Supervulkan: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan |
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler Suntingan seluler lanjutan |
||
| (42 revisi perantara oleh 24 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1:
[[Berkas:Supervolcano World Map.png|jmpl|ka|500px|Peta supervulkan yang dikenal di seluruh dunia:
{{legend|#ED1C24|[[Skala kekuatan ledakan vulkanis|Skala ledakan vulkanis (VEI) 8]]}}
{{legend|#FF7E00|[[Skala kekuatan ledakan vulkanis|Skala ledakan vulkanis (VEI) 7]]}}]]
'''Supervulkan''', sering pula disebut '''gunung berapi super''' atau '''gunung berapi raksasa''' adalah [[gunung berapi]] yang mampu menghasilkan letusan vulkanis dengan [[ejekta]] lebih besar dari 1.000 kilometer kubik, yang lebih besar dari peristiwa vulkanis manapun dalam sejarah.<ref>http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/yvo/about/faq/faqsupervolcano.php#supervolcano</ref> Supervulkan dapat terjadi ketika [[magma]] di [[Bumi]] naik ke kerak tetapi tidak mampu melewati kerak. Meningkatnya tekanan membuat kerak tidak dapat menahan tekanan. Supervulkan juga dapat membentuk batas lempeng konvergen (contohnya [[Danau Toba|Toba]]). Istilah supervulkan relatif baru bagi ilmu pengetahuan.
[[Discovery Channel]] telah mendokumentasikan tujuh
== Letusan besar yang masif ==
{{Lihat pula|Daftar letusan gunung terbesar}}
Letusan gunung berapi diklasifikasikan menggunakan [[Volcanic Explosivity Index]] (Index Ledakan Gunung berapi), atau VEI. Ini adalah [[skala logaritmik]], yang berarti bahwa peningkatan satu nilai VEI setara dengan peningkatan sepuluh kali lipat volume material yang meletus. Letusan VEI 7 dan VEI 8 sangat kuat sehingga sering membentuk kaldera melingkar daripada [[Kerucut gunung berapi|kerucut]] kerena penarikan magma ke bawah menyebabkan massa batuan di atasnya runtuh ke [[ruang magma]] yang kosong di bawahnya.
=== Supervulkan yang diketahui ===
Berdasarkan stastik yang tidak lengkap, sedikitnya 60 letusan VEI 8 telah diidentifikasi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bryan|first=Scott E.|last2=Peate|first2=Ingrid Ukstins|last3=Peate|first3=David W.|last4=Self|first4=Stephen|last5=Jerram|first5=Dougal A.|last6=Mawby|first6=Michael R.|last7=Marsh|first7=J.S. (Goonie)|last8=Miller|first8=Jodie A.|date=2010-10|title=The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012825210000814|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|language=en|volume=102|issue=3-4|pages=207–229|doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.001}}</ref><ref>BG, Mason (2004). "The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth". Bull Volcanol. 66 (8): 735–748. Bibcode:2004BVol...66..735M. doi:10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9. S2CID 129680497</ref> Di bawah ini adalah daftar dari letusan super (supererupsi) yang diketahui.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="whitespace:no-wrap"
|+ Letusan [[Volcanic Explosivity Index|VEI]] 8 telah terjadi di lokasi berikut ini.
