studi bahasa Latinnya.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gäbler|1986|p=24}}; {{Harvnb|Potter|1976|p=9}}</ref> Ia terdaftar di [[Universitas Wina]] pada semester musim dingin tahun 1498, tetapi dikeluarkan, menurut catatan universitas. Namun, tidak dipastikan bahwa Zwingli benar-benar dikeluarkan, dan ia mendaftar kembali pada semester musim panas tahun 1500. Kegiatan-kegiatannya pada tahun 1499 tidak diketahui.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gäbler|1986|p=25}}. Kata ''exclusus'' (dikeluarkan) ditambahkan ke dalam entri matrikulasinya. Gäbler mencatat bahwa tanpa adanya tanggal dan alasan, hal tersebut tidak sesuai dengan apa yang lazim pada saat itu.</ref> Zwingli melanjutkan studinya di Wina hingga tahun 1502, setelahnya ia pindah ke [[Universitas Basel]] tempat ia memperoleh gelar ''Magister Artium'' pada tahun 1506.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gäbler|1986|p=26}}</ref> Di Basel, salah satu guru Zwingli adalah [[Thomas Wyttenbach]] dari [[Biel/Bienne|Biel]], yang dengannya ia kemudian berkorespondensi mengenai doktrin [[transubstansiasi]].
Zwingli was ordained in [[Konstanz|Constance]], the seat of the local diocese, and he celebrated his first [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] in his hometown, Wildhaus, on 29 September 1506. As a young priest he had studied little theology, but this was not considered unusual at the time. His first ecclesiastical post was the pastorate of the town of [[Glarus]], where he stayed for ten years. It was in Glarus, whose soldiers were used as mercenaries in Europe, that Zwingli became involved in politics. The Swiss Confederation was embroiled in various campaigns with its neighbours: the French, the Habsburgs, and the Papal States. Zwingli placed himself solidly on the side of the [[Holy See|Roman See]]. In return, [[Pope Julius II]] honoured Zwingli by providing him with an annual pension. He took the role of chaplain in several campaigns in Italy, including the [[Battle of Novara (1513)|Battle of Novara]] in 1513.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Schaff
|first=Philip
|author-link=
|date=May 2011
|title=History of the Christian Church, Vol. 8
|url=
|location=Peabody, Massachusetts
|publisher=Hendrickson Publishers Marketing, LLC
|page= 26 <!-- or pages= -->
|isbn=978-1-56563-196-0
}}</ref>
However, the decisive defeat of the Swiss in the [[Battle of Marignano]] caused a shift in mood in Glarus in favour of the French rather than the pope. Zwingli, the papal partisan, found himself in a difficult position and he decided to retreat to [[Einsiedeln, Switzerland|Einsiedeln]] in the [[canton of Schwyz]]. By this time, he had become convinced that mercenary service was immoral and that Swiss unity was indispensable for any future achievements. Some of his earliest extant writings, such as ''The Ox'' (1510) and ''The Labyrinth'' (1516), attacked the mercenary system using allegory and satire. His countrymen were presented as virtuous people within a French, imperial, and papal triangle.<ref>{{Harvnb|Stephens|1986|p=8}}; {{Harvnb|Potter|1976|pp=35, 37}}</ref>
Zwingli stayed in Einsiedeln for two years during which he withdrew completely from politics in favour of ecclesiastical activities and personal studies.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gäbler|1986|pp=29–33}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Potter|1976|pp=22–40}}</ref> His time as pastor of Glarus and Einsiedeln was characterized by inner growth and development. He perfected his [[Greek language|Greek]] and he took up the study of [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. His library contained over three hundred volumes from which he was able to draw upon [[Classics|classical]], [[patristic]], and [[Scholasticism|scholastic]] works. He exchanged scholarly letters with a circle of Swiss humanists and began to study the writings of Erasmus. Zwingli took the opportunity to meet him while Erasmus was in Basel between August 1514 and May 1516. Zwingli's turn to relative [[pacifism]] and his focus on preaching can be traced to the influence of Erasmus.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gäbler|1986|pp=33–41}}</ref>
In late 1518, the post of the ''Leutpriestertum'' (people's priest) of the [[Grossmünster]] at [[Zürich]] became vacant. The [[Canon (priest)|canons]] of the foundation that administered the Grossmünster recognised Zwingli's reputation as a fine preacher and writer. His connection with humanists was a decisive factor as several canons were sympathetic to Erasmian reform. In addition, his opposition to the French and to mercenary service was welcomed by Zürich politicians. On 11 December 1518, the canons elected Zwingli to become the stipendiary priest and on 27 December he moved permanently to Zürich.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gäbler|1986|pp=43–44}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Potter|1976|pp=45–46}}</ref>
=== Awal pelayanan di Zürich (1519–1521) ===
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