Rafah: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 1:
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rafah
| settlement_type = Kota<!-- [[List of cities in Palestinian Authority areas|Municipality type A (City)]]-->
| translit_lang1 = Arab
| translit_lang1_type = [[Aksara Arab|Arab]]
| translit_lang1_info = رَفَح
| image_skyline = Rafah-11252.jpg
| image_caption = Wilayah Rafah pada tahun 2012
| pushpin_map = Palestine
| pushpin_map_caption = Lokasi Rafah
| pushpin_relief = 1
| image_map = Location Rafah.png
| map_caption = Lokasi Rafah di Jalur Gaza
| coordinates = {{coord|31|16|21|N|34|15|31|E|region:PS|display=inline,title}}
| grid_name = Kisi Palestina
| grid_position = 77/78
| subdivision_type = Negara
| subdivision_name = {{flag|State of Palestine}}<ref name="ISO3166PS">{{cite web |title=PS – Palestine, State of |url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:PS |website=ISO – Online Browsing Platform |publisher=[[International Organization for Standardization]] |access-date=15 March 2024}}</ref>
| subdivision_type1 = [[Kegubernuran di Palestina|Kegubernuran]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kegubernuran Rafah|Rafah]]<ref name="ISO3166PS" />
| established_title = Didirikan
| established_date =
| government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref>tags -->
| government_type = Kota
| leader_title = Kepala Daerah
| leader_name = Anwar al-Shaer (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/11/gaza-strip-municipalities-elections-presidents-rafah.html|title=Palestinians criticize Hamas' decision to appoint municipal presidents – Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East|date=November 2019 }}</ref>
| unit_pref = dunam
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |author=Al Jazeera Staff |title=What’s happening in Gaza’s Rafah as Israel threatens to attack? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/11/what-is-happening-in-gazas-rafah-as-israel-threatens-to-attack |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 64
| area_total_dunam =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_max_m =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="PrelimCensus2017">{{cite report |date=February 2018 |title=Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 |url=https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Downloads/book2364-1.pdf |department=[[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS) |publisher=[[State of Palestine]] |pages=64–82 |access-date=2023-10-24}}</ref>
| population_total = 171.899
| population_as_of = Sensus 2017
| population_note =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rafah''' ({{lang-ar|رفح}} {{transliteration|ar|Rafaḥ}} {{IPA-ar|rafaħ|}}) adalah sebuah kota di sebelah selatan [[Jalur Gaza]], [[Palestina]]. Rafah adalah ibu kota [[Kegubernuran Rafah]], berjarak {{convert|30|km|mi|sp=us}} di sebelah barat daya [[Kota Gaza]]. Pada tahun 2017, kota ini berpenduduk 171.889.<ref name="PrelimCensus2017" /> Akibat pengeboman dan serangan darat besar-besaran di Kota Gaza dan [[Khan Yunis]] oleh [[Israel]] semasa [[Perang Israel-Hamas 2023]], sekitar 1,4 juta pengungsi diperkirakan berlindung di Rafah pada bulan Februari 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaza: Israel’s military operation in Rafah would be fatal for displaced civilians and humanitarian aid |url=https://www.nrc.no/news/2024/february/gaza-israels-military-operation-in-rafah-would-be-fatal-for-displaced-civilians-and-humanitarian-aid/ |date=8 February 2024|access-date=8 February 2024 |work=Norwegian Refugee Council}}</ref>
Selepas [[Perang Palestina 1948]], [[Mesir]] memerintah Rafah dan mendirikan [[kamp pengungsi]] bagi korban perang Palestina. Semasa [[Krisis Suez]], [[Pasukan Pertahanan Israel]] membantai 111 warga Palestina, termasuk 103 pengungsi di kamp pengungsian Rafah. Saat [[Perang Enam Hari]], tentara Israel menduduki [[Semenanjung Sinai]] dan [[Jalur Gaza]] setelah merebutnya dari Mesir. Pada tahun yang sama, tentara IDF melibas dan menghancurkan 144 rumah di kamp pengungsian Rafah, yang menewaskan 23 warga Palestina.<ref name="HC">[[Henry Cattan|Cattan, Henry]] (1969) ''Palestine, The Arabs & Israel. The Search for Justice.'' [[Longman]] SBN 582 78000 4 p. 111</ref>
