Orang Manda: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox religious group
| group = Orang Manda <br />{{Script|Mand|ࡌࡀࡍࡃࡀࡉࡉࡀ}}<br />{{nobold|{{lang|ar|الصابئة المندائيون}}}}
| image = File:Mandaeans 03.jpg
| caption = Orang Manda sedang melakukan peribadatan, Iran
| population = {{circa|60.000–100.000<ref name=Bell>{{Cite web|last=Bell|first=Matthew|date=6 October 2016|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-10-06/these-iraqi-immigrants-worship-john-baptist-theyre-not-christians?amp|title = These Iraqi immigrants revere John the Baptist, but they're not Christians|website=The World|access-date=3 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="yaledailynews">{{Cite web|last=Thaler|first=Kai|date=9 March 2007|url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2007/03/09/iraqi-minority-group-needs-u-s-attention/|title=Iraqi minority group needs U.S. attention|website=Yale Daily News|access-date=3 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=WMP>{{Cite web|url=http://mandaeanpriests.exeter.ac.uk/the-mandaeans|title=The Mandaeans – Who are the Mandaeans?|website=The Worlds of Mandaean Priests|access-date=5 November 2021}}</ref>
}}
| region4 = {{flagcountry|Irak}}
| pop4 = 3.000{{efn|name=fn1}}–6.000<ref name="Salloum">{{Cite web|title=Iraqi Mandaeans fear extinction|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/08/iraq-minority-mandaen.html|last=Salloum|first=Saad|date=2019-08-29|website=Al-Monitor|language=en|access-date=2020-05-20}}</ref><ref name=MHRG>{{cite web|last1=Farhan|first1=Salam|last2=al Roomi|first2=Layla|last3=Nashi|first3=Suhaib|title=Submission on behalf of the Mandaean Human Rights Group to the Human Rights Committee's Periodic Review of Iraq in October 2015|date=October 2015|url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/IPeoples/EMRIP/CulturalHeritage/MandaeanHumanRightsGroup.pdf|website=OHCHR|access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref>
| region6 = {{flagcountry|Iran}}
| pop6 = 2.500 (2015)<ref name="saving">{{cite web|last=Contrera|first=Russell|url=http://www.hollandsentinel.com/lifestyle/x1558731033/Saving-the-people-killing-the-faith|title=Saving the people, killing the faith – Holland, MI|publisher=The Holland Sentinel|access-date=2011-12-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306012853/http://www.hollandsentinel.com/lifestyle/x1558731033/Saving-the-people-killing-the-faith|archive-date=2012-03-06}}</ref><ref name=MHRG/>
| region9 = {{flagcountry|Yordania}}
| pop9 = 1.400–2.500<ref>{{cite web|last1=Castelier|first1=Sebastian|last2=Dzuilka|first2=Margaux|url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/jordan-s-mandaean-minority-fear-returning-to-post-isis-iraq-1.738337|title=Jordan's Mandaean minority fear returning to post-ISIS Iraq|website=The National|access-date=9 June 2018|date=9 June 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0"/>
| region10 = {{flagcountry|Suriah}}
| pop10 = 1.000 (2015)<ref name=Sido>{{cite web |last=Sido |first=Kamal |date=7 October 2010 |title=Leader of the world's Mandaeans asks for help |url=http://www.gfbv.de/pressemit.php?id=2425&PHPSESSID=6ed8c693db800049dbfc6c385df5a029#selection-2108.1-2119.45 |website=Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker |access-date=4 November 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130211055722/http://www.gfbv.de/pressemit.php?id=2425&PHPSESSID=6ed8c693db800049dbfc6c385df5a029#selection-2108.1-2119.45 |archive-date=11 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=MHRG/>
