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'''Membuat pernyataan palsu''' ({{Usc|18|1001}}) adalah nama umum untuk [[kejahatan federal|kejahatan proses]] federal Amerika Serikat yang ditetapkan dalam Bagian 1001 dari [[Judul 18 Kitab Undang-Undang Amerika Serikat]], yang secara umum melarang secara sadar dan sengaja membuat [[Pernyataan fakta palsu|pernyataan palsu]] atau [[penipuan]], atau menyembunyikan informasi, dalam "masalah apa pun dalam [[yurisdiksi]]" pemerintah federal Amerika Serikat,<ref>{{cite journal |title=18 U.S. Code 1001 - Statements or entries generally|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1001}}</ref> bahkan hanya dengan menyangkal bersalah ketika ditanya oleh agen federal.<ref name="Hennessey">Lauren C. Hennessey, [https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7007&context=jclc No Exception for No: Rejection of the Exculpatory No Doctrine], ''Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology'', Vol. 89 (spring 1998).</ref>
 
Undang-undang ini digunakan dalam banyak konteks. Umumnya, jaksa menggunakan undang-undang ini untuk mengungkap kejahatan yang ditutup-tutupi seperti [[sumpah palsu]], pernyataan palsu, dan [[Penghalangan keadilan|penghalang keadilan]] serta kasus penipuan pemerintah.<ref>{{cite book | last= Strader | first= Kelly J. | title= Understanding White Collar Crime | edition= 2}}</ref> Sejumlah tokoh terkenal telah dihukum berdasarkan pasal tersebut, termasuk [[Martha Stewart]],<ref>{{cite journal |date=7 March 2014 |title=Martha Stewart is found guilty of all charges |url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB107833235519345426 |website=online.wsj.com}}</ref> [[Rod Blagojevich]],<ref>{{cite journal |date=14 September 2010 |title=Blagojevich asks judge to override false statements conviction |url=http://jurist.org/paperchase/2010/09/blagojevich-asks-judge-to-override-false-statements-conviction.php |website=jurist.org}}</ref> [[Michael Flynn|Michael T. Flynn]],<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Leonnig |first1=Carol D. |last2=Dawsey |first2=Josh |last3=Barrett |first3=Devlin |last4=Zapotosky |first4=Matt |date=2017-12-01 |title=Michael Flynn pleads guilty to lying to the FBI |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/michael-flynn-charged-with-making-false-statement-to-the-fbi/2017/12/01/e03a6c48-d6a2-11e7-9461-ba77d604373d_story.html |access-date=2017-12-01 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> [[Rick Gates (political consultant)|Rick Gates]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Breuninger |first=Kevin |date=2018-02-23 |title=Former Trump campaign official Rick Gates pleads guilty to lying and conspiracy against the US |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/23/former-trump-campaign-official-rick-gates-pleads-guilty-on-two-counts.html |access-date=2018-02-23 |work=CNBC}}</ref> [[Scooter Libby]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Walsh |first=Kenneth T. |author-link=Kenneth T. Walsh |date=October 31, 2005 |title=A Rough Road For 'Scooter'? |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/051031/31libby.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051030054156/https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/051031/31libby.htm |archive-date=October 30, 2005 |access-date=October 25, 2022 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref> [[Bernard Madoff]],<ref>{{cite journal |date=11 March 2009 |title=Madoff criminal charges: summary of the 11 counts against him |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a6Osnj.SoYdM |journal=Bloomberg}}</ref> anddan [[Jeffrey Skilling]].<ref>{{cite journal |date=21 June 2013 |title=Former Enron CEO Jeffrey Skilling resentenced to 168 months on fraud and conspiracy charges |url=https://www.fbi.gov/houston/press-releases/2013/former-enron-ceo-jeffrey-skilling-resentenced-to-168-months-on-fraud-and-conspiracy-charges |journal=Fbi.gov}}</ref>
 
Its earliest progenitor was the [[False Claims Act]] of 1863. In 1934, the [[element (criminal law)|requirement]] of an [[mens rea|intent]] to defraud was eliminated. This was to prosecute successfully, under the [[National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933]] (NIRA), the producers of "[[Hot Oil case|hot oil]]", i.e. oil produced in violation of restrictions established by NIRA. In 1935, NIRA was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in ''[[Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan]]'' and ''[[A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States]]''.
 
