Gunung Roraima: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox mountain
| name = Gunung Roraima
| photo = Roraima3_(79).JPG
| photo_caption = Gunung Roraima
| elevation_m = 2810
| elevation_ref = {{R|"Peakbagger1"}}
| prominence_m = 2338
| prominence_ref = {{R|"Peakbagger1"}}
| map = Venezuela
| map_caption = Lokasi di wilayah Venezuela (di perbatasan antara Guyana dan Brazil)
| map_size = 250
| label_position = left
| listing = [[:en:List of countries by highest point|Country high point]]<br />[[:en:Ultra prominent peak|Ultra prominent peak]]<!-- pranala sementara ke enwiki -->
| location = [[Venezuela]]/[[Brasil]]/[[Guyana]]
| State= {{BRA|RR}} (BRA)<br />{{VEN|F}} (VEN)
| range = [[Dataran tinggi Guyana]]
| lat_d = 5 | lat_m = 08 | lat_s = 36 | lat_NS = N
| long_d = 60 | long_m = 45 | long_s = 45 | long_EW = W
| coordinates_ref =
| type = [[Plateau]]
| first_ascent = 1884, dipimpin oleh Sir [[Everard im Thurn]] bersama [[Harry Inniss Perkins]] dan beberapa orang penduduk lokal guyana {{R|"NYTimes1"|"ImThurn1"|page2=497}}
| easiest_route = [[Pendakian]]
}}
'''Gunung Roraima''' ({{lang-es|Monte Roraima}} {{IPA-es|ˈmonte roˈɾaima|}}, juga dikenal sebagai ''Tepuy Roraima'' atau ''Cerro Roraima''; {{lang-pt|Monte Roraima}} {{IPA-pt|ˈmõtʃi ʁoˈɾajmɐ|}}) adalah daerah tertinggi di jajaran [[Pakaraima]] [[dataran tinggi]] [[tepui]], [[Amerika Selatan]]. Gunung ini pertama kali dideskripsikan oleh seorang penjelajah Inggris [[Walter Raleigh|Sir Walter Raleigh]] pada tahun 1596. Area puncaknya seluas {{nowrap|31 km<sup>2</sup>}} dan pada semua sisinya dibatasi tebing tegak setinggi {{convert|400|m|ft}}. Gunung ini merupakan wilayah dari 3 negara yaitu: [[Venezuela]] (mengklaim 85% teritorialnya), [[Brasil]] (5%) dan [[Guyana]] (10%).
Keberadaan gunung ini pertama kali dideskripsikan kepada orang Eropa oleh penjelajah Inggris [[Walter Raleigh|Sir Walter Raleigh]] selama [[Ekspedisi El Dorado Raleigh|ekspedisinya pada tahun 1595]]. Gunung Roraima terkenal dengan bentuk puncaknya yang menyerupai meja, dengan puncak yang datar, pada setiap sisinya dibatasi tebing vertikal hingga setinggi {{convert|400|m|ft}}. Tebing-tebing ini sering kali berada di atas kabut dan awan.
Gunung Roraima juga memiliki beberapa [[air terjun]], biasanya disebut sebagai Air Terjun Roraima, yang mengalir dari puncaknya dalam empat lompatan berjenjang; ketinggian air terjun diperkirakan sekitar 2.000 kaki (610 m).
