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{{Benua Asia pada tahun 1300 M|right|Sarai, dekat [[Laut Kaspia]], adalah ibu kota Gerombolan Emas.|{{location map~ |Continental Asia |lat=47.1814|N |long=47.4345446|E |label=''[[Sarai (kota)|Sarai]]''|position=left |label_size=55|mark=Blackpoint.svg|marksize=4}}|Map of the Golden Horde.png||{{Annotation|0|0|[[File:Map of the Golden Horde.png|300px]]}}}}
[[File:Роман Ольгович и Менгу-Тимур.png|thumb|Pangeran Roman Olgovich dari [[Ryazan]] datang ke Khan [[Mengu-Timur]] di Sarai pada tahun 1270; ilustrasi kronik Rusia di kemudian hari.]]
'''Sarai''' ([[Bahasa Chagatai]]/[[Bahasa Kuman|Kipchak]] dan [[Bahasa Persia|Persia]]: سرای; juga ditranskripsikan sebagai ''Saraj'' atau ''Saray''; "rumah besar" atau "istana")<ref>Allsen, "Saray".</ref> adalah nama dari kemungkinan dua kota di dekat [[Volga]] bagian bawah, yang secara berturut-turut menjadi ibu kota efektif dari [[Kumania|Konfederasi Cuman-Kipchak]] dan [[Gerombolan Emas]], sebuah [[Turko-Mongol]].<ref>Kołodziejczyk 2011: 4.</ref> kerajaan yang menguasai sebagian besar [[Asia]] Barat Laut dan [[Eropa Timur]], dari abad ke-10 hingga abad ke-14. Ada banyak ketidaksepakatan di antara para ahli tentang korespondensi antara situs-situs arkeologi tertentu.<ref>Allsen, "Saray"; Siksimov 2007.</ref>
==Referensi==
=== Kutipan ===
<references />
=== Referensi umum dan yang dikutip ===
* Allsen, T. T., "Saray", in: ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Second Edition, P. Bearman et al. (eds.). Consulted online on 5 January 2022 http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6628
* Atwood, C. P. "Saray and New Saray", in: ''Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire''. New York: Facts on File, 2004: 488–489.
* Boyle, J. A. (trans.), ''The History of the World-Conqueror by ʿAla-ad-Din ʿAta-Malik Juvaini'', vol. 1, Cambridge, MA, 1958.
* Bukharaev, R., ''Islam in Russia: The Four Seasons'', London: Routledge, 2013.
* Egorov, V. L., ''Istoričeskaja geografija Zolotoj Ordy v XIII-XIV vv.'', Moscow, 1985.
* Evans, A. (ed.), ''Francesco Balducci Pegolotti, La Pratica della Mercatura'', Cambridge, MA, 1936.
* Evstratov, I. V., "O zolotoordynskih gorodah, nahodivšihsja na mestah Selitrennogo i Carevskogo gorodišč," in: ''Èpoha bronzy i rannij železnyj vek v istorii drevnih plemen južnorusskih stepej'' 2, Saratov, 1997: 88–118.
* Fren (Frähn), H. M., ''Montey hanov ulusa Džučieva ili Zolotoj Ordy, St Petersburg, 1832.
* Gibb, H. A. R. (trans.), ''The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa A. D. 1325-1354''. Vol. 2. Cambridge, 1962.
* Goldschmidt, E. P., "The Lesina Portolan Chart of the Caspian Sea," ''The Geographical Journal'' 103 (1944) 272-278.
* Gončarov, E. J., "Staryj i Novyj Saraj - stolica Zolotoj Ordy (novyj vzgljadna izvestnye istočniki", ''Stepi Evropy v èpoh u srednevekov'ja'' 1 (2000) 345–350.
* Grigor'ev, V. V., "O mestopoloženie Saraja, stolocy Zolotoj-Ordy", in: ''Rossija i Azija'', St. Petersburg, 1876.
* Hammer-Purgstall, J. von, ''Geschichte der Goldenen horde in Kiptschak'', Pest, 1840.
* Howorth, H. H., ''History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th century'', Part II.1, London, 1880.
* {{cite book |last=Kołodziejczyk |first=Dariusz |author-link=Dariusz Kołodziejczyk |title=The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania: International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th-18th Century). A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHrTxHmegRYC&pg=PP1 |year=2011 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-19190-7}}
* Krivošeev, A. A., ''Donskoj ulus Zolotoj Ordy'', Rostov-na-Donu, 2007.
* Kuznecova, N. A., ''Hoždenie kupca Fedota Kotova v Persiju'', Moscow, 1958. (Н. А. Кузнецова, ''Хождение купца Федота Котова в Персию'' [Journey of the merchant Fedot Kotov to Persia] (Moscow, U.S.S.R.: 1958), [https://books.google.com/books?id=xYP-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 page 30].)
