Kekaisaran Brunei: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 1:
{{Infobox country
| native_name = {{small|Kesultanan Brunei}}
| conventional_long_name = Kekaisaran Brunei
| common_name =
| status = [[Vasal]] [[Kerajaan Majapahit]] (1368-1425)<br/>[[Negara berdaulat]] dan [[Kekaisaran]] (1425-1888)
| status_text =
| year_start = 1368
| year_end = 1888
| event_start = Kesultanan didirikan
| event_end = Menjadi bagian dari [[protektorat]] [[Imperium Britania|Britania Raya]]
| p1 = Majapahit
| flag_p1 = Majapahit fictitious flag.svg
| s1 = Kesultanan Sulu
| flag_s1 = Late 19th Century Flag of Sulu.svg
| s3 = Hindia Timur Spanyol
| flag_s3 = Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931).svg
| s4 = Hindia Belanda
| flag_s4 = Flag of the Netherlands.svg
| s5 = Kerajaan Sarawak
| flag_s5 = Flag of the Raj of Sarawak (1870).svg
| s6 = Koloni Mahkota Labuan
| flag_s6 = Flag of Labuan (1912–1946).svg
| s7 = Borneo Utara Britania
| flag_s7 = Flag of North Borneo (1902–1946).svg
| s8 = Protektorat Brunei
| flag_s8 = Flag of United Kingdom.svg
| image_flag = Old Flag of Brunei.svg
| image_coat =
| image_map = Brunei territories (1500).png
| image_map_caption = Kekaisaran Brunei pada masa kejayaannya
| national_motto =
| national_anthem =
| capital = [[Kota Batu, Brunei-Muara|Kota Batu]]<br />[[Kampong Ayer]]<br />[[Bandar Seri Begawan|Seri Begawan]]{{sfn|Hussainmiya|2010|pp=67}}
| common_languages = [[bahasa Melayu Brunei|Melayu Brunei]], [[Melayu Kuno]], [[bahasa Tagalog Kuno|Tagalog Kuno]] dan [[bahasa Arab|Arab]]
| religion = [[Islam Sunni]]
| government_type = [[Monarki absolut]] [[Negara Islam|Islam]]
| title_leader = [[Sultan]]
| leader1 = [[Muhammad Shah dari Brunei|Sultan Muhammad Shah]]
| year_leader1 = 1368–1402
| leader2 = [[Sharif Ali]]
| year_leader2 = 1425–1432
| leader3 = [[Bolkiah]]
| year_leader3 = 1485–1524
| leader4 = [[Muhammad Hassan (Brunei)|Muhammad Hassan]]
| year_leader4 = 1582–1598
| leader5 = [[Omar Ali Saifuddin II]]
| year_leader5 = 1828–1852
| leader6 = [[Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin]]
| year_leader6 = 1885–1906{{sfn|Yunos|2008}}
| era =
| currency = [[Barter]], [[Cowrie]], [[Piloncitos]] dan kemudian [[Brunei pitis]]
| footnotes =
| today = {{flag|Brunei}}<br />{{flag|Indonesia}}<br />{{flag|Malaysia}}<br />{{flag|Filipina}}
}}
{{Sejarah Brunei}}
{{Sejarah Indonesia}}
'''Kekaisaran Brunei''' Atau '''Kesultanan Brunei''' merupakan '''Kerajaan Melayu''' yang berdiri pada pada awal abad ke-7 terletak dibagian utara pesisir pulau [[Kalimantan]] ([[Borneo]]), [[Asia Tenggara]]. Kekaisaran ini dikuasai oleh raja Yang beragama [[Hindu]] dan [[Buddha]] yang kemudian berpindah keyakinan menjadi [[Islam]] ([[Muslim]]). Karena tidak ada sumber lokal mengenai bukti keberadaan Kerajaan Brunei, catatan dari Tionghoa telah digunakan untuk melihat sejarah awal Brunei.<ref>Jamil Al-Sufri, Tarsilah Brunei: The Early History of Brunei up to 1432 AD (Bandar Seri Begawan: Brunei History Centre, 2000)</ref> Boni dalam naskah Tionghoa kemungkinan merujuk pada seluruh Borneo, dan diklaim oleh pemerintah lokal sebagai Brunei. Hubungan diplomatik awal antara Borneo (''Boni'' - 渤泥) dan Tionghoa dicatat dalam ''Taiping huanyuji'' (太平環宇記 - 978). Selama kekuasaan Sultan Brunei ke-5, Sultan Bolkiah, Brunei menjadi kerajaan yang kuat dan meliputi seluruh Borneo dan sebagian Filipina, terutama pulau [[Mindanao]].