Pelopor awalnya adalah [[False Claims Act|''False Claims Act'']] tahun 1863. Pada tahun 1934, [[unsur (hukum pidana)|persyaratan]] tentang niatan untuk menipu dihapuskan. Undang-undang ini bertujuan untuk menuntut dengan sukses, berdasarkan [[National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933]] (NIRA), para produsen "[[Hot Oil case|minyak panas]]", yaitu minyak yang diproduksi dengan melanggar pembatasan yang ditetapkan oleh NIRA. Pada tahun 1935, NIRA dinyatakan inkonstitusional oleh Mahkamah Agung dalam ''[[Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan]]'' dan ''[[A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States]]''.
Pursuant to the decision in ''United States v. Gaudin'' (1995), the jury is to decide whether the false statements made were material, since [[materiality (law)|materiality]] is an [[Element (criminal law)|element of the offense]].<ref name="United States v. Gaudin">{{cite web|title=United States v. Gaudin, 515 U.S. 506 (1995)|website=[[Justia]]|url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/515/506/|access-date=January 19, 2023}}</ref>▼
 
▲PursuantBerdasarkan tokeputusan the decision indalam ''UnitedAmerika StatesSerikat v. Gaudin'' (1995), thejuri juryharus ismemutuskan toapakah decidepernyataan whetherpalsu theyang falsedibuat statements made wereitu material, sincekarena [[materialitymaterialitas (lawhukum)|materialitymaterialitas]] is anadalah [[ElementElemen (criminalhukum lawpidana)|element ofunsur thedari offensepelanggaran]].<ref name="United States v. Gaudin">{{cite web|title=United States v. Gaudin, 515 U.S. 506 (1995)|website=[[Justia]]|url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/515/506/|access-date=January 19, 2023}}</ref>
==Overview==
The statute spells out this purpose in subsection {{USCSub|18|1001|a}}, which states:
 
==Gambaran umum==
{{quote|(a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, whoever, in any matter within the jurisdiction of the executive, legislative, or judicial branch of the Government of the United States, knowingly and willfully—
Undang-undang tersebut menjabarkan tujuan ini dalam subbagian {{Usc|18|1001}}(a), yang menyatakan:{{cn}}
# falsifies, conceals, or covers up by any trick, scheme, or device a material fact;
# makes any materially false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or representation; or
# makes or uses any false writing or document knowing the same to contain any materially false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or entry
shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 5 years or, if the offense involves international or domestic terrorism (as defined in section 2331),<ref>{{USC|18|2331}}</ref> imprisoned not more than 8 years, or both. If the matter relates to an offense under chapter 109A, 109B, 110, or 117, or section 1591, then the term of imprisonment imposed under this section shall be not more than 8 years.}}
 
{{quote|(a) Kecuali sebagaimana ditentukan lain dalam bagian ini, siapa pun, dalam hal apa pun dalam yurisdiksi cabang eksekutif, legislatif, atau yudikatif Pemerintah Amerika Serikat, dengan sengaja dan sadar—
In ''Bryson v. United States'' (1969), upholding conviction under {{USCSub|18|1001|}}, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] affirmed the [[right to remain silent]] but said that if the citizen chooses to answer a question, the answer given must be [[Honesty|honest]]:
# memalsukan, menyembunyikan, atau menutupi dengan tipu daya, skema, atau perangkat apa pun fakta material;
# membuat pernyataan atau representasi yang secara material salah, fiktif, atau curang; atau
# membuat atau menggunakan tulisan atau dokumen palsu yang diketahuinya berisi pernyataan atau entri yang secara material salah, fiktif, atau curang
harus didenda berdasarkan judul ini, dipenjara tidak lebih dari 5 tahun atau, jika pelanggaran tersebut melibatkan terorisme internasional atau domestik (sebagaimana didefinisikan dalam bagian 2331),<ref>{{USC|18|2331}}</ref> dipenjara tidak lebih dari 8 tahun, atau keduanya. Jika masalahnya terkait dengan pelanggaran menurut bab 109A, 109B, 110, atau 117, atau bagian 1591, maka hukuman penjara yang dijatuhkan menurut bagian ini tidak lebih dari 8 tahun.}}
 