| region1 = {{flagcountry|Swedia}}
| pop1 = [[Orang Manda di Swedia|10.000–20.000]]<ref name=manswe>{{cite web|last1=Larsson|first1=Göran|last2=Sorgenfrei|first2=Simon|last3=Stockman|first3=Max|date=2017|title=Religiösa minoriteter från Mellanöstern|url=https://www.myndighetensst.se/download/18.74c15c6d173d8c1d0b2eb6bd/1607428893836/Nr%207,%20Relig%20minor%20mellano%CC%88st_nr7_A4_KOMPLETT.pdf|website=Myndigheten för stöd till trossamfund|access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=Routledge/>
| region2 = {{flagcountry|Australia}}
| pop2 = [[Manda Australia|8.000–10.000]]<ref>{{cite web|date=26 January 2019|title=The strength within: The role of refugee community organisations in settlement-Case study: Sabean Mandean Association|url=https://www.refugeecouncil.org.au/strength-within/11/|website=Refugee Council of Australia|access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=manaus>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-07-21/meet-the-mandaeans-sydneys-followers-of-john-the-baptist/8727720|title=Meet the Mandaeans: Australian followers of John the Baptist celebrate new year|last=Hegarty|first=Siobhan|publisher=ABC|date=21 July 2017|access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Hinchey|first=Rebecca|title=Mandaens, a unique culture|url=http://www.startts.org.au/media/Refugee-Transitions/Refugee-Transitions-Issue-19-mandaens-a-unique-culture.pdf|website=NSW Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors|access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref>
| region5 = {{flagcountry|Belanda}}
| pop5 = 4.000<ref name=WMP/>
| region7 = {{flagcountry|Britania Raya}}
| pop3 = [[Manda Amerika|5.000–7.000]]<ref name="The Boston Globe">{{cite news|last1=MacQuarrie|first1=Brian|title=Embraced by Worcester, Iraq's persecuted Mandaean refugees now seek 'anchor'—their own temple|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/08/12/embraced-worcester-iraq-persecuted-mandaean-refugees-now-seek-anchor-their-own-temple/qSTOVM3qTRoD8zSiuIlLTO/story.html|access-date=19 August 2016|work=The Boston Globe |date=13 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="office"/><ref name=sly>{{Cite web|last=Sly|first=Liz|title='This is one of the world's oldest religions, and it is going to die.'|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2008-11-16-0811160073-story.html|access-date=5 November 2021|website=Chicago Tribune|date=16 November 2008|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=mansa>{{cite web|last1=Busch|first1=Matthew|last2=Ross|first2=Robyn|date=18 February 2020|title=Against The Current|url=https://www.texasobserver.org/mandaeans-san-antonio-trump/|website=Texas Observer|access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=MHRG/>
| region3 = {{flagcountry|Amerika Serikat}}
| pop7 = 2.500<ref name=WMP/>
| region11 = {{flagcountry|Kanada}}
| pop11 = 1.000<ref>{{cite web|last=Fraser|first=Tim|date=31 July 2015|title=Canadians working to rescue Mandaean people on brink of extinction in Iraq|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canadians-working-to-rescue-mandaean-people-on-brink-of-extinction-in-iraq/article25807210/|website=The Globe and Mail|access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref>
| region8 = {{flagcountry|Jerman}}