Dalam permainan video ''[[Civilization VI]]'' dan ''[[Humankind (permainan video)|Humankind]]'', Gunung Roraima juga ditampilkan sebagai sala satu dari keajaiban alam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How to Claim a Wonder in Humankind {{!}} DiamondLobby|url=https://diamondlobby.com/humankind/how-to-claim-a-wonder-in-humankind/|website=diamondlobby.com|language=en-US|access-date=2021-11-11|archive-date=2023-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325035716/https://diamondlobby.com/humankind/how-to-claim-a-wonder-in-humankind/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
== Galeri ==
<gallery>
File:Abismo com fim.jpg|Tebing Gunung Roraima
File:Triple Point, Mount Roraima.jpg|Penanda tripoint di Gunung Roraima, diambil dari sisi Venezuela
File: Mount Roraima, Venezuela (12371474504).jpg|Air Terjun Roraima
File:Panorámica del Tepuy Roraima.jpg|Gunung Roraima dan air terjun dilihat dari sisi Venezuela
File:BritGY p149 - RORAIMA.jpg|Ilustrasi Gunung Roraima dalam ''Canoe and Camp Life in British Guiana'', 1876
</gallery>
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name = "NYTimes1">{{citation
|author=From ''[[The Times]]''
|title=Mr. im Thurn's Achievement
|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1885/05/22/103016973.pdf
|access-date=November 15, 2009
|date=May 22, 1885
|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]
|location=New York City, United States
|issn=0362-4331
|oclc=1645522
|pages=3
|quote=Lord Aberdare said that Mr. Perkins, who accompanied Mr. im Thurn in the ascent of the mountain, had fared little better, inasmuch as he also had been severely attacked by fever since his return, and though present that evening, was still too weak to read his notes.
|archive-date=2019-09-12
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912192051/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1885/05/22/103016973.pdf
|dead-url=no
}}</ref>
<ref name = "Peakbagger1">{{cite peakbagger|pid=8684|name=Monte Roraima, Venezuela}}</ref>
<ref name = "ImThurn1">{{citation
|first1=Everard
|last1=im Thurn
|author1-link=Everard F. im Thurn
|title=The Ascent of Mount Roraima
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WjARAQAAIAAJ&q=497&pg=PA497-IA4
|access-date=November 14, 2009
|series=New Monthly Series
|volume=7
|date=August 1885
|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography
|publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]], on behalf of the [[Royal Geographical Society]], with the [[Institute of British Geographers]]
|location=[[London]], England, U.K.
|issn=0266-626X
|oclc=51205375
|pages=497–521
|quote=For all around wore rocks and pinnacles of rocks of seemingly impossibly fantastic forms, standing in apparently impossibly fantastic ways—nay, placed one on or next to the other in positions seeming to defy every law of gravity—rocks in groups, rocks standing singly, rocks in terraces, rocks as columns, rocks as walls and rooks as pyramids, rocks ridiculous at every point with countless apparent caricatures of the faces and forms of men and animals, apparent caricatures of umbrellas, tortoises, churches, cannons, and of innumerable other most incongruous and unexpected objects.
|doi=10.2307/1800077
|issue=8
|jstor=1800077
|archive-date=2023-08-10
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810193103/https://books.google.com/books?id=WjARAQAAIAAJ&q=497&pg=PA497-IA4
|dead-url=no
}}</ref>
}}
== Bacaan lanjutan ==
{{refbegin}}
* Aubrecht, R., T. Lánczos, M. Gregor, J. Schlögl, B. Šmída, P. Liščák, C. Brewer-Carías & L. Vlček (15 September 2011). Sandstone caves on Venezuelan tepuis: return to pseudokarst? ''Geomorphology'' '''132'''(3–4): 351–365. {{DOI|10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.05.023}}
* Aubrecht, R., T. Lánczos, M. Gregor, J. Schlögl, B. Šmída, P. Liščák, C. Brewer-Carías & L. Vlček (2013). Reply to the comment on "Sandstone caves on Venezuelan tepuis: return to pseudokarst?". ''Geomorphology'', published online on 30 November 2012. {{DOI|10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.11.017}}
* {{es icon}} Brewer-Carías, C. (2012). {{PDFlink|[http://www.plymouth.ac.uk/files/extranet/docs/I_UBC/RORAIMA_Madre_de_todos_los_rios.pdf Roraima: madre de todos los ríos.]}} ''Río Verde'' '''8''': 77–94.