Dalam ''Bryson v. Amerika Serikat'' (1969), yang menegakkan hukuman berdasarkan {{USCSub|18|1001|}}, [[Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat|Mahkamah Agung]] menegaskan [[hak untuk tetap diam]] tetapi mengatakan bahwa jika warga negara memilih untuk menjawab pertanyaan, jawaban yang diberikan harus [[Jujur|jujur]]:
{{quote|Our legal system provides methods for challenging the Government's right to ask questions—[[lie|lying]] is not one of them. A citizen may decline to answer the question, or answer it honestly, but he cannot with impunity knowingly and willfully answer with a falsehood.<ref name="Bryson v. United States">{{cite web|title=Bryson v. United States, 396 U.S. 64 (1969)|website=[[Justia]]|url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/396/64/|access-date=January 19, 2023}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>}}▼
 
▲{{quote|OurSistem legalhukum systemkita providesmenyediakan methodsmetode foruntuk challengingmenantang thehak Government'sPemerintah rightuntuk tomengajukan ask questions—pertanyaan—[[liekebohongan|lyingkebohongan]] isbukanlah notsalah one of themsatunya. ASeorang citizenwarga maynegara declinedapat tomenolak answeruntuk themenjawab questionpertanyaan, oratau answermenjawabnya itdengan honestlyjujur, buttetapi ia hetidak cannotdapat withdengan impunityimpunitas knowinglysecara andsadar willfullydan answersengaja withmenjawab adengan falsehoodkebohongan.<ref name="Bryson v. United States">{{cite web|title=Bryson v. United States, 396 U.S. 64 (1969)|website=[[Justia]]|url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/396/64/|access-date=January 19, 2023}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>}}
Even constitutionally explicit [[Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fifth Amendment]] rights against [[self-incrimination]] do not exonerate affirmative false statements.<ref name="United States v. Wong">{{cite web|title=United States v. Wong, 431 U.S. 174 (1977)|website=[[Justia]]|url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/431/174/|access-date=January 19, 2023}}</ref> In ''[[Brogan v. United States]]'' (1998), the Supreme Court rejected the "exculpatory no" doctrine that had previously been followed by seven of the [[United States courts of appeals|courts of appeal]], which had held that "the mere denial of wrongdoing" did not fall within the scope of § 1001.<ref name="Hennessey" />
 
Bahkan hak-hak [[Amandemen Kelima Konstitusi Amerika Serikat|Amandemen Kelima]] yang secara konstitusional eksplisit melarang [[memberikan keterangan yang memberatkan diri sendiri]] tidak membebaskan pernyataan palsu yang bersifat afirmatif.<ref name="United States v. Wong">{{cite web|title=United States v. Wong, 431 U.S. 174 (1977)|website=[[Justia]]|url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/431/174/|access-date=January 19, 2023}}</ref> Dalam ''[[Brogan v. Amerika Serikat]]'' (1998), Mahkamah Agung menolak doktrin "tidak yang membebaskan" yang sebelumnya telah diikuti oleh tujuh [[pengadilan banding Amerika Serikat|pengadilan banding]], yang telah memutuskan bahwa "penyangkalan belaka atas perbuatan salah" tidak termasuk dalam ruang lingkup § 1001.<ref name="Hennessey" />
==Convictions==
A number of notable people have been convicted under the section, including [[Martha Stewart]], [[Rod Blagojevich corruption charges|Rod Blagojevich]], [[Scooter Libby]], [[Madoff investment scandal|Bernard Madoff]], [[Michael Cohen (lawyer)|Michael Cohen]], and [[Jeffrey Skilling]]. Many famous people have been charged under this law, including [[Najibullah Zazi]] (whose lying charge was later dropped after more serious charges were preferred against him),<ref name=Reuters2009-09-24>▼
{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSTRE58N3LB20090925?sp=true| title=U.S. charges Afghan-born man with bombing plot| date=September 24, 2009| author=Edith Nolan| work=Reuters| archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130201085028/http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSTRE58N3LB20090925?sp=true| archivedate=February 1, 2013| url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Ali Saleh Kahlah Al-Marri]]. ▼
 
