C++: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox programming language
| name = C++
| logo = File:ISO C++ Logo.svg
| logo caption = Logo didukung oleh Standar C++
| logo size = 120px
| paradigms = [[Bahasa pemrograman multiparadigma|Multi-paradigma]]: [[pemrograman prosedural|prosedural]], [[pemrograman fungsional|fungsional]], [[pemrograman berorientasi objek|orientasi objek]], [[pemrograman generik|generik]], [[Pemrograman modular|modular]]
| family = [[C (bahasa pemrograman)|C]]
| designer = [[Bjarne Stroustrup]]
| developer = [[ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22|ISO/IEC JTC 1 (Joint Technical Committee 1) / SC 22 (Subcommittee 22)]] / WG 21 (Working Group 21)
| released = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1985}}
| latest release version = [[C++20]] {{Small|(ISO/IEC 14882:2020)}}
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|2020|12|15|df=yes}}
| latest preview version = [[C++23]]
| latest preview date = {{Start date and age|2022|3|17|df=yes}}
| typing = [[Tipe statis|Statis]], [[Sistem tipe nominal|nominal]], [[Interfrensi jenis|sebagian interfrensi]]
| scope =
| platform =
| operating system = [[lintas platform]]
| file ext = .C, .cc, .cpp, .cxx, {{nowrap|.c++}}, .h, .H, .hh, .hpp, .hxx, {{nowrap|.h++}}
| file format =
| implementations = {{nowraplinks| [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]], [[Clang|LLVM Clang]], [[Microsoft Visual C++]], [[C++Builder|Embarcadero C++Builder]], [[Intel C++ Compiler]], [[IBM XL C++]], [[Edison Design Group|EDG]]}}
| dialects =
| wikibooks = C++ Programming
| influenced by = [[Ada (bahasa pemrograman)|Ada]], [[ALGOL 68]],<ref name="history-cpp-paper">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Stroustrup |first=Bjarne |date=1996 |pages=699–769 |title=A history of C++: 1979-1991 |work=History of programming languages---II |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] |doi=10.1145/234286.1057836}}</ref> [[BCPL]],<ref name="cppcon21_bj">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=15QF2q66NhU |title=C++20: Reaching for the Aims of C++ - Bjarne Stroustrup - CppCon 2021 |first=Bjarne |last=Stroustrup |publisher=CppCon |date=December 16, 2021}}</ref> [[C (bahasa pemrograman)|C]], [[CLU (bahasa pemrograman)|CLU]],<ref name="history-cpp-paper" /> [[ML (bahasa pemrograman)|ML]], [[Mesa (bahasa pemrograman)|Mesa]],<ref name="history-cpp-paper" /> [[Modula-2]],<ref name="history-cpp-paper" /> [[Simula]], [[Smalltalk]]<ref name="history-cpp-paper" />
| influenced = [[Ada (bahasa pemrograman)|Ada 95]]<!-- 1995 -->, [[C Sharp (bahasa pemrograman)|C#]]<!-- 2001 -->,<ref name="influenceSharp">{{cite journal |last=Naugler |first=David |date=May 2007 |title=C# 2.0 for C++ and Java programmer: conference workshop |journal=Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges |volume=22 |issue=5 |quote=Although C# has been strongly influenced by Java it has also been strongly influenced by C++ and is best viewed as a descendant of both C++ and Java.}}</ref> [[C99]]<!-- 1999 -->, [[Carbon (bahasa pemrograman)|Carbon]], [[Chapel (bahasa pemrograman)|Chapel]],<ref name="chplspec">{{cite web|title=Chapel spec (Acknowledgements)|url=https://chapel-lang.org/spec/spec-0.98.pdf|date=1 October 2015|access-date=14 January 2016|publisher=Cray Inc|archive-date=24 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624150422/https://chapel-lang.org/spec/spec-0.98.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Clojure]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.codequarterly.com/2011/rich-hickey/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111184835/http://www.codequarterly.com/2011/rich-hickey/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2017-01-11 |title=Rich Hickey Q&A by Michael Fogus |access-date=2017-01-11}}</ref> [[D (bahasa pemrograman)|D]]<!-- 1999 -->, [[Java (bahasa pemrograman)|Java]]<!