Foolproof (buku): Perbedaan antara revisi

| genre = [[Non-fictionNonfiksi]]

| subject = [[PsychologyPsikologi]], [[misinformationmisinformasi]]

| country = UnitedBritania KingdomRaya

| language = EnglishInggris

'''''Foolproof: Why We Fall for Misinformation and How to Build Immunity''''' adalah buku tahun 2023 yang ditulis oleh psikolog sosial [[Sander van der Linden]]. Dalam buku tersebut, van der Linden mengajukan argumen untuk pendekatan [[epidemiologi]] dalam mempelajari dan melawan penyebaran [[misinformasi]], dengan membandingkannya dengan cara penyebaran virus di masyarakat.<ref name="vanderLinden2023">{{cite book|last=van der Linden|first=Sander|title=FOOLPROOF: Why We Fall for Misinformation and How to Build Immunity |publisher=HarperCollins|year=2023|isbn=9780008466718}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/theres-a-psychological-vaccine-against-misinformation/|title=There's a psychological "vaccine" against misinformation |last=Yuhas|first=Daisy|date=2023-03-13|website=Scientific American|language=en}}</ref> Meskipun [[merupakan risalah]] yang lebih luasumum tentang psikologi misinformasi, Van der Linden berfokus pada pengembangan teorinya tentangmengenai inokulasi psikologis terhadap misinformasi, yang juga disebutnyaia sebagaisebut dengan istilah '''prebunking''<nowiki/>' (yaitu kebalikan dari ''[[debunking]]''sanggahan tradisional).

Van der Linden adalah seorang profesor [[Psikologi sosial|Psikologi Sosial]] di [[Universitas Cambridge]].{{Rujukan diperlukan|tanggal=Januari 2024}} Ia telah dideskripsikan oleh ''[[Rolling Stone]]''<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/disinformation-conspiracy-theories-inoculation-edelman-corporate-america-1132325/|title=The Disinformation Vaccine: Is there a cure for conspiracy theories? |last=Kroll|first=Andy|date=2021-02-24|magazine=Rolling Stone|language=en}}</ref> sebagai salah satu otoritas terkemuka di dunia dalam bidang psikologi misinformasi<ref>Robson, David, ''[https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/nov/29/how-to-deal-with-a-conspiracy-theorist-5g-covid-plandemic-qanon It's only fake-believe: how to deal with a conspiracy theorist]'', The Guardian, Sunday, November 29, 2020</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books/article-can-we-inoculate-our-brains-against-misinformation-a-new-book-suggests/|title=Can we inoculate our brains against misinformation? A new book suggests we can |last=Anderssen|first=Erin|date=2023-03-30|website=Globe and Mail|language=en}}</ref> dan telah menjadi ilmuwan utama di balik pengembangan kampanye inokulasi psikologis, sebuah pendekatan pre-emptivepreemtif untuk melawan misinformasi yang telah dilaksanakan oleh [[WHO]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/23-09-2021-what-is-go-viral|title=What is Go Viral? |date=2021-09-23|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> berbagai pemerintahan,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/dy8vzm/homeland-security-funded-this-game-about-destabilizing-a-small-us-town|title=Homeland Security Funded this Game about Destabilizing a Small U.S. Town |last=Gault|first=Matthew|date=2020-11-06|website=VICE|language=en}}</ref> dan perusahaan media sosial seperti [[Google]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/24/technology/google-search-misinformation.html|title=Google Finds 'Inoculating' People Against Misinformation Helps Blunt its Power |last1=Grant|first1=Nico|last2=Hsu|first2=Tiffany|date=2022-08-24|website=New York Times|language=en}}</ref> ''Foolproof'' merinci alasan mengapa pendekatan tradisional seperti [[pemeriksaan fakta]] dan debunking (sanggahan) sering kaliseringkali tidak memadai karena pengaruh misinformasi yang terus berlanjut dalam [[ingatan]] masyarakat. Buku ini terdaftar sebagai salah satu buku nonfiksi terbaik tahun 2023 oleh ''[[Cosmopolitan (majalah)|Cosmopolitan]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/books/g42627426/best-nonfiction-books-2023/|title= The 11 Best New NonFiction Books to Add to your TBR Pile in 2023 |last=Hanrahan|first=Laura|date=2023-01-24|website=Cosmopolitan|language=en}}</ref> dan [[BBC]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-63708229|title=Books of 2023|last=Saunders|first=Emma|date=2022-12-27|website=BBC|language=en}}</ref>

