Łódź: Perbedaan antara revisi

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== Sejarah ==

=== Łódź sebagai kota pertanian ===

 

Ketika [[pembagian Polandia]] yang kedua kali pada [[1793]] Łódź ditempatkan di bawah administrasi [[Prusia]] dengan namanya yang baru dalam bahasa Jerman, ''Lodsch''. Pada [[1798]] orang-orang Prusia menasionalisasi kota itu dan kota itu kehilangan statusnya sebagai kota para uskup dari [[Kuyavia]]. Pada [[1806]] kota itu digabungkan dengan [[Kepangeranan Warsawa]] dan pada [[1815]] menjadi bagian dari [[Kongres Polandia]] yang dikontrol [[Rusia]].

 

=== Łódź sebagai kota industri ===

 

The immigrants came to the ''Promised Land'' ([[Polish language|Polish]] ''Ziemia obiecana'', the city's nickname) from all over Europe. Mostly they arrived from [[Saxony|Southern Germany]] and [[Bohemia]], but also from countries as far as [[Portugal]], [[England]], [[France]] or [[Ireland]]. However, three groups dominated the city's population and contributed the most to the city's development: Poles, Germans and Jews.

[[Berkas:5 Lodz 083.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Izrael Poznanski Palac]]

 

 

Łódź soon became a major centre of the [[Socialism|socialist movement]]. In [[1892]] a huge strike paralyzed most of the factories. During the [[Russian Revolution of 1905 | 1905 Revolution]] Tsarist police killed more than 300 workers. Despite the air of impending crisis preceding [[World War I]], the city grew constantly until [[1914]]. By that year it had become one of the most densely-populated industrial cities in the world (13 280 people per square kilometre).

 

 

=== After 1918 ===

During the [[Polish September Campaign]] the Polish forces of the [[Lodz Army|Łódź Army]] of General [[Juliusz Rommel|Juliusz Rómmel]] defended Łódź against initial German attacks. However, the [[Wehrmacht]] captured the city on [[September 8]]. Despite plans for the city to become a Polish enclave, attached to the ''[[General Government|Generalgouvernement]]'', the Nazi hierarchy respected the wishes of the local governor of [[Reichsgau Wartheland]], [[Arthur Karl Greiser]], and of many of the ethnic Germans living in the city, and annexed it to the Reich in November 1939. The city received the new name of ''Litzmannstadt'' after the German general [[Karl Litzmann]], who captured the city during [[World War I]]. Nevertheless, many Łódź Germans refused to sign [[Volksliste]] and become [[Volksdeutsche]], instead being deported to the [[General Government]]. Soon the Nazi authorities set up the [[Lodz Ghetto]] in the city and populated it with more than 200,000 Jews from the Łódź area. Only about 900 people survived the liquidation of the ghetto in August [[1944]]. Several [[concentration camp]]s and [[death camp]]s arose in the city's vicinity for the non-Jewish inhabitants of the regions, among them the infamous [[Radogoszcz prison]] and several minor camps for the [[Roma people]] and for Polish children.

 

 

The [[Soviet]] [[Red Army]] liberated the city on [[January 18]], [[1945]], making a special effort to avoid warfare in the city and to preserve its historical buildings and industrial infrastructure. According to Marshal Katukov, whose forces participated in the liberation, the Germans retreated so suddenly that they had no time to evacuate or destroy the Łódź factories, as they did in other cities.

=== After 1945 ===

[[Berkas:Rektorat Politechnika L.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Politechnika]]

 

After [[World War II]], under the Polish [[Communist]] [[regime]], many [[industrialist]] families lost their fortunes when the authorities [[nationalization|nationalised]] all private companies. The city once again became a major centre of industry. After the period of economic transition in the country during the [[1990s]] most enterprises became [[privatization|privatised]] again, but in such a desolate state that few survived in the new [[capitalism | capitalist]] reality.

For cinema-lovers Łódź has another place worth visiting - the [[National Film School in Lodz|Łódź Film School]]. The school has served as an important education centre for the greatest Polish film-makers and a pivotal cultural centre for the entire country. At the end of the Second World War Łódź remained the only large Polish town besides Kraków that war had not destroyed, unlike Warsaw. The creation of the [[National Film School in Lodz|National Film School]] gave to the town a rôle of higher importance from a cultural point of view, which before the war had belonged exclusively to Warsaw and Kraków. Early students who attended the School included the directors [[Andrzej Munk]], [[Andrzej Wajda]], and Janusz Morgenstern - who at the end of the Fifties became famous as one of the founders of the [[Polish Film School]] of cinematography, together with Jerzy Wójcik, Witold Sobocinski, Mieczyslaw Jahoda, Wieslaw Zdort and Adam Holender. Immediately after the war Jerzy Bossak, Wanda Jakubowska, Stanislaw Wohl, Antoni Bohdziewicz and Jerzy Toeplitz worked as the first teachers. The internationally renowned film director [[Roman Polanski]] was among the many talented students who attended the School in the 1950s.-->

=== Jumlah penduduk dalam sejarah ===

 

1793: 190{{br}}

=== Orang-orang terkenal dari Łódź ===

Orang-orang terkenal yang dilahirkan atau bekerja di Łódź antara lain:

* [[Osip Abdulov]] - aktor Soviet terkenal

* [[Andrzej Bartkowiak]] - sinematograf dan sutradara di Hollywood

* [[Artur Brauner]] - Produser, penulis, pemilih lakon, editor di Jerman

* [[Avraham Chalfi]] - aktor Yahudi di Israel

* [[Joseph Green]] - aktor Yahudi di Polandia dan New York

* [[Krzysztof Kieślowski]] - sutradara (trilogi ''[[Three Colors]]'', ''[[The Decalogue]]'')

* [[Jerzy Kosiński]] - penulis ("Painted Bird", "Being There")

* [[Daniel Libeskind]] - arsitek, perancang [[World Trade Center]] yang baru

* [[Stanislaw Mikulski]] - aktor

* [[Władysław Reymont]] - penerima Penghargaan Nobel untuk Sastra pada [[1924]]

* [[Józef Rotblat]] - penerima Penghargaan Nobel untuk Perdamaian Dunia pada [[1995]]

* [[Andrzej Sapkowski]] - penulis

* [[Julian Tuwim]] - penyair

 

Yang lainnya lagi adalah:

-->

 

* [[Waldemar Bohdanowicz]], Solidaritas (November 1989-1990) - ditunjuk oleh Perdana Menteri [[Tadeusz Mazowiecki]].

* [[Grzegorz Palka]] (1990-1994)

== Olahraga ==

* [[ŁKS Łódź]] - tim [[Sepak bola di Polandia|sepak bola]] pria (dibentuk pada [[1908]]), (Juara Polandia [[1958]], [[1998]]; pemenang [[Piala Plandia]] [[1957]]; liga ke-2 dalam musim 2005/2006)

 

== Lihat pula ==

 

== Pranala luar ==

* [http://www.bfcollection.net/cities/poland/lodz/lodz_01.html Historic images of Lodz]

* [http://www.lodz.pl The Unofficial Home Page of the city of Łódź]

 

[[Kategori:Kota di Polandia]]