-- 1995 -->,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0rUtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA133 |title=Cracking The Java Programming Interview :: 2000+ Java Interview Que/Ans |author=Harry. H. Chaudhary |access-date=29 May 2016 |date=28 July 2014 |archive-date=27 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527025512/https://books.google.com/books?id=0rUtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA133 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[JS++]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onux.com/jspp/blog/scaling-jspp-abstraction-performance-and-readability/|title=Scaling JS++: Abstraction, Performance, and Readability|author=Roger Poon|date=1 May 2017|access-date=21 April 2020|archive-date=11 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511095442/https://www.onux.com/jspp/blog/scaling-jspp-abstraction-performance-and-readability/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lua (bahasa pemrograman)|Lua]]<!-- 1993 -->, [[Nim (bahasa pemrograman)|Nim]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nim-lang.org/faq.html|title=FAQ Nim Programming Language|access-date=2020-04-21|archive-date=11 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711004631/https://nim-lang.org/faq.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Objective-C++]], [[Perl]]<!-- 1987 -->, [[PHP]]<!-- 1995 -->, [[Python (bahasa pemrograman)|Python]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.python.org/tutorial/classes.html|title=9. Classes — Python 3.6.4 documentation|website=docs.python.org|access-date=2018-01-09|archive-date=23 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023030209/http://docs.python.org/tutorial/classes.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rust (bahasa pemrograman)|Rust]], [[Seed7]]
}}
'''C++''' (dibaca: '''C plus-plus''') adalah [[bahasa pemrograman]] [[komputer]] yang dibuat oleh [[Bjarne Stroustrup]], yang merupakan perkembangan dari bahasa C dikembangkan di [[Bell Labs]] ([[Dennis Ritchie]]). Pada awal tahun 1970-an, bahasa itu merupakan peningkatan dari bahasa sebelumnya, yaitu [[B (bahasa pemrograman)|B]].
Pada awalnya, bahasa tersebut dirancang sebagai bahasa pemrograman yang dijalankan pada sistem [[Unix]]. Pada perkembangannya, versi ANSI (American National Standards Institute) pada [[bahasa pemrograman C]] menjadi versi dominan, meskipun versi tersebut sekarang jarang dipakai dalam pengembangan sistem dan jaringan maupun untuk sistem ''embedded''. Dengan demikian, bahasa C++ dapat dikategorikan sebagai [[bahasa pemrograman tujuan umum]] (''general-purpose programming language''; GPL)
Bjarne Stroustrup pada Bell Labs pertama kali mengembangkan C++ pada awal [[1980]]-an. Untuk mendukung fitur-fitur pada C++, dibangun efisiensi dan sistem support untuk pemrograman tingkat rendah (''low level coding'').<ref>{{cite book
|last = Hanif al fatta
|title = Dasar Pemrograman C++ disertai dengan Pengenalan Pemrograman Berorientasi Objek
|year = 2006
|isbn = 979-763-582-1}}</ref> Pada C++ ditambahkan konsep-konsep baru seperti class dengan sifat-sifatnya seperti inheritance dan overloading.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Al Fatta|first=Hanif|date=2006|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Dasar_Pemrograman_C++_Disertai_dengan_Pe/H20EMvS2EmQC?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=Pada+C%2B%2B+ditambahkan+konsep-konsep+baru+seperti+class+dengan+sifat-sifatnya+seperti+inheritance+dan+overloading&pg=PA1&printsec=frontcover|title=Dasar Pemograman C++ Disertai Dengan Pengenalan Pemograman Berorientasi Objek|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=CV. Andi Offset|isbn=979-763-582-1|editor-last=Triyuliana|editor-first=Agnes Heni|pages=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Salah satu perbedaan yang paling mendasar dengan bahasa C adalah dukungan terhadap konsep [[pemrograman berorientasi objek]] (''object-oriented programming'').<ref>{{cite book