Catatan awal mengenai Brunei oleh barat dibuat oleh seorang [[Bologna]], [[Italia]] yang bernama [[Ludovico di Varthema]] pada tahun 1550.
== Sejarah Penamaan ==
Memahami sejarah Kekaisaran Brunei cukup sulit karena hampir tidak disebutkan dalam sumber-sumber kontemporer pada masanya, serta kurangnya bukti tentang sifatnya. Tidak ada sumber lokal atau asli yang memberikan bukti untuk semua ini. Alhasil, teks [[Bahasa Mandarin|Mandarin]] telah diandalkan untuk membangun sejarah awal Kekaisaraan Brunei.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mohd. Jamil Al-Sufri|first=Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja Dato Seri Utama Haji Awang|date=2000|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61282373|title=Tarsilah Brunei : the early history of Brunei up to 1432 AD|location=Brunei Darussalam|publisher=Brunei History Centre, Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports|isbn=99917-34-03-1|edition=English ed|others=Mohd. Amin Hassan, Belia dan Sukan Brunei. Kementerian Kebudayaan|oclc=61282373}}</ref> ''Boni'' dalam sumber Bahasa Mandarin kemungkinan besar mengacu pada [[Kalimantan Barat|Kalimantan bagian barat]], sementara Poli (婆利), mungkin terletak di Sumatera, diklaim oleh otoritas lokal untuk menyebut Brunei juga.
== Sejarah ==
=== Sejarah pra-kekaisaran ===
Pada abad ke-14, Brunei tampaknya tunduk pada [[Jawa|Pulau Jawa]]. Naskah Jawa [[Kakawin Nagarakretagama|Nagarakretagama]], yang ditulis oleh [[Empu Prapañca|Prapanca]] pada tahun 1365, menyebutkan Barune sebagai negara bawahan [[Majapahit]],{{sfn|Suyatno|2008}} yang harus memberikan [[upeti]] tahunan sebanyak 40 [[kati]] [[Cinnamomum camphora|kamper]].
=== Kebangkitan Kekaisaran Brunei ===
Menyusul kehadiran [[Kolonialisme Portugis di Indonesia|Portugis]] setelah jatuhnya Malaka, para pedagang [[Portugal|Portugis]] berdagang secara teratur dengan Brunei dari tahun 1530 dan menggambarkan ibu kota Brunei dikelilingi oleh tembok batu.<ref>{{Cite book|date=1970|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/107078|title=The Cambridge history of Islam|location=Cambridge [England]|isbn=0-521-07567-X|others=P. M. Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis|oclc=107078}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lach|first=Donald F.|date=[1965]-<c1993>|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/295911|title=Asia in the making of Europe|location=Chicago|isbn=0-226-46733-3|others=Edwin J. Van Kley|oclc=295911}}</ref>
Selama pemerintahan [[Bolkiah dari Brunei|Bolkiah]], Sultan kelima, kekaisaran memegang kendali atas wilayah pesisir barat laut [[Kalimantan]] (sekarang [[Brunei Darussalam|Brunei]], [[Sarawak]] dan [[Sabah]]) dan mencapai Seludong (sekarang [[Manila]]), [[Kepulauan Sulu]] termasuk bagian dari [[Mindanao|pulau Mindanao]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Saunders|first=Graham E.|date=2002|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/868979177|title=A history of Brunei|location=London|isbn=978-1-315-02957-3|edition=Second edition|oclc=868979177}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|date=1989|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19512831|title=South-East Asia : languages and literatures : a select guide|location=Honolulu|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=0-8248-1267-0|others=Patricia M. Herbert, Anthony Crothers Milner|oclc=19512831}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=[editors|first=David lea, Colette Milward ; assistant editor, Annamarie Rowe|date=2001|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47727290|title=A political chronology of South-East Asia and Oceania|location=London|publisher=Europa Publications|isbn=1-85743-117-0|edition=1st ed|oclc=47727290}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hicks|first=Nigel|date=2007|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/877701714|title=The Philippines|location=London|publisher=New Holland|isbn=978-1-84537-662-8|edition=3rd ed|oclc=877701714}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|date=2009|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/779166468|title=A short history of South-East Asia|location=Singapore|publisher=John Wiley & Sons (Asia)|isbn=978-1-118-35040-9|edition=5th ed|others=Peter Church|oclc=779166468}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|date=2002|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59468141|title=The Far East and Australasia 2003.|location=London|publisher=Europa|isbn=1-85743-133-2|edition=34th ed|oclc=59468141}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Harun Abdul Majid|date=2007|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/184753002|title=Rebellion in Brunei : the 1962 revolt, imperialism, confrontation and oil|location=London|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-4356-1589-2|oclc=184753002}}</ref>Pada abad ke-16, pengaruh Kekaisaran Brunei meluas sampai ke delta [[Sungai Kapuas]] di [[Kalimantan Barat]].