Ketika Israel menarik pasukannya dari Sinai pada tahun 1982, Rafah dibagi menjadi dua, satu dikuasai oleh Gaza dan satu lagi dikuasai Mesir, yang dipisahkan oleh penghalang kawat berduri.<ref name="cinderella">{{Cite news |last=Usher |first=Graham |date=22 September 2005 |title=Cinderella in Rafah |work=[[Al-Ahram Weekly]] Online |issue=761, 22–28 September 2005 |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/761/re1.htm |access-date=9 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051022004151/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/761/re1.htm |archive-date=22 October 2005 |via=[[Wayback Machine]]}}</ref> Pusat kota Rafah dihancurkan oleh Israel,<ref name="Razing_Rafah">[https://web.archive.org/web/20060325230545/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/rafah1004/rafah1004text.pdf ''Razing Rafah — Mass Home Demolitions in the Gaza Strip''], pp. 27–28 and 52–66 (PDF text version) on [https://web.archive.org/web/20060325230545/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/rafah1004/], [https://web.archive.org/web/20060324012233/http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/gaza/ Summary:]. [http://www.refworld.org/docid/45d171362.html ''The report on refworld:'']. Human Rights Watch (HRW), October 2004</ref><ref name=UNWRA_appeal>[http://www.unrwa.org/userfiles/2010011813024.pdf ''Supplementary Appeal for Rafah'']. UNWRA, May 2004</ref><ref name="Uprooting">PCHR, [http://www.pchrgaza.org/files/Reports/English/uprooting%20_trees%20_10.pdf ''Uprooting Palestinian Trees And Leveling Agricultural Land – The tenth Report on Israeli Land Sweeping and Demolition of Palestinian Buildings and Facilities in the Gaza Strip 1 April 2003 – 30 April 2004''] On [http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2675:the-tenth-report-on-israeli-land-sweeping-and-demolition-of-palestinian-buildings-and-facilities-in-the-gaza-strip-1-april-2003-30-april2004&catid=43:pchrdemolitionlandsweeping&Itemid=187]</ref> dan Mesir,<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/01/08/egyptian-military-doubling-buffer-zone-with-gaza-demolishing-nearly-1220-more/ ''Egyptian military doubling buffer zone with Gaza, demolishing nearly 1,220 more homes'']. Associated Press, 8 January 2015</ref><ref>[https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/09/22/look-another-homeland/forced-evictions-egypts-rafah ''Look for Another Homeland'']. Human Rights Watch, September 2015</ref> untuk menciptakan zona penyangga yang lebih luas.
Di Rafah terletak [[Pelintasan Perbatasan Rafah]], satu-satunya titik persimpangan antara Mesir dan Jalur Gaza. Satu-satunya bandara di Gaza, [[Bandar Udara Internasional Yasser Arafat]], terletak di sebelah selatan Rafah. Bandara ini mulai beroperasi pada tahun 1998 dan tutup pada tahun 2001 setelah dibom oleh militer Israel (IDF).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-05-19 |title=Grounded in Gaza, but hoping to fly again |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7900217 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222201351/http://legacy.icao.int/icao/en/nr/2002/pio200203_e.pdf |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>
== Etimologi==
Selama berabad-abad, kota ini dikenal dengan nama {{Transliteration|egy|Rpwḥw}} oleh bangsa [[Mesir kuno]],<ref name="Gauthier">{{cite book |last1=Gauthier |first1=Henri |title=Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques |volume=3 |date=1926 |page=118 |url=https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1926/page/n61/mode/2up}}</ref> {{lang|akk|𒊏𒉿𒄭}} {{transliteration|akk|Rapiḫi}} atau {{lang|akk|𒊏𒉿𒄷}} {{transliteration|akk|Rapiḫu}} oleh bangsa [[Asiria]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Parpola |first=Simo |date=1970 |title=Neo-Assyrian Toponyms |url=https://archive.org/details/neoassyriantopon0000parp |location=Kevaeler |publisher=Butzon & Bercker |page=291 |isbn=}}</ref> רפיח ''Rāphiyaḥ'' oleh [[Bani Israil]], {{lang|grc|Ῥαφία}} {{transliteration|grc|Rhaphíā}}<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0233%3Abook%3D5%3Achapter%3D86%3Asection%3D7 Polybius, Histories, 5.86.7]</ref> oleh bangsa [[Yunani]], ''Raphia'' oleh [[Romawi Kuno]], dan ''Rafh'' oleh [[Kekhalifahan Arab]].