|last = Bruce Eckel
|title = Thinking in C++. Jilid 1 dari Thinking in C++ Introduction to Standard C+, Bruce Eckel
|year = 2000
|isbn = 0139798099, 9780139798092}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|last = Bjarne Stroustrup
|title = The C++ programming language, Prentice Hall, 2000
|year = 2000
|isbn = 0201889544, 9780201889543}}</ref>
== Sejarah ==
[[Berkas:BjarneStroustrup.jpg|jmpl|Bjarne Stroustrup, pembuat dari C++, di kantor AT&T-nya di New Jersey c. 2000]]
Pada 1979, [[Bjarne Stroustrup]], seorang [[ilmuan komputer]] Denmark, memulai pekerjaan pada "{{visible anchor|C dengan [[Kelas (ilmu komputer)|Kelas]]}}", pendahulunya C++.<ref name="invention32">{{cite web|last=Stroustrup|first=Bjarne|date=7 March 2010|title=Bjarne Stroustrup's FAQ: When was C++ invented?|url=http://www.stroustrup.com/bs_faq.html#invention|website=stroustrup.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206214150/http://www.stroustrup.com/bs_faq.html#invention|archive-date=6 February 2016|access-date=16 September 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Motivasi untuk membuat bahasa pemrograman baru originated dari pengalaman Stroustrup dalam pemrograman untuk tesis PhD-nya. Stroustrup menemukan bahwa [[Simula]] mempunyai fitur yang sangat membantu untuk pengembangan perangkat lunak besar, tapi bahasanya terlalu lambat untuk penggunaan praktis, sementara [[BCPL]] cepat tapi levelnya terlalu rendah agar cocok untuk pengembangan perangkat lunak besar. Saat Stroustrup mulai bekerja pada [[Bell Laboratories|AT&T Bell Labs]], dia mempunyai masalah menganalisi [[Kernel (ilmu komputer)|kernel]] [[Unix|UNIX]] sehubungan dengan [[komputasi terdistribusi]]. Mengingat pengalaman PhD-nya, Stroustrup bertindak untuk meningkatkan bahasa [[C (bahasa pemrograman)|C]] dengan fitur seperti [[Simula]].<ref name="evolving">{{cite web|last=Stroustrup|first=Bjarne|title=Evolving a language in and for the real world: C++ 1991-2006|url=http://stroustrup.com/hopl-almost-final.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120015600/http://www.research.att.com/~bs/hopl-almost-final.pdf|archive-date=20 November 2007|access-date=14 August 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Etimologi ===
Menurut Stroustrup, "namanya menandakan sifat evolusioner dari perubahan dari C".<ref name="name">{{cite web|title=Bjarne Stroustrup's FAQ – Where did the name "C++" come from?|url=http://www.stroustrup.com/bs_faq.html#name|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206214150/http://www.stroustrup.com/bs_faq.html#name|archive-date=6 February 2016|access-date=16 January 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> Nama ini dikreditkan ke Rick Mascitti (pertenngahan-1983)<ref name="hopl2" /> dan digunakan pertama kali pada Desember 1983. Ketika Mascitti ditanyai secara informal pada tahun 1992 tentang penamaan, dia menunjukkan bahwa itu diberikan dalam semangat [[Tongue-in-cheek]]. Nama itu berasal dari [[Operator (pemrograman komputer)|operator]] [[C (bahasa pemrograman)|C]] <syntaxhighlight lang="C++" inline="">++</syntaxhighlight> (yang [[Operator penambahan dan pengurangan|menambah]] [[Nilai (ilmu komputer)|nilai]] dari sebuah [[Variabel (matematika)|variabel]]) dan [[konvensi penamaan]] umum menggunakan "+" untuk mengindikasikan sebuah program komputer yang disempurnakan.
Selama pengembangan periode C++, bahasa ini disebut sebagai "new C" dan "C dengan kelas"<ref name="hopl22" /><ref>{{cite web|title=C For C++ Programmers|url=https://www.ccs.neu.edu/course/com3620/parent/C-for-Java-C++/c-for-c++-alt.html|publisher=[[Northeastern University]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117003419/http://www.ccs.neu.edu/course/com3620/parent/C-for-Java-C++/c-for-c++-alt.html|archive-date=17 November 2010|access-date=7 September 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> sebelum mendapat nama akhir.