[[Kesultanan Sambas]] di [[Kalimantan Barat]] dan [[Kesultanan Sulu]] di [[Filipina|Filipina Selatan]] secara khusus mengembangkan hubungan dinasti dengan keluarga Kekaisaran Brunei. Sultan Melayu lainnya dari [[Kota Pontianak|Pontianak]], [[Kota Samarinda|Samarinda]] sampai [[Kota Banjarmasin|Banjarmasin]], memperlakukan Sultan Brunei sebagai pemimpin mereka. Sifat asli hubungan Brunei dengan Kesultanan Melayu lainnya di pesisir [[Kalimantan]] dan [[kepulauan Sulu]] masih menjadi bahan kajian, apakah itu negara bawahan, [[aliansi]], atau hanya hubungan seremonial. Pemerintahan daerah lain juga menjalankan pengaruhnya atas kesultanan ini. [[Kesultanan Banjar]] (sekarang [[Kota Banjarmasin|Banjarmasin]]) misalnya, juga berada di bawah pengaruh [[Kesultanan Demak]] di [[Jawa]].
=== Kemunduran Kekaisaran Brunei ===
Pada akhir abad ke-17, Brunei memasuki masa kemunduran yang disebabkan oleh perselisihan internal atas suksesi kerajaan, ekspansi kolonial kekuatan Eropa, dan [[pembajakan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=1990-10-16|title=World Factbook, 1989|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3886/icpsr09366|website=ICPSR Data Holdings|access-date=2021-04-07}}</ref>Kekaisaran Brunei kehilangan sebagian besar wilayahnya karena kedatangan kekuatan barat seperti [[Spanyol]] di [[Filipina]], [[Hindia Belanda|Belanda]] di [[Kalimantan Selatan]] dan [[Britania Raya|Inggris]] di [[Labuan, Malaysia|Labuan]], [[Sarawak]], dan [[Kalimantan Utara]]. Hingga pada tahun 1725, banyak jalur perdagangan Brunei telah diambil alih oleh [[Kesultanan Sulu]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vienne|first=Marie-Sybille de|date=2015|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/963624121|title=Brunei : from the age of commerce to the 21st century|location=Singapore|publisher=NUS Press in association with IRASEC|isbn=978-9971-69-869-0|others=Aemilia Lanyer|oclc=963624121}}</ref>
Pada tahun 1888, Sultan [[Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin dari Brunei|Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin]] kemudian meminta Britania untuk menghentikan perambahan lebih lanjut.{{sfn|World Atlas|2017}} Pada tahun yang sama Britania menandatangani "Perjanjian Perlindungan" dan menjadikan Kekaisaran Brunei sebagai [[Protektorat|protektorat Britania]].<ref name=":0" /> Hingga pada tahun 1984, waktu dimana Kekaisaran Brunei mendapatkan kemerdekaan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Harun Abdul Majid|date=2007|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/184753002|title=Rebellion in Brunei : the 1962 revolt, imperialism, confrontation and oil|location=London|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-4356-1589-2|oclc=184753002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sidhu|first=Jatswan S.|date=2010|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/237880032|title=Historical dictionary of Brunei Darussalam|location=Lanham|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-5980-7|edition=2nd ed|others=Ranjit Singh|oclc=237880032}}</ref>
== Pemerintahan ==
Kekaisaran dibagi menjadi tiga sistem tanah tradisional yang dikenal sebagai Kerajaan (Properti Mahkota), Kurina (properti resmi) dan Tulin (properti pribadi turun-temurun).<ref>{{Cite book|last=McArthur|first=M. S. H.|date=1987|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15629773|title=Report on Brunei in 1904|location=Athens, Ohio|publisher=Ohio University Center for International Studies, Center for Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=0-89680-135-7|others=A. V. M. Horton|oclc=15629773}}</ref>
== Referensi ==
=== Catatan kaki ===
{{Reflist}}
=== Daftar pustaka ===
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{{refend}}{{Kekaisaran}}
[[Kategori:Bekas negara di Borneo]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Brunei]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Malaysia]]
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