| pop8 = 2.200–3.000<ref>''[http://remid.de/info_zahlen/verschiedene Verschiedene Gemeinschaften / neuere religiöse Bewegungen]'', in: ''Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst|Religionswissenschaftliche Medien- und Informationsdienst e. V. (Abbreviation: REMID)'', Retrieved 9 October 2016</ref><ref name=Routledge>Hanish, Shak (2019). The Mandaeans In Iraq. In {{cite book|last=Rowe|first=Paul S.|title=Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bOF1DwAAQBAJ&q=Routledge+Handbook+of+Minorities+in+the+Middle+East|page=160|year=2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317233794|place=London and New York}}</ref>
| region13 = {{flagcountry|Denmark}}
| pop13 = 650–1.200<ref name=dk>{{cite web|last1=Schou|first1=Kim|last2=Højland|first2=Marie-Louise|date=6 May 2013|title=Hvem er mandæerne?|url=https://www.religion.dk/viden/hvem-er-mand%C3%A6erne|website=Religion.dk(Danish)|access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=MHRG/>
| region14 = {{flagcountry|Finlandia}}
| pop14 = 100 keluarga<ref>{{cite web|last=Koskinen|first=Paula|title=Mandealaiset saivat joukkokasteen Pyhäjärvessä|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-7355033|website=Yle|date=14 July 2014|access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref>
| region12 = {{flagcountry|Selandia Baru}}
| pop12 = 1.000<ref name=Routledge/>
| region15 = {{flagcountry|Prancis}}
| pop15 = 500<ref name=Fr>{{cite web|title=Religion : la Touraine, refuge des Sabéens-Mandéens|url=https://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/tours/la-touraine-refuge-des-sabeens-mandeens#:~:text=L'Indre%2Det%2DLoire,un%20lieu%20de%20culte%20fixe.&text=Ils%20ne%20sont%20pas%20chr%C3%A9tiens,Mais%20baptistes%20(*).|date=23 April 2019|website=la Nouvelle Republique|access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref>
| rels = [[Mandaisme]]
| Beliefs =
| scrips = [[Ginza Rabba]], [[Qulasta]], [[Injil Yohanes Manda]], [[Haran Gawaita]], dsb. ([[Daftar teks Manda|''lihat lebih banyak'']])
| langs = {{plainlist|
*[[Bahasa Manda|Manda]] {{smaller|sebagai bahasa liturgis}}
*[[Bahasa Manda Baru|Manda Baru]]
*[[Bahasa Arab Mesopotamia|Arab Mesopotamia]] (di [[Irak]], [[Yordania]], [[Suriah]] dan diaspora)
*[[Bahasa Persia|Persia]] (di [[Iran]] dan diaspora)
*[[Bahasa Swedia|Swedia]], [[Bahasa Inggris|Inggris]] dsb. sebagai bahasa kedua di diaspora.}}
}}
{{Contains special characters
| special = karakter [[Unicode]] tidak umum
| fix = Bantuan:Dukungan multibahasa
| image = Replacement character.svg
| link = Specials (blok Unicode)
| alt = <?>
| compact = yes
}}
'''Orang Manda''' ({{lang-ar|المندائيون}} {{transliteration|ar|al-Mandāʾiyyūn}}) adalah sebuah [[kelompok etnoreligius]] yang memeluk agama [[Mandaisme]]. Mereka percata bahwa [[Yohanes Pembaptis]] adalah [[nabi]] terakhir dan yang berkedudukan paling tinggi. Mereka mungkin saja merupakan salah satu kelompok agama paling awal yang mempraktikkan [[baptisme]], serta salah satu pemeluk paling awal [[Gnostisisme]], sebuah sistem kepercayaan yang mana mereka merupakan perwakilan terakhir yang masih ada.<ref name=McGrath>{{Citation|last=McGrath|first=James|title=The First Baptists, The Last Gnostics: The Mandaeans|website=YouTube-A lunchtime talk about the Mandaeans by Dr. James F. McGrath at Butler University|date=23 January 2015|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvv6I02MNlc |access-date=3 November 2021}}</ref><ref name = BuckleyOrigin/>{{rp|109}} Orang Manda pada awalnya merupakan penutur asli dari [[bahasa Manda]], sebuah [[Rumpun bahasa Aram Timur|bahasa Aram Timur]], sebelum hampir semua dari mereka beralih ke [[bahasa Arab Mesopotamia]] atau [[bahasa Persia]] sebagai bahasa utamanya.
