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Agresi digital: Perbedaan antara revisi

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(3 revisi perantara oleh pengguna yang sama tidak ditampilkan)
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{{Peserta Tantangan Menulis SM4P}}
Agresi digital (''Digital Agression'' atau DA) secara umum dapat diartikan sebagai penggunaan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi (TIK) untuk dengan sengaja menyakiti orang lain.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=S.A|last2=Alhabash|first2=S|date=2018-03|title=Illuminating the nomological network of digital aggression: Results from two studies|journal=Aggressive Behavior|volume=44|issue=2|doi=https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21736}}</ref> DA terjadi melalui beberapa jenis TIK, seperti ponsel (misalnya, panggilan telepon atau pesan teks), komputer, atau tablet, dan berlangsung di berbagai platform (misalnya, email, situs jejaring sosial, pesan instan, atau game online).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ybarra|first=M.L|last2=Boyd|first2=D|last3=Korchmaros|first3=J.D|last4=Oppenheim|first4=J.K|date=2012-07|title=Defining and measuring cyberbullying within the larger context of bullying victimization|journal=J Adolesc Health|volume=51|issue=1|pages=53-58|doi=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.12.031}}</ref>
 
DA'''Agresi memiliki banyak bentuk, termasuk pelecehandigital''' (misalnya, berulang kali mengirim pesan yang tidak pantas atau menyakitkan), ''flamingDigital Agression'' (misalnya,atau menggunakanDA) penghinaansecara danumum kata-katadapat kotor, seringkalidiartikan sebagai reaksipenggunaan terhadap[[Teknologi provokasi),Informasi dan pengucilanKomunikasi]] (misalnya,TIK) memblokiruntuk seseorangdengan darisengaja kontak),menyakiti dan masih banyakorang lagilain.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=KowalskiBurt|first=RS.A|last2=GiumettiAlhabash|first2=G|last3=Schroeder|first3=A|last4=Lattanner|first4=MS|date=20142018-0203|title=Bullying inIlluminating the Digitalnomological Age:network Aof Criticaldigital Reviewaggression: andResults Meta-Analysisfrom of Cyberbullying Research Amongtwo Youthstudies|journal=PsychologicalAggressive BulletinBehavior|volume=14044|issue=42|doi=httphttps://dx.doi.org/10.10371002/a0035618ab.21736}}</ref> DA terjadi melalui beberapa jenis TIK, seperti [[ponsel]] (misalnya, panggilan telepon atau pesan teks), [[komputer]], atau tablet, dan berlangsung di berbagai platform (misalnya, email, situs jejaring sosial, pesan instan, atau game online).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=VandeboschYbarra|first=HM.L|last2=Van CleemputBoyd|first2=D|last3=Korchmaros|first3=J.D|last4=Oppenheim|first4=J.K|date=20082012-07|title=Defining cyberbullying:and Ameasuring qualitativecyberbullying research intowithin the perceptionslarger of youngsters. Journalcontext of Cybertherapybullying and Rehabilitationvictimization|journal=CyberPsychologyJ &Adolesc BehaviorHealth|volume=1151|issue=41|pages=49953-50358|doi=https://doi.org/10.10891016/cpbj.2007jadohealth.00422011.12.031}}</ref>
 
Terdapat perdebatan tentang apakah DA hanyalah perundungan tradisional yang berpindah ke dunia maya.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Casas|first=J.A|last2=Del Rey|first2=R|last3=Ortega-Ruiz|first3=R|date=2013|title=Bullying and cyberbullying: Convergent and divergent predictor variables|journal=Computers in Human Behavior|volume=29|pages=580-587|doi=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Juvonen|first=J|last2=Gross|first2=E.F|date=2008-09|title=Extending the school grounds?--Bullying experiences in cyberspace|journal=J Sch Health|volume=78|issue=9|pages=496-505|doi=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2008.00335.x}}</ref> Beberapa peneliti melihatnya sebagai perpanjangan dari perundungan luring, sementara yang lain menemukan sedikit tumpang tindih.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kubiszewski|first=V|last2=Fontaine|first2=R|last3=Potard|first3=C|last4=Auzoult|first4=L|date=2015-02|title=Does Cyberbullying overlap with school bullying when taking modality of involvement into account?|journal=Computers in Human Behavior|volume=43|pages=49-57|doi=10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.049}}</ref> Namun, DA terkadang bisa lebih menyakitkan daripada perundungan tradisional, kemungkinan karena karakteristik lingkungan daring, seperti [[anonimitas]] pelaku.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sticca|first=F|last2=Perren|first2=S|date=2013|title=Is cyberbullying worse than traditional bullying? Examining the differential roles of medium, publicity, and anonymity for the perceived severity of bullying|journal=Journal of Youth and Adolescence|volume=42|issue=5|pages=739-750|doi=htpps://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9867-3}}</ref> Para pelaku DA cenderung merasa lebih bebas dan terlibat dalam perilaku daring yang mungkin tidak mereka lakukan dalam interaksi tatap muka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Joinson|first=A.N|date=2007|title=Disinhibition and the Internet. In J. Gackenbach (Ed.), Psychology and the Internet: Intrapersonal, interpersonal, and transpersonal implications|publisher=Academic Press|pages=75-92|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
== Berbagai bentuk Agresi Digital ==
DA memiliki banyak bentuk, termasuk [[pelecehan]] (misalnya, berulang kali mengirim pesan yang tidak pantas atau menyakitkan), ''flaming'' (misalnya, menggunakan penghinaan dan kata-kata kotor, seringkali sebagai reaksi terhadap provokasi), dan pengucilan (misalnya, memblokir seseorang dari kontak), dan masih banyak lagi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kowalski|first=R|last2=Giumetti|first2=G|last3=Schroeder|first3=A|last4=Lattanner|first4=M|date=2014-02|title=Bullying in the Digital Age: A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of Cyberbullying Research Among Youth|journal=Psychological Bulletin|volume=140|issue=4|doi=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0035618}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vandebosch|first=H|last2=Van Cleemput|first2=K|date=2008|title=Defining cyberbullying: A qualitative research into the perceptions of youngsters. Journal of Cybertherapy and Rehabilitation|journal=CyberPsychology & Behavior|volume=11|issue=4|pages=499-503|doi=https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0042}}</ref> Selain kata-kata kotor, sebuah studi mencatat bahwa DA biasanya juga dipenuhi dengan gambar eksplisit tentang kekerasan seksual.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jane|first=E,A|date=2014|title=Your a ugly, whorish, slut” understanding E-bile|journal=Feminist Media Studies|volume=14|issue=4|pages=531-546|doi=https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2012.741073}}</ref> Sementara itu, Banet-Weiser dan Miltner (2016) menyoroti [[misogini]] yang sering menjadi ciri kekerasan siber dan disertai dengan [[rasisme]], yang berarti bahwa perempuan kulit berwarna sering menjadi sasaran jenis kekerasan ini.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Banet-Weiser|first=S|last2=Miltner|first2=K.M|date=2016|title=# MasculinitySoFragile: culture, structure, and networked misogyny|journal=Feminist Media Studies|volume=16|issue=1|pages=171-174|doi=https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2016.1120490}}</ref>
 