Dalam bahasa Inggris, ''Rafah'' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɑː|f|ə}} (dari bahasa Arab modern) paling sering digunakan, tetapi ''Rafiah'' {{IPAc-en|r|ə|ˈ|f|iː|ə}} (dari [[bahasa Ibrani]] modern) terkadang juga digunakan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1153519&fid=2245&c=gaza_strip |title=Rafīah: Gaza Strip; name, map, geographic coordinates |publisher=Geographic.org |access-date=2014-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Zaki|first=Chehab|year=2007|title=Inside Hamas: The Untold Story of Militants, Martyrs and Spies|publisher=I.B.Tauris|page=180|isbn=978-1-84511-389-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rWEg6Tfai_oC&q=rafiah&pg=PA180|access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> Kata ''Raphiah'' {{IPAc-en|r|ə|ˈ|f|aɪ|ə}} (dari bahasa Ibrani kuno) juga digunakan, terutama dalam konteks historis seperti [[Pertempuran Rafah|Pertempuran Raphiah]].
== Demografi ==
Pada tahun [[sensus Palestina 1922|1922]], jumlah penduduk Rafah adalah 599 jiwa,<ref name=Census1922 /> meningkat menjadi 1.423 pada tahun 1931,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mills |first=E. |title=Census of Palestine 1931 |publisher=Greek Convent & Goldberg Presses |year=1931 |location=Jerusalem |pages=6}}</ref> meningkat lagi menjadi 1.635 pada tahun 1938,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VillageStatistics1938orig.pdf |title=Village Statistics |year=1938 |pages=64}}</ref> dan meningkat lagi menjadi 2.220 pada tahun 1945.<ref name=Hadawi46 /> Pada tahun 1982, jumlah penduduknya sekitar 10.800 jiwa.<ref>[http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Rafah_1500/index.html Welcome to Rafah] Palestine Remembered.</ref>
Dalam sensus [[Biro Pusat Statistik Palestina]] (PCBS) tahun 1997, Rafah dan kamp di sekitarnya memiliki populasi gabungan sebanyak 91.181 jiwa, [[Tel al-Sultan]] terdaftar dengan populasi gabungan sebanyak 17.141 jiwa.<ref name="PCBS1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/_PCBS/census/phc_97/raf_t1.aspx|title=Palestinian Population by Locality, Sex and Age Groups in Years|access-date=15 February 2018|archive-date=4 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304123037/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/_PCBS/census/phc_97/raf_t1.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Pengungsi Palestina|Pengungsi]] mencakup 80,3% dari seluruh populasi.<ref>[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/raf_t6.aspx Palestinian Population by Locality and Refugee Status] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118200339/https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/raf_t6.aspx |date=2008-11-18 }}. [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS).</ref> Berdasarkan sensus tahun 1997, distribusi gender di Rafah (bersama dengan [[kamp Rafah]]) adalah 50,5% laki-laki dan 49,5% perempuan.<ref>[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/raf_t1.aspx Palestinian Population by Locality, Sex and Age Groups in Years] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614231554/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/raf_t1.aspx |date=2008-06-14 }} [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]].</ref>
Pada perkiraan PCBS tahun 2006, kota Rafah memiliki populasi 71.003 jiwa,<ref name="PCBS2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/populati/pop16.aspx|title=PCBS] [Palestinian Central Bureau of Statisctics (PCBS) Projected Mid-Year Population for Rafah Governorate by Locality 2004–2006|access-date=15 February 2018}}</ref> [[Kamp Rafah]] dan [[Tel al-Sultan]] merupakan wilayah terpisah untuk tujuan sensus, masing-masing memiliki populasi 59.983 dan 24.418 jiwa.<ref name="PCBS2006" />