=== Standardisasi ===
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-left: 1.5em;"
|+Standar C++
|-
!scope="col"| Tahun
!scope="col"| Standar C++<ref name="cppreference">{{cite web |url=http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/history |title=History of C++ |website=en.cppreference.com |access-date=March 16, 2022 |archive-date=Feb 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202052857/http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/history |url-status=live }}</ref>
!scope="col"| Nama informal
|-
!scope="row"| 1998
| | ISO/IEC 14882:1998<ref name="isocpp1998">{{cite web|title=ISO/IEC 14882:1998|publisher=International Organization for Standardization|url=https://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?ics1=35&ics2=60&ics3=&csnumber=25845|access-date=23 November 2018|archive-date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115080045/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?ics1=35&ics2=60&ics3=&csnumber=25845|url-status=live}}</ref> || C++98
|-
!scope="row"| 2003
| | ISO/IEC 14882:2003<ref name="isocpp2003">{{cite web|title=ISO/IEC 14882:2003|publisher=International Organization for Standardization|url=https://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?ics1=35&ics2=60&ics3=&csnumber=38110|access-date=23 November 2018|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193332/https://www.iso.org/standard/38110.html|url-status=live}}</ref> || [[C++03]]
|-
!scope="row"| 2011
| | ISO/IEC 14882:2011<ref name="isocpp2011">{{cite web|title=ISO/IEC 14882:2011|publisher=International Organization for Standardization|url=https://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?ics1=35&ics2=60&ics3=&csnumber=50372|access-date=23 November 2018|archive-date=27 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527084921/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?ics1=35&ics2=60&ics3=&csnumber=50372|url-status=live}}</ref> || [[C++11]], C++0x
|-
!scope="row"| 2014
| | ISO/IEC 14882:2014<ref name="isocpp2014">{{cite web|title=ISO/IEC 14882:2014|publisher=International Organization for Standardization|url=https://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=64029&ICS1=35&ICS2=60|access-date=23 November 2018|archive-date=29 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429201210/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=64029&ICS1=35&ICS2=60|url-status=live}}</ref> || [[C++14]], C++1y
|-
!scope="row"| 2017
| | ISO/IEC 14882:2017<ref name="isocpp2017">{{cite web|title=ISO/IEC 14882:2017|publisher=International Organization for Standardization|url=https://www.iso.org/standard/68564.html|access-date=2 December 2017|archive-date=17 May 2013|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6GgR6NHSY?url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=50372|url-status=live}}</ref> || [[C++17]], C++1z
|-
!scope="row"| 2020
| | ISO/IEC 14882:2020<ref name="isocpp2020">{{cite web|title=ISO/IEC 14882:2020|publisher=International Organization for Standardization|url=https://www.iso.org/standard/79358.html|access-date=16 December 2020|archive-date=16 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216154357/https://www.iso.org/standard/79358.html|url-status=live}}</ref> || [[C++20]], C++2a
|}
Pada tahun 1998, C++ Standar Komite (ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG21 Working Group) mengeluarkan Standar Internasional ISO/IEC 14882:1998 yang digunakan selama beberapa tahun. Pada tahun 2003 dirilis versi yang telah dikoreksi, ISO/IEC 14882:2003.
Pada tahun 2005, Laporan Teknis yang disebut "Laporan Teknis Perpustakaan 1" (sering dikenal sebagai TR1) dirilis. Revisi terbaru dari standar C++ adalah C+11 (sebelumnya dikenal C++0x) telah disetujui oleh ISO/IEC pada tanggal 12 Agustus 2011 dan telah diterbitkan sebagai 14882:11.
Sebagai bagian dari proses standarisasi, ISO juga menerbitkan laporan dan spesifikasi teknis:
* ISO/IEC TR 18015:2006<ref>{{cite web|title=ISO/IEC TR 18015:2006|url=https://www.iso.org/standard/43351.html|publisher=International Organization for Standardization|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115203236/https://www.iso.org/standard/43351.html|archive-date=15 January 2019|access-date=15 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> dalam penggunaan dari C++ pada sistem tertanam dan implikasi performa bahasa C++ dan fitur perpustakaan.