== Dampak Agresi Digital ==
Penelitian menunjukkan adanya kaitan yang kuat antara pengalaman DA dan dampak negatif terhadap [[kesehatan mental]] pada [[remaja]] dan [[dewasa muda]]. Studi-studi telah menunjukkan bahwa mereka yang mengalami DA lebih rentan menderita [[depresi]], [[kecemasan]], bahkan pikiran untuk bunuh diri.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bonanno|first=Rina A.|last2=Hymel|first2=Shelley|date=2013-05-01|title=Cyber Bullying and Internalizing Difficulties: Above and Beyond the Impact of Traditional Forms of Bullying|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10964-013-9937-1|journal=Journal of Youth and Adolescence|language=en|volume=42|issue=5|pages=685–697|doi=10.1007/s10964-013-9937-1|issn=1573-6601}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mitchell|first=Kimberly J.|last2=Wolak|first2=Janis|last3=Finkelhor|first3=David|date=2007-02-01|title=Trends in Youth Reports of Sexual Solicitations, Harassment and Unwanted Exposure to Pornography on the Internet|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1054139X06002266|journal=Journal of Adolescent Health|language=English|volume=40|issue=2|pages=116–126|doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.05.021|issn=1054-139X|pmid=17259051}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Molero|first=María M.|last2=Martos|first2=África|last3=Barragán|first3=Ana B.|last4=Pérez-Fuentes|first4=María C.|last5=Gázquez|first5=José J.|date=2022-01-12|title=Anxiety and Depression from Cybervictimization in Adolescents: A Metaanalysis and Meta-regression Study|url=https://journals.copmadrid.org/ejpalc/art/ejpalc2022a5|journal=European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context|language=en|volume=14|issue=1|pages=42–50|doi=10.5093/ejpalc2022a5|issn=1889-1861}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Perren|first=Sonja|last2=Dooley|first2=Julian|last3=Shaw|first3=Thérèse|last4=Cross|first4=Donna|date=2010-12|title=Bullying in school and cyberspace: Associations with depressive symptoms in Swiss and Australian adolescents|url=https://capmh.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1753-2000-4-28|journal=Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|doi=10.1186/1753-2000-4-28|issn=1753-2000|pmc=PMC3003626|pmid=21092266}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wigderson|first=Sara|last2=Lynch|first2=Michael|date=2013-10|title=Cyber- and traditional peer victimization: Unique relationships with adolescent well-being.|url=https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0033657|journal=Psychology of Violence|language=en|volume=3|issue=4|pages=297–309|doi=10.1037/a0033657|issn=2152-081X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schenk|first=Allison M.|last2=Fremouw|first2=William J.|date=2012-01-01|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15388220.2011.630310|doi=10.1080/15388220.2011.630310|issn=1538-8220}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Selkie|first=Ellen M.|last2=Fales|first2=Jessica L.|last3=Moreno|first3=Megan A.|date=2016-02-01|title=Cyberbullying Prevalence Among US Middle and High School–Aged Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Quality Assessment|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1054139X15003821|journal=Journal of Adolescent Health|language=English|volume=58|issue=2|pages=125–133|doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.09.026|issn=1054-139X|pmc=PMC4724486|pmid=26576821}}</ref> Lebih lanjut, korban DA juga ditemukan mengalami kesulitan di bidang kehidupan lainnya, termasuk peningkatan absensi sekolah dan penurunan prestasi akademik,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gardella|first=Joseph H.|last2=Fisher|first2=Benjamin W.|last3=Teurbe-Tolon|first3=Abbie R.|date=2017-04-01|title=A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cyber-Victimization and Educational Outcomes for Adolescents|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3102/0034654316689136|journal=Review of Educational Research|language=en|volume=87|issue=2|pages=283–308|doi=10.3102/0034654316689136|issn=0034-6543}}</ref> serta peningkatan kemungkinan terlibat dalam perilaku melanggar aturan, agresi, dan kenakalan.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ybarra|first=Michele L|last2=Mitchell|first2=Kimberly J|date=2004-05-25|title=Youth engaging in online harassment: associations with caregiver–child relationships, Internet use, and personal characteristics<sup>☆</sup>|url=https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.03.007|journal=Journal of Adolescence|volume=27|issue=3|pages=319–336|doi=10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.03.007|issn=0140-1971}}</ref>
 
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