== Arkeologi ==
[[Antiokhus III]], bersedia berdamai dengan [[Ptolemaios V Epifanis]], menyuruh putrinya [[Kleopatra I]] menikah dengan Ptolemaios V. Pernikahan mereka dilangsungkan pada tahun 193 SM di Raphia.<ref>Polybius 18.51.10 dan 28.20.9; Libya 33.40.3 dan 35.13.4; Appian, Syriaca 3.13 dan 5.18</ref>
== Iklim ==
[[Sistem klasifikasi iklim Köppen-Geiger]] mengklasifikasikan iklimnya sebagai semi-kering panas (BSh).<ref name="Climate-Data.org Rafiah">{{Cite web |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/478554/ |title=Climate: Rafiah – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table |publisher=Climate-Data.org |access-date=2014-02-21 }}</ref><ref name="Climate-Data.org Rafah">{{Cite web |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/3958/ |title=Climate: Rafah – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table |publisher=Climate-Data.org |access-date=2014-02-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223185030/http://en.climate-data.org/location/3958/ |archive-date=2014-02-23 }}</ref>
{{Weather box
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|location=Rafiah, jalur Gaza
|Jan high C=17.4
|Feb high C=18.1
|Mar high C=20.5
|Apr high C=23
|May high C=25.8
|Jun high C=28.3
|Jul high C=29.6
|Aug high C=30.5
|Sep high C=29.1
|Oct high C=27.6
|Nov high C=23.8
|Dec high C=19.4
|Jan mean C=12.9
|Feb mean C=13.6
|Mar mean C=15.6
|Apr mean C=18.1
|May mean C=20.9
|Jun mean C=23.6
|Jul mean C=25.2
|Aug mean C=26
|Sep mean C=24.7
|Oct mean C=22.6
|Nov mean C=18.7
|Dec mean C=14.8
|Jan low C=8.4
|Feb low C=9.1
|Mar low C=10.8
|Apr low C=13.3
|May low C=16.1
|Jun low C=19
|Jul low C=20.9
|Aug low C=21.6
|Sep low C=20.3
|Oct low C=17.6
|Nov low C=13.7
|Dec low C=10.2
|Jan precipitation mm=48
|Feb precipitation mm=36
|Mar precipitation mm=27
|Apr precipitation mm=6
|May precipitation mm=4
|Jun precipitation mm=0
|Jul precipitation mm=0
|Aug precipitation mm=0
|Sep precipitation mm=0
|Oct precipitation mm=8
|Nov precipitation mm=39
|Dec precipitation mm=53
|source 1= ''Climate-Data.org'' (altitude: 45 m)<ref name="Climate-Data.org Rafiah" />
}}
{{Weather box
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|collapsed=yes
|location=Rafah, Sinai Utara
|Jan high C=17.2
|Feb high C=18
|Mar high C=20.3
|Apr high C=22.9
|May high C=25.8
|Jun high C=28.2
|Jul high C=29.6
|Aug high C=30.5
|Sep high C=29
|Oct high C=27.4
|Nov high C=23.7
|Dec high C=19.3
|Jan mean C=12.7
|Feb mean C=13.5
|Mar mean C=15.4
|Apr mean C=18
|May mean C=20.8
|Jun mean C=23.5
|Jul mean C=25.2
|Aug mean C=25.9
|Sep mean C=24.5
|Oct mean C=22.4
|Nov mean C=18.6
|Dec mean C=14.7
|Jan low C=8.2
|Feb low C=9
|Mar low C=10.6
|Apr low C=13.2
|May low C=15.9
|Jun low C=18.8
|Jul low C=20.8
|Aug low C=21.4
|Sep low C=20
|Oct low C=17.4
|Nov low C=13.5
|Dec low C=10.1
|Jan precipitation mm=49
|Feb precipitation mm=37
|Mar precipitation mm=28
|Apr precipitation mm=6
|May precipitation mm=4
|Jun precipitation mm=0
|Jul precipitation mm=0
|Aug precipitation mm=0
|Sep precipitation mm=0
|Oct precipitation mm=8
|Nov precipitation mm=39
|Dec precipitation mm=54
|source 1= ''Climate-Data.org'' (altitude: 78 m)<ref name="Climate-Data.org Rafah" />
}}