* ISO/IEC TS 22277:2017<ref>{{cite web|title=ISO/IEC TS 22277:2017|url=https://www.iso.org/standard/73008.html|publisher=International Organization for Standardization|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115202004/https://www.iso.org/standard/73008.html|archive-date=15 January 2019|access-date=15 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> pada coroutine, terintegrasi ke dalam [[C++20]]
* ISO/IEC TS 19216:2018<ref>{{cite web|title=ISO/IEC TS 19216:2018|url=https://www.iso.org/standard/64030.html|publisher=International Organization for Standardization|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115201923/https://www.iso.org/standard/64030.html|archive-date=15 January 2019|access-date=15 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> pada pustaka jaringan
* ISO/IEC TS 21544:2018<ref>{{cite web|title=ISO/IEC TS 21544:2018|url=https://www.iso.org/standard/71051.html|publisher=International Organization for Standardization|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115201858/https://www.iso.org/standard/71051.html|archive-date=15 January 2019|access-date=15 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> pada modul, terintegrasi ke dalam [[C++20]]
* ISO/IEC TS 19570:2018<ref>{{cite web|title=ISO/IEC TS 19570:2018|url=https://www.iso.org/standard/70588.html|publisher=International Organization for Standardization|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115201519/https://www.iso.org/standard/70588.html|archive-date=15 January 2019|access-date=15 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> pada satu set ekstensi pustaka baru untuk paralelisme
* ISO/IEC TS 23619:2021<ref>{{cite web|title=ISO/IEC TS 23619:2021|url=https://www.iso.org/standard/76425.html|publisher=International Organization for Standardization|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215153205/https://www.iso.org/standard/76425.html|archive-date=15 December 2018|access-date=11 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> pada ekstensi baru untuk refleksi
Lebih banyak spesifikasi teknis sedang dalam pengembangan dan menunggu persetujuan, termasuk set ekstensi konkurensi baru.<ref>See a list at {{cite web|title=Experimental C++ Features|url=https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/experimental|website=cppreference.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123140131/https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/experimental|archive-date=23 November 2018|access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref>
== Contoh Program C++ ==
C++ mewarisi sebagian besar sintaks C. Berikut ini adalah program Hello world versi [[Bjarne Stroustrup]] yang menggunakan fasilitas stream [[pustaka dasar C++]] untuk menulis pesan ke [[Standard output#Standard output (stdout)|standard output]]:<ref>{{Cite book |first=Bjarne |last=Stroustrup |year=2000 |page=46 |title=The C++ Programming Language |edition=Special |publisher=Addison-Wesley |isbn=0-201-70073-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stroustrup.com/3rd_issues.html |title=Open issues for The C++ Programming Language (3rd Edition) |first=Bjarne |last=Stroustrup |postscript=. This code is copied directly from Bjarne Stroustrup's errata page (p. 633). He addresses the use of <code>'\n'</code> rather than <code>std::endl</code>. Also see [http://www.stroustrup.com/bs_faq2.html#void-main Can I write "void main()"?] for an explanation of the implicit <code>return 0;</code> in the <code>main</code> function. This implicit return is ''not'' available in other functions. |access-date=5 May 2014 |archive-date=5 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505221112/http://www.stroustrup.com/3rd_issues.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
<!--
***************************************************************
*
* PLEASE NOTE:
*
* BEFORE MAKING CHANGES to the "Hello World" example
* please establish consensus by discussing your proposed changes
* on the Talk page. This is not the place to "Be Bold"; this
* has been discussed before at length.
*
* If you change the sample program without discussion, it will be
* reverted within a few minutes.
*
* The latest consensus is ''not'' to make any of those changes.
* This is the example "Hello, world!" by Bjarne Stroustrup,
* the author of the C++ language, and is used in
* his book, "The C++ Programming Language (3rd edition)".
*
***************************************************************
--><syntaxhighlight lang="cpp" line="1">
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
}
</syntaxhighlight><!--
*** PLEASE NOTE:****
* BEFORE MAKING CHANGES to the "Hello World" example
* please establish consensus by discussing your proposed changes
* on the Talk page. This is not the place to "Be Bold"; this
* has been discussed before.
*
* If you change the sample program without discussion, it will be
* reverted within a few minutes.
*
* The latest consensus is ''not'' to make any of those changes.
* This is the example "Hello, world!" by Bjarne Stroustrup,
* the author of the C++ language, and is used in
* his book, "The C++ Programming Language (3rd edition)".