* MacKenzie, D., M. W. Curran. (2002). ''A History of Russia, the Soviet Union, and Beyond.'' Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. {{ISBN|0-534-58698-8}}
* Mackintosh-Smith, T. (ed.), ''The Travels of Ibn Battutah'', London: Picador, 2002. ({{cite book|last1=Battutah|first1=Ibn|title=The Travels of Ibn Battutah|date=2002|publisher=Picador|location=London|isbn=9780330418799}})
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZWMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA15|title=Historical Anthology of Kazan Tatar Verse: Voices of Eternity |editor-first1=Ravil |editor-last1=Bukharaev |editor-first2=David J. |editor-last2=Matthews |location=London |publisher= Routledge|year=2013|isbn=9781136814655}}
* May, T., ''The Mongol Empire'', Edinburgh, 2018.
* Pačkalov, A. V., "Numismatic evidence for the location of Saray, the capital of the Golden Horde," in: N. Holmes (ed.), ''Proceedings of the XIV International Numismatic Congress, Glasgow, 2011''. Vol. 2. Glasgow, 2011.
* Pačkalov, A. V., "O mestopoloženija Saraja (pervoj stolicy Zolotoj Ordy)," ''Arheologija ta ètnologija shidnoi Uvropi'', Odesa, 2002: 175–178.
* Petrov, P. N., K. V. Kravcov, S. V. Gumajunov, "Monety Saraja pervoj poloviny 660-h gg.h./ 1260-h gg.," ''Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie'' 6 (2018) 145-158.
* Pigarëv, E. M., "Administrativno-territorial'naja struktura oblasti Saraj (del'ta r. Volga)," in: S. G. Bočarov and A. G. Sitdikov (eds.), ''Genuèzskaja Gazarija i Zolotaja Orda'', 2, Kazan', 2019: 483-508.
* Pigarëv, E. M., "Del'ta Volgi v XIII-XIV vv.," ''Trudy V (XXI) Vserossijskogo arheologičeskogo s"ezda v Barnaule'' 3, Barnaul, 2017: 287–291.
* Pigarëv, E. M., "Russkie vešči iz zolotoordynskoj stolicy - goroda Saraj al-Džedid (k voprosu o rasselenii russkih v zolotoordynskih nižnevolžskih gorodah," ''Narody i religii Evrazii'' 26 (2021) 49–66.
* Pohlëbkin, V. V., ''Tatary i Rus': 360 let otnošenij 1238-1598'', Moscow, 2000.
* Rockhill, W. W. (trans.), ''The journey of William of Rubruck to the eastern parts of the world, 1253-1255, as narrated by himself'', London, 1900.
* Rogers, J. M., "Recent Archaeological Work on the Golden Horde," ''Bulletin of the Asia Institute'' 14 (2000) 135–146.
* Rudakov, V. G., "K voprosu o dvuh stolicah v Zolotoj Orde i mestopoloženii goroda Gjulistana," in: I. V. Belocerkovskaja (ed.), ''Naučnoe nasledie A. P. Smirnova i sovremennye problemy arheologii Volgo-Kam'ja'', Moscow, 2000: 305–323.
* Safargaliev, M. G., ''Raspad Zolotoj Ordy''. Saransk, 1960.
* Sagdeeva, R. Z., ''Serebrjannye monety hanov Zolotoj Ordy'', Moscow, 2005.
* Sanders, J. J. (trans.), ''Ahmed Ibn Arabshah, Tamerlane or Timur the Great Amir'', London, 1936.
* Shamiloglu, U., "The rise of urban centers in the Golden Horde and the city of Ükek," ''Golden Horde Review'' 6 (2018) 18-40.
* Siksimov, D. A., "Problema lokalizacii Saraja XIII veka v sovremennoj istoriografii," ''Vestnik Volgu'' 4:12 (2007) 117–126.
* Tizengauzen, V. G. (trans.), ''Sbornik materialov, otnosjaščihsja k istorii Zolotoj Ordy. Izvlečenija iz arabskih sočinenii'', republished as ''Istorija Kazahstana v arabskih istočnikah''. 1. Almaty, 2005.
* Vásáry, I., "Nog̲h̲ay", in: ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Second Edition, P. Bearman et al. (eds.). Consulted online on 8 January 2022 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0869>
* Vasil'evič, K.V. et al., ''Atlas Istorii SSSR 1'', Moscow, 1948.
* Zajcev, I. V. ''Astrahanskoe hanstvo'', Moscow, 2006.
{{Mongol Empire}}
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