==Hukuman==
In the wake of such cases, many observers have concluded that it is best for anyone with the slightest degree of criminal exposure to refrain from submitting to an interview by government agents. Solomon L. Wisenberg suggests simply asking for the agent's [[business card]] and saying, "[M]y attorney will be in contact with you."<ref>[http://library.findlaw.com/2004/May/11/147945.html How to Avoid Going to Jail under 18 U.S.C. Section 1001 for Lying to Government Agents - FindLaw<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The invocation of counsel (i.e., refusing to speak to law enforcement without a lawyer present) cannot be used against a defendant at trial.<ref>{{cite court|litigants=United States v. McDonald|vol=620|reporter=F.2d|opinion=559|pinpoint=561-64|court=5th Cir.|date=1980|url=http://openjurist.org/620/f2d/559}}</ref>▼
▲ASejumlah numberorang ofterkenal notabletelah peopledihukum haveberdasarkan beenpasal convicted under the sectiontersebut, includingtermasuk [[Martha Stewart]], [[Rod Blagojevich, corruptiontuduhan chargeskorupsi|Rod Blagojevich]], [[Scooter Libby]], [[MadoffSkandal investmentinvestasi scandalMadoff|Bernard Madoff]], [[Michael Cohen (lawyerpengacara)|Michael Cohen]], anddan [[Jeffrey Skilling]]. ManyBanyak famousorang peopleterkenal havetelah beendidakwa chargedberdasarkan underundang-undang this lawini, includingtermasuk [[Najibullah Zazi]] (whose lying chargeyang wastuduhan laterkebohongannya droppedkemudian afterdibatalkan moresetelah serioustuduhan chargesyang werelebih preferredserius againstdiajukan himterhadapnya),<ref name=Reuters2009-09-24>
▲{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSTRE58N3LB20090925?sp=true| title=U.S. charges Afghan-born man with bombing plot| date=September 24, 2009| author=Edith Nolan| work=Reuters| archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130201085028/http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSTRE58N3LB20090925?sp=true| archivedate=February 1, 2013| url-status=dead}}</ref> anddan [[Ali Saleh Kahlah Al-Marri]].{{cn}}
 
▲InSetelah thekasus-kasus wakeseperti of such casesitu, manybanyak observerspengamat havemenyimpulkan concludedbahwa thatyang itterbaik isbagi bestsiapa forpun anyoneyang withmemiliki thesedikit slightestsaja degreeketerlibatan ofdalam criminaltindak exposurepidana toadalah refrainmenahan fromdiri submitting tountuk antidak interviewdiwawancarai byoleh governmentagen agentspemerintah. Solomon L. Wisenberg suggestsmenyarankan simplyuntuk asking for the agent'smeminta [[businesskartu cardnama]] andagen tersebut dan sayingberkata, "[MP]yengacara attorneysaya willakan bemenghubungi in contact with youAnda."<ref>[http://library.findlaw.com/2004/May/11/147945.html How to Avoid Going to Jail under 18 U.S.C. Section 1001 for Lying to Government Agents - FindLaw<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ThePemanggilan invocationpenasihat of counselhukum (i.e.,misalnya refusingmenolak toberbicara speakkepada topenegak lawhukum enforcementtanpa withoutkehadiran a lawyer presentpengacara) cannot betidak useddapat againstdigunakan aterhadap defendantterdakwa atdi trialpersidangan.<ref>{{cite court|litigants=United States v. McDonald|vol=620|reporter=F.2d|opinion=559|pinpoint=561-64|court=5th Cir.|date=1980|url=http://openjurist.org/620/f2d/559}}</ref>
==Jurisdiction==
The jurisdictional element of the crime is defined as the "right to say and the power to act".<ref name="crm916">[[United States Attorneys' Manual]], Title 9, Criminal Resource Manual § [https://www.justice.gov/usao/eousa/foia_reading_room/usam/title9/crm00916.htm 916].</ref> It applies to criminal investigations, such as false statements made in response to an inquiry by an FBI or other federal agent, or made voluntarily to an agent.<ref name="crm916"/>▼
 