!Nama
!Wilayah
!Lokasi
!class=unsortable|Catatan
!Tahun yang lalu (perkiraan)
!Volume massal ejekta (perkiraan)
!class=unsortable|Referensi
|-
| [[Teori bencana Toba|Letusan Toba termuda]]
| [[Danau Toba|Kaldera Toba]], [[Sumatera Utara]]
| [[Sumatra]], Indonesia
| Menghasilkan 2200–4400 juta ton [[H2SO4|H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 75,000
| style="text-align:right;"| {{sort|7,600|2,000–13,200 km<sup>3</sup>}}
|<ref name=sci>{{cite journal|journal= Science|doi=10.1126/science.1141564 |year=2007|title= Middle Paleolithic Assemblages from the Indian Subcontinent Before and After the Toba Super-Eruption|last1= Petraglia|first1= M.|last2= Korisettar|first2= R.|last3= Boivin|first3= N.|last4= Clarkson|first4= C.|last5= Ditchfield|first5= P.|last6= Jones|first6= S.|last7= Koshy|first7= J.|last8= Lahr|first8= M. M.|last9= Oppenheimer|first9= C.|last10=Pyle |first10=D. |last11=Roberts |first11=R. |last12=Schwenninger |first12=J.-L. |last13=Arnold |first13=L. |last14=White |first14=K. |volume= 317|issue= 5834|pages= 114–116|pmid= 17615356|bibcode = 2007Sci...317..114P |s2cid=20380351 |display-authors=8 |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/era/2117 }}</ref><ref name="Knight, M.D. 1986, p. 10,355">{{cite journal|author=Knight, M.D., Walker, G.P.L., Ellwood, B.B., and Diehl, J.F.|year=1986|title= Stratigraphy, paleomagnetism, and magnetic fabric of the Toba Tuffs: Constraints on their sources and eruptive styles|journal= Journal of Geophysical Research|volume= 91|issue=B10|pages= 10355–10382|doi=10.1029/JB091iB10p10355|bibcode=1986JGR....9110355K}}</ref><ref name="Ninkovich, D. 1978, pp. 286–298">{{cite journal|author=Ninkovich, D., Sparks, R.S.J., and Ledbetter, M.T.|year= 1978|title= The exceptional magnitude and intensity of the Toba eruption, Sumatra: An example of using deep-sea tephra layers as a geological tool|bibcode=1978BVol...41..286N|doi=10.1007/BF02597228|journal= Bulletin Volcanologique|volume= 41|pages=286–298|issue=3|s2cid= 128626019}}</ref><ref name="geo.mtu.edu">{{cite journal|author1=Rose, W.I.|author2=Chesner, C.A.|name-list-style=amp|year=1987|url=http://www.geo.mtu.edu/~raman/papers/RoseTobaFallGeology.pdf|title=Dispersal of ash in the great Toba eruption, 75 ka|journal=Geology|volume=15|pages=913–917|doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<913:DOAITG>2.0.CO;2|issue=10|issn=0091-7613|bibcode=1987Geo....15..913R|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617032134/http://www.geo.mtu.edu/~raman/papers/RoseTobaFallGeology.pdf|archive-date=17 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="Williams, M.A.J. 1982, pp. 139–162">{{cite journal|author1=Williams, M.A.J. |author2=Royce, K. |name-list-style=amp |year= 1982|doi=10.1016/0031-0182(82)90001-3|title=Quaternary geology of the middle son valley, North Central India: Implications for prehistoric archaeology|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=38|issue=3–4|page=139 |bibcode=1982PPP....38..139W }}</ref><ref name="usgs.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-a-supervolcano?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products|title = What is a supervolcano? What is a supereruption?}}</ref><ref name="geology.com"/><ref name="Costa">{{cite journal |doi=10.3389/feart.2014.00016 |author1=Antonio Costa |author2=Victoria C. Smith |author3=Giovanni Macedonio |author4=Naomi E. Matthews |date=2014 |title=The magnitude and impact of the Youngest Toba Tuff super-eruption |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=2 |page=16 |bibcode=2014FrEaS...2...16C |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
| [[Formasi Sungai Pendaratan Datar]]
| Grup Tetagouche
| [[New Brunswick]], Kanada
| Mungkin supererupsi terbesar yang diketahui. Keberadaannya sebagai letusan tunggal diperdebatkan, dan bisa menjadi peristiwa 2,000+ km³ berganda yang muncul kurang dari satu juta tahun.