* Jaffe, K., J. Lattke & R. Perez-Hernández (January–June 1993). [http://ecotropicos.saber.ula.ve/db/ecotropicos/Edocs/vol6_n1/articulo3.pdf Ants on the tepuies of the Guiana Shield: a zoogeographic study.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617070003/http://ecotropicos.saber.ula.ve/db/ecotropicos/Edocs/vol6_n1/articulo3.pdf |date=2013-06-17 }} ''Ecotropicos'' '''6'''(1): 21–28.
* Kok, P.J.R., R.D. MacCulloch, D.B. Means, K. Roelants, I. Van Bocxlaer & F. Bossuyt (7 August 2012). {{PDFlink|[http://download.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/PIIS0960982212007105.pdf Low genetic diversity in tepui summit vertebrates.]}} ''Current Biology'' '''22'''(15): R589–R590. {{DOI|10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.034}} http://download.cell.com/current-biology/mmcs/journals/0960-9822/PIIS0960982212007105.mmc1.pdf{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* MacCulloch, R.D., A. Lathrop, R.P. Reynolds, J.C. Senaris and G.E. Schneider. (2007). Herpetofauna of Mount Roraima, Guiana Shield region, northeastern South America. Herpetological Review 38: 24-30.
* Sauro, F., L. Piccini, M. Mecchia & J. De Waele (2013). Comment on "Sandstone caves on Venezuelan tepuis: return to pseudokarst?" by R. Aubrecht, T. Lánczos, M. Gregor, J. Schlögl, B. Smída, P. Liscák, Ch. Brewer-Carías, L. Vlcek, Geomorphology 132 (2011), 351–365. ''Geomorphology'', published online on 29 November 2012. {{DOI|10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.11.015}}
* Warren, A. (1973). Roraima: report of the 1970 British expedition to Mount Roraima in Guyana, South America. Seacourt Press, Oxford UK, 152 pp.
* Zahl, Paul, A. (1940) To the Lost World. George G. Harrap & Co. Ltd. 182 High Holborn, London, W.C.1
== Pranala luar ==
* {{commons-inline}}
* [http://www.mountroraima.net/ Mount Roraima Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808233201/https://mountroraima.net/ |date=2020-08-08 }}
* [http://www.summitpost.org/show/mountain_link.pl/mountain_id/2152 Mount Roraima on SummitPost.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007183224/http://www.summitpost.org/show/mountain_link.pl/mountain_id/2152 |date=2008-10-07 }}
* [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/02/0220_040220_tepuis.html National Geographic's 2004 Biological Exploration of the Cliffs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030024603/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/02/0220_040220_tepuis.html |date=2017-10-30 }}
* [https://vimeo.com/15300288 ''Dias de Tempestade (Days of Storm)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030190045/https://vimeo.com/15300288 |date=2022-10-30 }} - 28-minute short documentary on Vimeo (in Portuguese, with English subtitles) showing the 2010 climb of Mount Roraima from the Guyana side by Brazilian climber Eliseu Frechou and his team.
* [https://explorationjunkie.com/mount-roraima-venezuela/ Mount Roraima Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628033459/https://www.explorationjunkie.com/mount-roraima-venezuela/ |date=2021-06-28 }}
{{refend}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Roraima}}
[[Kategori:Area panjat tebing Brasil]]
[[Kategori:Area panjat tebing Venezuela]]
[[Kategori:Dataran tinggi di Amerika Selatan]]
[[Kategori:Gunung internasional di Amerika Selatan]]
[[Kategori:Perbatasan Brasil–Guyana]]
[[Kategori:Perbatasan Brasil–Venezuela]]
[[Kategori:Perbatasan Guyana–Venezuela]]
[[Kategori:Tanah tinggi Guayana]]
[[Kategori:Tepui di Brasil]]
[[Kategori:Tepui di Guyana]]
[[Kategori:Tepui di Venezuela]]
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