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Daftar pustaka ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|title=The Caravan Route between Egypt and Syria|first = Ludwig Salvator | last=Archduke of Austria|url=https://archive.org/details/caravanroutebetw00ludwrich |author-link=Archduke Ludwig Salvator of Austria|year=1881|publisher =[[Chatto & Windus]]|location=London}}
*{{cite book | editor =Barron, J. B. | title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 |publisher = Government of Palestine | year = 1923}}
*{{cite book | last= Dauphin |first = C.|author-link= Claudine Dauphin | title = La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ |volume = III : Catalogue | series = BAR International Series 726 | year = 1998 | publisher = Archeopress | location = Oxford|language =fr|isbn= 0-86054-905-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Dwyer|first=Philip|title=Napoleon -The Path To Power 1769–1799 |url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonpathtopo0000dwye_u9d1|year=2007|publisher= Bloomsbury |isbn =978-0-7475-7490-3}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics|year=1945}}
*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongog02gu|volume=1: Judee, pt. 2|year=1869|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=fr}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}}
*{{cite book | last1= Hütteroth |first1=Wolf-Dieter |first2=Kamal | last2=Abdulfattah | title = Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ | year = 1977 | publisher = Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft|isbn= 3-920405-41-2}}
*{{cite book | editor = Mills, E. | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas |url=https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932}}
*{{cite book|title=Polybius 18.51.10 and 28.20.9; Livy 33.40.3 and 35.13.4; Appian, Syriaca 3.13 and 5.18}}
*{{cite book|title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500|url=https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft |first=G.|last=Strange, le |author-link=Guy Le Strange|year=1890|publisher=Committee of the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}
{{refend}}
== Pranala eksternal ==
* [https://www.un.org/unrwa/refugees/gaza/rafah.html United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East]
*[http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Rafah_1500/index.html Welcome To The City of Rafah]
* [http://www.rafahtoday.org/ Rafah Today, pictures by Palestinian journalist Mohammed Omer]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060502092756/http://www.weaponsurvey.com/tunnels.htm Rafah Smuggling Tunnels]
* [http://rafahpundits.com/ Rafah Pundits: Rafah Focused Blog]
* [http://a-mother-from-gaza.blogspot.com/ Raising Yousuf]
* [http://rafahtoday.org/news/todaymain.htm Reports from Rafah]
* [http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/06/17/1437207 Interview with Hip Hop Artist Michael Franti]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050929001313/http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/opt/docs/UN/OCHA/Rafah_insetA.pdf Part A] [https://web.archive.org/web/20050929001235/http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/opt/docs/UN/OCHA/Rafah_insetB.pdf Part B] Satellite photos comparing 2001 to 2004.
* [
* [http://orscp.org/ The Olympia-Rafah Sister City Project]
* [http://madisonrafah.org/ The Madison-Rafah Sister City Project]
{{Kota di Otoritas Palestina}}
{{Kegubernuran Rafah}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Kategori:Kota di Palestina]]
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