| style="text-align:right;" | 466,000,000
| style="text-align:right;" | {{sort|7,000|2,000–12,000 km<sup>3</sup>}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dnr-mrn.gnb.ca/Lexicon/Lexicon/Lexicon_View.aspx?UnitId=137|title=Lexique du substrat rocheux|website=dnr-mrn.gnb.ca|access-date=2019-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mineralogicalassociation.ca/doc/StJohns2012_GAC-MAC_Abstracts.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212184601/http://www.mineralogicalassociation.ca/doc/StJohns2012_GAC-MAC_Abstracts.pdf |archive-date=2019-12-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Pegunungan Wah Wah|Wah Wah Springs]]
| Kompleks Kaldera Indian Peak–Caliente
| [[Utah]], Amerika Serikat
| Letusan terbesar dari Kompleks Kaldera Indian Peak-Caliente, bertahan sebagai [[Tuf]] Wah Wah Springs; termasuk aliran piroklastik dengan tebal lebih dari {{Convert|13000|ft|m|order=flip|sp=us}}.
| style="text-align:right;" | 30,600,000
| style="text-align:right;" | {{sort|5,700|5,500–5,900 km<sup>3</sup>}}
|<ref name="geology.com">{{Cite web|url=https://geology.com/stories/13/volcanic-explosivity-index/|title = Volcanic Explosivity Index: Measuring the size of an eruption}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tingey|first1=David G.|last2=Hart|first2=Garret L.|last3=Gromme|first3=Sherman|last4=Deino|first4=Alan L.|last5=Christiansen|first5=Eric H.|last6=Best|first6=Myron G.|date=2013-08-01|title=The 36–18 Ma Indian Peak–Caliente ignimbrite field and calderas, southeastern Great Basin, USA: Multicyclic super-eruptions|journal=Geosphere|language=en|volume=9|issue=4|pages=864–950|doi=10.1130/GES00902.1|bibcode=2013Geosp...9..864B|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kaldera La Garita]]
| [[Lapangan vulkanik San Juan]]
| [[Colorado]], Amerika Serikat
| [[Tuf Fish Canyon|Letusan Fish Canyon]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 27,800,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,000 km<sup>3</sup>
|<ref>{{cite web|title=La Garita Caldera |url=http://staff.aist.go.jp/s-takarada/CEV/newsletter/lagarita.html |last=Ort |first=Michael |publisher=[[Northern Arizona University]] |date=22 September 1997 |access-date=5 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519165154/http://staff.aist.go.jp/s-takarada/CEV/newsletter/lagarita.html |archive-date=19 May 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Lipman">{{cite journal |last=Lipman |first=Peter W. |title=Geologic Map of the Central San Juan Caldera Cluster, Southwestern Colorado |series=USGS Investigations Series I-2799 |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2799/ |date=2007-11-02 |access-date=6 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831221119/http://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2799/ |archive-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Supererupsi Pendaratan Grey
|Titik panas Yellowstone
|Amerika Serikat
|Didepositkan sebagai Ignimbrit Pendaratan Grey
| style="text-align:right;"| 8,720,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,800 km<sup>3</sup>
|<ref name=Strangesounds>
{{cite web
| url = https://strangesounds.org/2020/06/discovery-two-new-yellowstone-super-eruptions-hotspot-waning.html#:~:text=The%20Grey%E2%80%99s%20Landing%20Super-eruption%20The%20ca.%208.72%20Ma,and%20hottest%20documented%20eruption%20from%20the%20Yellowstone%20hotspot | title = Discovery of Two Ancient Yellowstone Super-Eruptions, Including the Volcanic Province's Largest and Most Cataclysmic Event, Indicates the Yellowstone Hotspot Is Waning| date = 5 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[La Pacana]]
|[[Sabuk Vulkanik Andes|Zona Vulkanik Pusat Andes]]
|Chili
|Bertanggung jawab atas Ignimbrit Antana
|style="text-align:right;"|4,000,000
|style="text-align:right;"|2,500 km<sup>3</sup>