*
*************************************************************** -->
=== Keterangan ===
Baris
Sebagai bagian dari proses kompilator, [[kompilator]] dari c++ menjalankan program yang dinamakan preprosesor.{{fact}} Preprosesor memiliki kemampuan menambahkan dan menghapus kode dari sumber. Pada bagian <code>#include</code> memberitahukan preprosesor untuk menyertakan kode dari iostream, berkas iostream berisi deklarasi untuk berbagai fungsi yang dibutuhkan oleh perangkat lunak, atau ''class-class'' yang dibutuhkan.<ref name="Nicolai"/>
Baris
Pernyataan ini mendeklarasikan fungsi utama, bahwa suatu program C++ dapat berisi banyak fungsi, yang harus selalu memiliki sebuah fungsi utama (main function). Fungsi adalah modul yang berisi kode-kode untuk menyelesaikan masalah-masalah tertentu. Kata Void menandakan fungsi main tidak bertipe.<ref name="Nicolai"/>
Baris
Kurung kurawal
Baris keempat: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">std::cout << "Hello world\n";</syntaxhighlight>
Cout adalah sebuah object dari [[pustaka perangkat lunak]] standar C++ yang digunakan untuk mencetak string ke peranti output standar, yang biasanya adalah layar komputer, kompilator menghubungkan kode dari pustaka perangkat lunak standar itu dengan kode yang telah ditulis untuk mendapatkan hasil executable. Tanda <code>\n</code> adalah format modifier yang digunakan untuk berganti baris setelah menampilkan string, jika ada cout lain pada program tersebut, maka string yang menyertainya akan dituliskan pada baris bawahnya.<ref name="Nicolai"/>
Baris kelima: <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">}</syntaxhighlight>
Kurung kurawal tutup menandakan akhir program.<ref name="Nicolai2">{{cite book
|last = Nicolai M. Josuttis
|title = Object-oriented programming in C++, Penerbit J. Wiley, 2002, Tebal 610 halaman
|year =2002
|isbn = 0470843993, 9780470843994}}</ref>
== Kata yang dipesan ==
=== Kelompok pertama ===
C++ mempunyai 32 buah kata yang dipesan (''reserved words''). Kata kunci kelompok pertama merupakan turunan dari [[C (bahasa pemrograman)|bahasa C]], di antaranya:<ref name="Nicolai2"/>
{| class="wikitable"
Baris 62 ⟶ 171:
| const
| double
|
| int
| short
Baris 95 ⟶ 204:
| while
|}
<ref name="Gregory">{{cite book
=== Kelompok kedua ===
Kata yang dipesan kelompok kedua berjumlah 30. Kata-kata ini adalah baru dan hanya ada di bahasa C++.<ref name="Gregory"/>
{| class="wikitable"
Baris 142 ⟶ 252:
|}
Kata-kata yang dipesan tersebut di atas tidak boleh dipakai sebagai nama variable, class, enum, macro, dan struct.<ref name="Gregory"/>
<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
# include <stdio.h>
int maksimum (int,int);
void tulis (int);
main()
int nilai 1,nilai 2,nilai maks;
printf (*\n ketikkan dua bilangan bulat:);
scanf("%d%d",& nilai 1,nilai 2);
nilai maks=maksimum (nilai 1,nilai 2);
tulis(nilai maks);
returns 0;
int maksimum(int x1,int x2)
if (x1>x2)
return x1;
else
return x2;
void tulis(int x)
printf("\n hasilnya adalah:%d",x);
</syntaxhighlight>
== Tipe data dasar ==
Untuk menyimpan suatu variabel diperlukan tempat khusus di dalam memori komputer. Besar dan tipe dari [[variabel]]-variabel di dalam standar program C++ dispesifikasikan sebagai berikut.<ref name="Gregory"/>
{| class="wikitable"
Baris 157 ⟶ 292:
| char
| Abjad/karakter atau untuk bilangan bulat kecil
| 1
| signed: -128 to 127
unsigned: 0 to 255
Baris 163 ⟶ 298:
| short int (short)
| Bilangan bulat dengan jangkauan pendek
| 2
| signed: -32768 to 32767
unsigned: 0 to 65535
Baris 169 ⟶ 304:
| int
| Bilangan bulat
| 4
| signed: -2147483648 to 2147483647
unsigned: 0 to 4294967295
Baris 175 ⟶ 310:
| long int (long)
| Integer dengan jangkauan panjang
| 4
| signed: -2147483648 to 2147483647
unsigned: 0 to 4294967295
Baris 181 ⟶ 316:
| bool