==Yurisdiksi==
Courts have affirmed § 1001 convictions for false statements made to private entities receiving federal funds or subject to federal regulation or supervision.<ref>[[United States Attorneys' Manual]], Title 9, Criminal Resource Manual § [https://www.justice.gov/usao/eousa/foia_reading_room/usam/title9/crm00906.htm 906].</ref><ref>[[United States Attorneys' Manual]], Title 9, Criminal Resource Manual § [https://www.justice.gov/usao/eousa/foia_reading_room/usam/title9/crm00913.htm 913].</ref>▼
▲TheElemen jurisdictionalyurisdiksi elementkejahatan ofdidefinisikan the crime is defined as thesebagai "right tohak sayuntuk andberbicara thedan powerkewenangan tountuk actbertindak".<ref name="crm916">[[United States Attorneys' Manual]], Title 9, Criminal Resource Manual § [https://www.justice.gov/usao/eousa/foia_reading_room/usam/title9/crm00916.htm 916].</ref> ItIni appliesberlaku tountuk criminalinvestigasi investigationskriminal, suchseperti aspernyataan falsepalsu statementsyang madedibuat insebagai responsetanggapan toterhadap anpenyelidikan inquiry by anoleh FBI oratau otheragen federal agentlainnya, oratau yang madedibuat voluntarilysecara tosukarela ankepada agentagen.<ref name="crm916"/>
 
▲CourtsPengadilan havetelah affirmedmenguatkan hukuman berdasarkan § 1001 convictionsatas forpernyataan falsepalsu statementsyang madedibuat tokepada privateentitas entitiesswasta receivingyang federalmenerima fundsdana orfederal subjectatau totunduk federalpada regulationperaturan oratau supervisionpengawasan federal.<ref>[[United States Attorneys' Manual]], Title 9, Criminal Resource Manual § [https://www.justice.gov/usao/eousa/foia_reading_room/usam/title9/crm00906.htm 906].</ref><ref>[[United States Attorneys' Manual]], Title 9, Criminal Resource Manual § [https://www.justice.gov/usao/eousa/foia_reading_room/usam/title9/crm00913.htm 913].</ref>
==History==
The earliest statutory progenitor of §1001 was the original False Claims Act, adopted as the Act of March 2, 1863, {{USStat|12|696}}.<ref name="Hubbard v. United States">{{cite web|title=Hubbard v. United States, 514 U.S. 695 (1995)|website=[[Justia]]|url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/514/695/|access-date=January 19, 2023}}</ref> That enactment made it a criminal offense for any person, whether a civilian or a member of the military services, to:▼
 
==Sejarah==
<blockquote>… present or cause to be presented for payment or approval to or by any person or officer in the civil or military service of the United States, any claim upon or against the Government of the United States, or any department or officer thereof, knowing such claim to be false, fictitious, or fraudulent …</blockquote>
▲ThePendahulu earliest statutoryundang-undang progenitor ofpertama §1001 wasadalah theUndang-Undang originalKlaim FalsePalsu Claimsyang Act,diadopsi adoptedsebagai asUndang-Undang thetanggal Act2 of March 2,Maret 1863, {{USStat|12|696}}.<ref name="Hubbard v. United States">{{cite web|title=Hubbard v. United States, 514 U.S. 695 (1995)|website=[[Justia]]|url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/514/695/|access-date=January 19, 2023}}</ref> ThatUndang-undang enactmenttersebut mademenjadikannya itsebagai atindak criminalpidana offensebagi forsetiap any personorang, whether a civilian orbaik awarga membersipil ofmaupun theanggota militaryangkatan servicesbersenjata, toyang:
 
<blockquote>… mengajukan atau menyebabkan diajukannya untuk pembayaran atau persetujuan kepada atau oleh seseorang atau pejabat dalam dinas sipil atau militer Amerika Serikat, setiap klaim terhadap atau terhadap Pemerintah Amerika Serikat, atau departemen atau pejabatnya, dengan mengetahui bahwa klaim tersebut salah, fiktif, atau curang …</blockquote>
It was completely reworded by {{USStatute|65|228|40|1015|1918|10|23}}, which amended the statute to read:
 