Buku ini mendapat ulasan positif dari ''[[The Guardian]]'',<ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/feb/12/foolproof-by-sander-van-der-linden-review-how-to-defuse-fake-news|title=FOOLPROOF by Sander van der Linden Review - How to Defuse Fake News|last=Ward|first=Bob|date=2023-12-06|work=The Guardian|access-date=2023-02-12}}</ref> ''[[Financial Times]]'',<ref name="FT">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/b88282de-f4fa-4479-8e82-908be1629c5f|title=FOOLPROOF, how misinformation works, and how to counter it |last=Harford|first=Tim|date=2023-03-03|work=The Financial Times|access-date=2023-02-22}}</ref> ''[[Nature |Nature Magazine]]'',<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Robinson|first=Andrew|title= How to prebunk misinformation| date=2023-06-09|journal=Nature|volume=620 |issue=7972 |pages=32 |doi=10.1038/d41586-023-01923-z |pmid=37296257 |s2cid=259131718 |language=en|doi-access=free}}</ref> ''[[Psychology Today]]'',<ref name="Psychology Today">{{Cite news|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/machiavellians-gulling-the-rubes/202303/are-you-foolproof-resisting-the-spread-of|title=Are you FOOLPROOF? Resisting the spread of disinformation| last=Hartley|first=Dale|date=2023-03-14|work=Psychology Today}}</ref> ''[[Kirkus Reviews|Kirkus]]'',<ref name="Kirkus">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/sander-van-der-linden/foolproof-misinformation/|title=Foolproof|date=2023-03-02|work=Kirkus}}</ref> dan ''[[Publishers Weekly]]''.<ref name="PW">{{Cite web|url=https://publishersweekly.com/9780393881448|title=Foolproof|work=Publishers Weekly}}</ref> InDalam hisulasan lastbuku book reviewterakhirnya foruntuk ''[[The Times]]'', [[David Aaronovitch]] thoughtmenganggap thebuku bookitu was"tepat "timelywaktu" anddan thatbahwa "van der Linden goesjauh wellmelampaui beyondapa whatyang moredapat impressionisticdilakukan writersoleh ofpenulis conspiracyteori theorieskonspirasi anddan misinformationmisinformasi canyang managelebih impresif". AlthoughMeskipun heia wasmerasa encouraged byterdorong theoleh experimentalpenelitian researcheksperimental, notingdengan thatmencatat bahwa "theotak braindapat canmembentuk formsemacam akebiasaan sortmelihat ofpola habitdalam ofmisinformasi seeingdan themengenalinya patternssaat in misinformation and recognising it as it arrivesmuncul", Aaronovitch did wonder whetherbertanya-tanya deepapakah [[PoliticalPolarisasi polarizationpolitik|polarizationpolarisasi]] inyang themendalam USdi couldAS bedapat amenjadi potentialpenghalang barrierpotensial tobagi pendekatan inokulasi van der Linden's inoculation approach.<ref name="Times">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/foolproof-by-sander-van-der-linden-review-6s7gsmmwf|title=FOOLPROOF by Sander van der Linden Review - How to Combat Fake News: An expert's guide |last=Aaronovitch|first=David|date=2023-03-03|work=The Times|access-date=2023-02-12}}</ref> WritingKritikus forsastra the[[Troy Jollimore]], yang menulis untuk ''[[Washington Post]]'', literarytidak criticsetuju [[Troy Jollimore]] disagrees withdengan van der Linden ontentang theketepatan aptnessanalogi ofvirus thedengan viral analogy to misinformationmisinformasi, anddan notesmencatat thatbahwa thebuku booktersebut ignoresmengabaikan otherisu-isu historicalhistoris issueslainnya, suchseperti assistem thependidikan educationyang systemsemakin beingdiarahkan increasinglypada gearedpelatihan towardskarier careerdaripada trainingmengajarkan ratherpemikiran than teaching critical thinkingkritis. Jollimore alsojuga arguesberpendapat thatbahwa badpelaku actorskejahatan candapat makememanfaatkan useinokulasi. ofPada inoculation. Ultimatelyakhirnya, he doesia agreesetuju withdengan van der Linden thatbahwa "''prebunking'' ismungkin probablymerupakan ourstrategi bestterbaik strategykita foruntuk winningmemenangkan the misinformationperang warsmisinformasi".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/books/2023/06/05/foolproof-misinformation-virus-review-linden/|last=Jollimore|first=Troy|title= What We Get Wrong When We Claim That Misinformation is a 'Virus' | date=2023-06-05|newspaper=The Washington Post|language=en}}</ref> WritingMenulis for theuntuk ''[[Boston Review]]'', philosophydosen lecturerfilsafat Daniel Williams criticizesmengkritik thedukungan scientificilmiah supportuntuk forklaim thebuku book's claimstersebut, writingdengan menulis, "Foolproof’sArgumen argument''Foolproof'', thendengan demikian, istidak notbegitu so foolproofanti-gagal. AtSetidaknya leastpada ondefinisi theyang relativelyrelatif narrowsempit definitionyang thatdigunakan van der Linden usesdalam inbuku the booktersebut, misinformationmisinformasi istidak nottersebar widespreadluas ... AndDan effectivemisinformasi misinformationyang lacksefektif antidak intrinsicmemiliki DNA thatintrinsik yang neatlymembedakannya distinguishesdengan itkonten fromyang truebenar anddan reliabledapat contentdiandalkan."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/the-fake-news-about-fake-news/|last=Williams|first=Daniel|title=

The Fake News about Fake News | date=2023-06-07|magazine=The Boston Review|language=en}}</ref> WritingDalam fortulisannya untuk [[Psychology Today]], philosophersfilsuf Andy Norman atdi [[Carnegie Mellon University]] anddan [[Lee McIntyre]] stronglysangat disagreedtidak withsetuju dengan Williams, referringmenyebut toulasan thetersebut review assebagai "specioustidak masuk akal" anddan "one-sidedberat sebelah", containingyang logicalmengandung fallacieskesalahan suchlogika asseperti posingmengajukan thedikotomi falsepalsu dichotomybahwa thatidentifikasi themisinformasi identificationbergantung ofsepenuhnya misinformationpada iskonteks eitheratau fullyharus contextmemiliki dependentfitur orDNA must haveintrinsik 'Foolproof' intrinsic DNA-like features. TheyMereka argueberpendapat thebahwa truthkebenaran isada indi thetengah middledan and thatbahwa ''Foolproof is'' "astonishinglysangat diteliti dengan well-researchedbaik."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/mental-immunity/202306/are-the-critics-of-cognitive-immunology-in-deniallast=Norman|last=Norman|first=Andy|title=

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