| Boolean, dapat bernilai benar atau salah (true or false)
| i
| true or false
|-
| float
| Angka dengan titik mengambang (bilangan cacah)
| 4
| 3.4e +/- 38 (7 digit)
|-
| double
| Bilangan cacah dengan ketelitian ganda
| 8
| 1.7e +/- 308 (15 digits)
|-
| long double
| Bilangan cacah dengan ketelitian ganda panjang
| 8
| 1.7e +/- 308 (15 digits)
|-
| wchar_t
| Karakter lebar, biasa dipakai untuk Unicode karakter
| 2
| 1 karakter lebar
|}
==
* Acorn C/C++
* Borland C++
* C++/CX
* C++Builder
* Cfront
* Clang
* CodeWarrior
* Comeau C/C++
* ConceptGCC
* Digital Mars
*Dev-C++
*Eclipse IDE
* GNU Compiler Collection
* HP aC++
* IBM XL C++
* Intel C++ Compiler
* MinGW
*NetBeans IDE
* Norcroft C compiler
* Open64
* Oracle Solaris Studio
* PathScale
* The Portland Group
* ROSE (compiler framework)
* Shed Skin
* Sublime Text
* Softune
* TenDRA Compiler
* THINK C
* Turbo C++
* Visual C++
* IBM VisualAge
*Vim
* Watcom C/C++ compiler
* Zortech
== Keluarga bahasa pemrograman C++ ==
* Algorithmic skeleton
* C++/CLI
* C++/CX
* Charm++
* Embedded C++
* Felix (programming language)
* Intel Array Building Blocks
* Intel Parallel Studio
* Managed Extensions for C++
* R++
* Sieve C++ Parallel Programming System
* Threading Building Blocks
* ΜC++
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Dart (bahasa pemrograman)]]
* [[C Sharp (bahasa pemrograman)|C#]]
* [[Carbon (bahasa pemrograman)]]
* [[Rust (bahasa pemrograman)|Rust]]
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Bacaan lanjutan ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Abrahams|first1=David|last2=Gurtovoy|first2=Aleksey|year=2005|title=C++ Template Metaprogramming: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques from Boost and Beyond|url=https://archive.org/details/ctemplatemetapro0000abra|publisher=Addison-Wesley|isbn=0-321-22725-5|author-link=David Abrahams (computer programmer)}}
* {{Cite book|last=Alexandrescu|first=Andrei|year=2001|title=Modern C++ Design: Generic Programming and Design Patterns Applied|url=https://archive.org/details/moderncdesigngen0000alex|publisher=Addison-Wesley|isbn=0-201-70431-5|author-link=Andrei Alexandrescu}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Alexandrescu|first1=Andrei|last2=Sutter|first2=Herb|year=2004|title=C++ Design and Coding Standards: Rules and Guidelines for Writing Programs|url=https://archive.org/details/ccodingstandards0000sutt|publisher=Addison-Wesley|isbn=0-321-11358-6|author-link=Andrei Alexandrescu|author-link2=Herb Sutter}}
* {{Cite book|last=Becker|first=Pete|year=2006|title=The C++ Standard Library Extensions : A Tutorial and Reference|url=https://archive.org/details/cstandardlibrary0000beck|publisher=Addison-Wesley|isbn=0-321-41299-0|author-link=Pete Becker}}
* {{Cite book|last=Brokken|first=Frank|year=2010|url=http://www.icce.rug.nl/documents/cplusplus/|title=C++ Annotations|publisher=University of Groningen|isbn=978-90-367-0470-0|access-date=28 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428014354/http://www.icce.rug.nl/documents/cplusplus/|archive-date=28 April 2010|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|last=Coplien|first=James O.|date=1994|url=https://archive.org/details/advancedcbsprogr00copl|title=Advanced C++: Programming Styles and Idioms|isbn=0-201-54855-0|author-link=James O. Coplien|orig-year=reprinted with corrections, original year of publication 1992}}
* {{Cite book|last=Dewhurst|first=Stephen C.|year=2005|title=C++ Common Knowledge: Essential Intermediate Programming|url=https://archive.org/details/ccommonknowledge0000dewh|publisher=Addison-Wesley|isbn=0-321-32192-8}}
* {{Cite book|author=Information Technology Industry Council|date=15 October 2003|title=Programming languages – C++|location=Geneva|publisher=ISO/IEC|edition=Second|id=14882:2003(E)|author-link=Information and Communications Technology Council}}