Undang-undang ini diubah sepenuhnya oleh {{USStatute|65|228|40|1015|1918|10|23}}, yang mengubah undang-undang tersebut menjadi:
<blockquote>… or whoever, for the purpose of obtaining or aiding to obtain the payment or approval of such claim, or for the purpose and with the intent of cheating and swindling or defrauding the Government of the United States, or any department thereof, or any corporation in which the United States of America is a stockholder, shall knowingly and willfully falsify or conceal or cover up by any trick, scheme, or device a material fact, or make or cause to be made any false or fraudulent statements or representations, or make or use or cause to be made or used any false bill, receipt, voucher, roll, account, claim, certificate, affidavit, or deposition, knowing the same to contain any fraudulent or fictitious statement or entry …</blockquote>
 
<blockquote>… atau siapa pun, untuk tujuan memperoleh atau membantu memperoleh pembayaran atau persetujuan klaim tersebut, atau untuk tujuan dan dengan maksud menipu dan menipu atau menipu Pemerintah Amerika Serikat, atau departemen mana pun di dalamnya, atau perusahaan mana pun di mana Amerika Serikat menjadi pemegang saham, dengan sengaja dan sadar memalsukan atau menyembunyikan atau menutupi dengan trik, skema, atau tipu daya apa pun fakta material, atau membuat atau menyebabkan dibuatnya pernyataan atau representasi palsu atau curang, atau membuat atau menggunakan atau menyebabkan dibuatnya atau digunakannya tagihan, tanda terima, voucher, gulungan, akun, klaim, sertifikat, pernyataan tertulis, atau deposisi palsu, dengan mengetahui bahwa hal yang sama berisi pernyataan atau entri yang curang atau fiktif …</blockquote>
In 1934, the requirement of an intent to defraud was eliminated at the request of the [[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] [[Harold L. Ickes|Harold Ickes]], who wished to use the statute to enforce Section 9(c) of the [[National Industrial Recovery Act]] of 1933 (NIRA) against producers of "hot oil", oil produced in violation of production restrictions established pursuant to the NIRA,<ref>{{cite court | litigants= [[:wikisource:United States v. Gilliland|United States v. Gilliland]] | vol= 312 | reporter= US | opinion= 86 | pinpoint= 93-94 | date= 1941 | quote= Legislation had been sought by the Secretary of the Interior to aid the enforcement of laws relating to the functions of the Department of the Interior and, in particular, to the enforcement of regulations under Sec. 9(c) of the [NIRA].}}</ref> when {{USStatute|73|394|48|996|1934|06|18}}, amended it to read:▼
 
▲InPada tahun 1934, thepersyaratan requirementniat ofuntuk anmelakukan intentpenipuan todihapuskan defraudatas was eliminated at the request of thepermintaan [[UnitedSekretaris StatesDalam SecretaryNegeri ofAmerika the InteriorSerikat|SecretarySekretaris ofDalam the InteriorNegeri]] [[Harold L. Ickes|Harold Ickes]], whoyang wishedingin tomenggunakan useundang-undang thetersebut statuteuntuk tomenegakkan enforce SectionBagian 9(c) of thedari [[NationalUndang-Undang IndustrialPemulihan RecoveryIndustri ActNasional]] oftahun 1933 (NIRA) againstterhadap producers ofprodusen "hotminyak oilpanas", oilminyak producedyang indiproduksi violationdengan ofmelanggar productionpembatasan restrictionsproduksi establishedyang pursuantditetapkan to theberdasarkan NIRA,<ref>{{cite court | litigants= [[:wikisource:United States v. Gilliland|United States v. Gilliland]] | vol= 312 | reporter= US | opinion= 86 | pinpoint= 93-94 | date= 1941 | quote= Legislation had been sought by the Secretary of the Interior to aid the enforcement of laws relating to the functions of the Department of the Interior and, in particular, to the enforcement of regulations under Sec. 9(c) of the [NIRA].}}</ref> whenketika {{USStatute|73|394|48|996|1934|06|18}}, amended it tomengubahnya readmenjadi:
<blockquote>… or whoever<s>, for the purpose of obtaining or aiding to obtain the payment or approval of such claim, or for the purpose and with the intent of cheating and swindling or defrauding the Government of the United States, or any department thereof, or any corporation in which the United States of America is a stockholder,</s> shall knowingly and willfully falsify or conceal or cover up by any trick, scheme, or device a material fact, or make or cause to be made any false or fraudulent statements or representations, or make or use or cause to be made or used any false bill, receipt, voucher, roll, account, claim, certificate, affidavit, or deposition, knowing the same to contain any fraudulent or fictitious statement or entry''', in any matter within the jurisdiction of any department or agency of the United States or of any corporation in which the United States of America is a stockholder''' …</blockquote>
 