|<ref name="Lindsay2001">{{Cite journal|last=Lindsay|first=J. M.|date=2001-03-01|title=Magmatic Evolution of the La Pacana Caldera System, Central Andes, Chile: Compositional Variation of Two Cogenetic, Large-Volume Felsic Ignimbrites|journal=Journal of Petrology|volume=42|issue=3|pages=459–486|doi=10.1093/petrology/42.3.459|issn=0022-3530|bibcode=2001JPet...42..459L|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tuf Huckleberry Ridge|Letusan Huckleberry Ridge]]
| [[Titik panas Yellowstone]]
|[[Idaho]], Amerika Serikat
| [[Tuf]] Huckleberry Ridge; terdiri dari tiga letusan yang berbeda dipisahkan oleh tahun hingga dekade
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,100,000
| style="text-align:right;" |{{sort|2,475|2,450–2,500 km<sup>3</sup>}}
| <ref name="usgs.gov" /><ref name="largeeruptions" />
|-
| [[Gunung Taupō|Taupō-nui-a-Tia]]
| [[Zona Vulkanik Taupō]]
| [[Pulau Utara]], Selandia Baru
| Ignimbrit Whakamaru/Gunung Curl Tephra
| style="text-align:right;"| 340,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,000 km<sup>3</sup>
| <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Froggatt |first=P. C. |author2=Nelson, C. S. |author3=Carter, L. |author4=Griggs, G. |author5= Black, K. P. |date=13 February 1986|title=An exceptionally large late Quaternary eruption from New Zealand |journal=Nature |volume=319 |pages=578–582 |doi=10.1038/319578a0 |quote=The minimum total volume of tephra is 1,200 km<sup>3</sup> but probably nearer 2,000 km<sup>3</sup>, ... |issue=6054|bibcode = 1986Natur.319..578F |s2cid=4332421 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Lapangan Vulkanik Heise]]
| [[Titik panas Yellowstone]]
| [[Idaho]], Amerika Serikat
| Tuf Kilgore
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,500,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,800 km<sup>3</sup>
| <ref name="Morgan">{{cite journal|doi=10.1130/B25519.1 |author1=Lisa A. Morgan |author2=William C. McIntosh |s2cid=53648675 |name-list-style=amp |title=Timing and development of the Heise volcanic field, Snake River Plain, Idaho, western USA|journal=GSA Bulletin|year=2005|volume=117|issue=3–4|pages=288–306|bibcode = 2005GSAB..117..288M }}</ref>
|-
| Supererupsi McMullen
| [[Titik panas Yellowstone]]
|[[Idaho]] Selatan, Amerika Serikat
| Ignimbrit McMullen
| style="text-align:right;" | 8,990,000
| style="text-align:right;" |1,700;km<sup>3</sup>
| <ref name=Strangesounds/>
|-
|[[Lapangan Vulkanik Heise]]
| [[Titik panas Yellowstone]]
| [[Idaho]], Amerika Serikat
| Tuf Blacktail <!-- Creek -->
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,000,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,500 km<sup>3</sup>
| <ref name="Morgan" />
|-
| [[Cerro Guacha]]
| [[Kompleks vulkanik Altiplano-Puna]]
| [[Provinsi Sur Lípez|Sur Lípez]], Bolivia
| Ignimbrit Guacha, dua letusan yang lebih kecil diidentifikasi
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,700,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,300 km<sup>3</sup>
| <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Salisbury|first1=M. J.|last2=Jicha|first2=B. R.|last3=de Silva|first3=S. L.|last4=Singer|first4=B. S.|last5=Jimenez|first5=N. C.|last6=Ort|first6=M. H.|title=40Ar/39Ar chronostratigraphy of Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex ignimbrites reveals the development of a major magmatic province|journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin|date=21 December 2010|volume=123|issue=5–6|pages=821–840|doi=10.1130/B30280.1|bibcode=2011GSAB..123..821S|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| Kaldera Mangakino
| [[Zona Vulkanik Taupō]]
| [[Pulau Utara]], Selandia Baru
| Letusan Kidnappers
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,080,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,200 km<sup>3</sup>
| <ref>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.V31C2797C Rejuvenation and Repeated Eruption of a 1.0 Ma Supervolcanic System at Mangakino Caldera, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand] American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2012, abstract #V31C-2797. Retrieved 10 September 2017.</ref>