* {{Cite book|last=Josuttis|first=Nicolai M.|year=2012|title=The C++ Standard Library, A Tutorial and Reference|publisher=Addison-Wesley|isbn=978-0-321-62321-8|edition=Second}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Koenig|first1=Andrew|last2=Moo|first2=Barbara E.|year=2000|url=https://archive.org/details/acceleratedcprac2000koen|title=Accelerated C++ – Practical Programming by Example|publisher=Addison-Wesley|isbn=0-201-70353-X|author-link=Andrew Koenig (programmer)}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Lippman|first1=Stanley B.|last2=Lajoie|first2=Josée|last3=Moo|first3=Barbara E.|year=2011|url=https://archive.org/details/cprimer0000lipp_5thed|title=C++ Primer|publisher=Addison-Wesley|isbn=978-0-321-71411-4|edition=Fifth|author-link=Stanley B. Lippman|url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book|last=Lippman|first=Stanley B.|year=1996|title=Inside the C++ Object Model|url=https://archive.org/details/insidecobjectmod0000lipp|publisher=Addison-Wesley|isbn=0-201-83454-5}}
* {{Cite book|last=Meyers|first=Scott|year=2005|url=https://archive.org/details/effectivec55spec00meye|title=Effective C++|publisher=Addison-Wesley|isbn=0-321-33487-6|edition=Third|author-link=Scott Meyers}}
* {{Cite book|last=Stroustrup|first=Bjarne|year=2013|title=[[The C++ Programming Language]]|publisher=Addison-Wesley|isbn=978-0-321-56384-2|edition=Fourth|author-link=Bjarne Stroustrup}}
* {{Cite book|last=Stroustrup|first=Bjarne|year=1994|title=[[The Design and Evolution of C++]]|publisher=Addison-Wesley|isbn=0-201-54330-3|author-link=Bjarne Stroustrup}}
* {{Cite book|last=Stroustrup|first=Bjarne|year=2014|title=Programming: Principles and Practice Using C++|url=https://archive.org/details/programmingprinc0000stro_b7o6|publisher=Addison-Wesley|isbn=978-0-321-99278-9|edition=Second|author-link=Bjarne Stroustrup}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sutter|first=Herb|year=2001|title=More Exceptional C++: 40 New Engineering Puzzles, Programming Problems, and Solutions|url=https://archive.org/details/moreexceptionalc0000sutt|publisher=Addison-Wesley|isbn=0-201-70434-X|author-link=Herb Sutter}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sutter|first=Herb|year=2004|title=Exceptional C++ Style|publisher=Addison-Wesley|isbn=0-201-76042-8|author-link=Herb Sutter}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Vandevoorde|first1=David|last2=Josuttis|first2=Nicolai M.|year=2003|title=C++ Templates: The complete Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/ctemplatescomple0000vand|publisher=Addison-Wesley|isbn=0-201-73484-2}}
{{refend}}
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.cuj.com C++ Users Journal]
* [http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/ Standard Template Library]
* [http://erdani.org/ Andrei Alexandrescu]
* [http://www.codeguru.com/ Code guru, C++ resource]
* [
* http://www.cplusplus.com/
* http://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/
* http://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/program_structure/
* http://www.learncpp.com/
* http://www.cprogramming.com/
* http://en.cppreference.com/w/
* http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave/C/node3.html
* https://goonlinetools.com/cpp-compiler/
* http://www.thefreecountry.com/compilers/cpp.shtml
* http://www.compilers.net/dir/free/compilers/ccpp.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013143049/http://www.compilers.net/Dir/Free/Compilers/CCpp.htm |date=2014-10-13 }}
* http://www.cppgameprogramming.com/
* http://www.cprogramming.com/game-programming.html
{{Daftar bahasa pemrograman}}
{{Authority control}}
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