<blockquote>… atau siapa pun, untuk tujuan memperoleh atau membantu memperoleh pembayaran atau persetujuan klaim tersebut, atau untuk tujuan dan dengan maksud menipu dan menipu atau menipu Pemerintah Amerika Serikat, atau departemen mana pun di dalamnya, atau perusahaan mana pun di mana Amerika Serikat menjadi pemegang saham, dengan sengaja dan sadar memalsukan atau menyembunyikan atau menutupi dengan tipu daya, skema, atau tipu muslihat fakta material, atau membuat atau menyebabkan dibuatnya pernyataan atau representasi palsu atau curang, atau membuat atau menggunakan atau menyebabkan dibuatnya atau digunakannya tagihan, tanda terima, voucher, daftar, akun, klaim, sertifikat, pernyataan tertulis, atau deposisi palsu, dengan mengetahui bahwa hal tersebut berisi pernyataan atau entri yang curang atau fiktif''', dalam hal apa pun dalam yurisdiksi departemen atau lembaga mana pun di Amerika Serikat atau perusahaan mana pun yang pemegang sahamnya adalah Amerika Serikat''' …</blockquote>
When [[Title 18 of the United States Code]] was adopted in 1948,<ref>{{USStatute|80|772|62|683|1948|06|25}}</ref> the wording was further simplified and replaced with:
Ketika [[Judul 18 dari Kode Amerika Serikat]] diadopsi pada tahun 1948,<ref>{{USStatute|80|772|62|683|1948|06|25}}</ref> kata-katanya disederhanakan lebih lanjut dan diganti dengan:
 
<blockquote>Siapa pun, dalam hal apa pun dalam yurisdiksi departemen atau lembaga mana pun di Amerika Serikat dengan sengaja dan sadar memalsukan, menyembunyikan, atau menutupi dengan tipu muslihat, skema, atau perangkat apa pun fakta material, atau membuat pernyataan atau representasi palsu, fiktif, atau curang, atau membuat atau menggunakan tulisan atau dokumen palsu yang diketahuinya berisi pernyataan atau entri palsu, fiktif, atau curang …</blockquote>
<blockquote>Whoever, in any matter within the jurisdiction of any department or agency of the United States knowingly and willfully falsifies, conceals or covers up by any trick, scheme, or device a material fact, or makes any false, fictitious or fraudulent statements or representations, or makes or uses any false writing or document knowing the same to contain any false, fictitious or fraudulent statement or entry …</blockquote>
 
==SeeLihat alsojuga==
* [[Penipuan melalui surat dan transfer kawat]]
* [[Mail and wire fraud]]
 
== ReferencesReferensi ==
{{Reflist}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:MakingMembuat FalsePernyataan StatementsPalsu}}
[[CategoryKategori:UnitedPerundang-undangan Statespidana federal criminalAmerika legislationSerikat]]
[[Kategori:Bias]]
[[Category:Communication of falsehoods]]
[[Kategori:Undang-undang penghalangan keadilan federal Amerika Serikat]]
[[Category:United States federal obstruction of justice law]]
[[Kategori:Penipuan di Amerika Serikat]]
[[Category:Fraud in the United States]]
[[Kategori:Orang yang dihukum karena membuat pernyataan palsu| ]]
[[Category:People convicted of making false statements| ]]
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Membuat_pernyataan_palsu"