|-
| [[Letusan Oruanui]]
| [[Zona vulkanik Taupō|Zona Vulkanik Taupō]]
| [[Pulau Utara]], Selandia Baru
| [[Gunung Taupō]] ([[Danau Taupō]])
| style="text-align:right;"| 26,500
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,170 km<sup>3</sup>
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wilson|first=C. J. N|date=2001-12-01|title=The 26.5ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: an introduction and overview|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027301002396|journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research|language=en|volume=112|issue=1|pages=133–174|doi=10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00239-6|bibcode=2001JVGR..112..133W|issn=0377-0273}}</ref>
|-
| [[Cerro Galán]]
| [[Sabuk Vulkanik Andes|Zona Vulkanik Pusat Andes]]
| [[Provinsi Catamarca|Catamarca]], Argentina
|Terdiri dari tiga letusan yang berbeda, dipisahkan oleh 30-40 ribu tahun
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,500,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,050 km<sup>3</sup>
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kay|first1=Suzanne Mahlburg|last2=Coira|first2=Beatriz|last3=Wörner|first3=Gerhard|last4=Kay|first4=Robert W.|last5=Singer|first5=Bradley S.|date=2011-12-01|title=Geochemical, isotopic and single crystal 40Ar/39Ar age constraints on the evolution of the Cerro Galán ignimbrites|journal=Bulletin of Volcanology|language=en|volume=73|issue=10|pages=1487–1511|doi=10.1007/s00445-010-0410-7|bibcode=2011BVol...73.1487K|issn=1432-0819|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|-
| [[Letusan Lava Creek]]
| [[Yellowstone hotspot|Titik panas Yellowstone]]
| [[Idaho]], [[Montana]], dan [[Wyoming]], Amerika Serikat
| [[Tuf Lava Creek]]; terdiri dari dua letusan berbeda yang dipisahkan oleh tahun
| style="text-align:right;"| 640,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,000 km<sup>3</sup>
| <ref name="usgs.gov"/><ref name="geology.com"/><ref name="largeeruptions">[http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/largeeruptions.cfm Global Volcanism Program | Volcanoes of the World | Large Holocene Eruptions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213010407/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/largeeruptions.cfm |date=13 February 2010 }}. Volcano.si.edu. Retrieved on 2011-11-18.</ref>
|}
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Resiko bencana global]] – Peristiwa yang secara hipotetis dapat membahayakan manusia secara global
* [[Garis waktu vulkanisme di Bumi]] – Daftar artikel Wikipedia
* [[Teori bencana Toba]] – Letusan super 75,000 tahun yang lalu yang mungkin menyebabkan musim dingin vulkanik global
* [[Musim dingin vulkanik]] – Peristiwa anomali suhu yang disebabkan oleh letusan gunung berapi
== Referensi ==
Baris 7 ⟶ 166:
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/1999/supervolcanoes.shtml Overview and Transcript of the original BBC program]
* [http://www.solcomhouse.com/yellowstone.htm Yellowstone Supervolcano and Map of Supervolcanoes Around The World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805044437/http://www.solcomhouse.com/yellowstone.htm |date=2014-08-05 }}
* [http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3024/ USGS Fact Sheet - Steam Explosions, Earthquakes, and Volcanic Eruptions - What's in Yellowstone's Future?]
* [http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/supervolcano.html Discovery Channel's site on "Supervolcano"]
* [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&colID=1&articleID=0006E0BF-BB43-146C-BB4383414B7F0000 Scientific American's The Secrets of Supervolcanoes]
* {{imdb title|id=419372|title=Supervolcano}}
* [http://www.armageddononline.org Armageddon Online - Latest news covering super volcano activity since 1999 ]
{{
[[Kategori:Supervulkan| ]]
[[Kategori:Vulkanologi]]
[[Kategori:Gunung berapi]]
{{geo-stub}}
| |||