Setelah [[Invasi Irak 2003|invasi]] Irak oleh [[Amerika Serikat]] dan [[Pasukan Multi-Nasional – Irak|sekutunya]] pada tahun 2003, komunitas Manda di [[Irak]], yang sebelum perang berjumlah 60.000–70.000 jiwa, jumlahnya turun akibat kebangkitan [[ekstremisme Islam]] dan tidak adanya perlindungan terhadap ekstremisme tersebut, dengan sebagian besar komunitas pindah ke [[Iran]], [[Suriah]] dan [[Yordania]], atau membentuk komunitas diaspora di luar [[Timur Tengah]]. Orang Manda telah [[pindah agama paksa|dipaksa untuk pindah agama]] ke Islam, menjadikan mereka [[Apostasi dalam Islam|keluar dari Islam]] jika mereka kembali ke agama aslinya, sehingga berisiko akan dibunuh. Orang Manda yang mengalami hal tersebut menyuarakan perasaan tidak aman di semua negara Muslim akibat alasan tersebut.<ref name="bbc0307">{{cite web|last=Crawford|first=Angus|title=Iraq's Mandaeans 'face extinction'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6412453.stm|date=4 March 2007|website=BBC News|access-date=25 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="Genocide Watch: Mandaeans of Iraq">[http://www.genocidewatch.org/news/IraqGenocideWatchMandaeansofIraq.htm Genocide Watch: Mandaeans of Iraq] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508083559/http://www.genocidewatch.org/news/IraqGenocideWatchMandaeansofIraq.htm |date=May 8, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Saving the people, killing the faith |url=https://eu.hollandsentinel.com/story/news/2009/08/08/saving-people-killing-faith/45287553007/ |publisher=[[The Holland Sentinel]] |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="DEUTSCH2">{{cite web|last=Deutsch|first=Nathaniel|date=6 October 2007|title=Save the Gnostics|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/06/opinion/06deutsch.html|website=The New York Times|access-date=25 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="yaledailynews2">[http://www.yaledailynews.com/articles/view/20341 Iraqi minority group needs U.S. attention] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025053439/http://www.yaledailynews.com/articles/view/20341|date=2007-10-25}}, Kai Thaler, ''Yale Daily News'', 9 March 2007.</ref>
Komunitas Manda di Iran yang tersisa juga telah semakin berkurang akibat [[persekusi]] bermotif agama selama berdekade-dekade. Tidak seperti minoritas agama lainnya semisal [[Kekristenan di Iran|Kristen]], [[Yahudi Iran|Yahudi]] dan [[Zoroastrianisme di Iran|umat Zoroaster]], orang Manda tidaklah mendapat perlindungan dari segala bentuk persekusi, serupa dengan [[Baháʼí di Iran|umat Baháʼí]] di Iran.<ref name="saving" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gechumanrights.org/persecution-of-the-mandaeans-religious-minority-in-iran/|title=Смена юр адреса – Перерегистрация юридического адреса|access-date=October 16, 2020|archive-date=October 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017115456/http://www.gechumanrights.org/persecution-of-the-mandaeans-religious-minority-in-iran/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=al Sheati|first=Ahmed|url=https://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/12/06/181123.html|title=Iran Mandaeans in exile following persecution|date=6 December 2011|website=Al Arabiya|access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> Per tahun 2007, populasi orang Manda di Irak telah jatuh ke kira-kira 5.000.<ref name="DEUTSCH2"/> Diestimasikan terdapat 60.000–100.000 orang Manda di seluruh dunia.<ref name=sly/> Sekitar 10.000 orang Manda tinggal di [[Manda Australia|Australia]] dan antara 10.000 hingga 20.000 di [[Orang Manda di Swedia|Swedia]], menjadikan kedua negara tersebut negara dengan orang Manda terbanyak.<ref name=Routledge/><ref name=manaus/> Terdapat 2.500 orang Manda di [[Yordania]], merupakan komunitas Manda terbesar di Timur Tengah di luar Irak dan Iran.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Ersan|first=Mohammad|title=Are Iraqi Mandaeans better off in Jordan?|website=Al-Monitor|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2018/02/jordan-iraq-mandaean-refugees-religion.html|access-date=2021-08-13|date=2 February 2018|language=en}}</ref>
==Pranala luar==
{{Commons category|Mandaeans}}
* [http://www.mandaeanunion.org/ Mandaean Associations Union]
* [http://www.mandaic.org/ Resources of the language of the Mandaeans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104071635/http://www.mandaic.org/ |date=November 4, 2018 }}
* [http://www.gnosis.org/library/mand.htm Mandaean Scriptures and Fragments]
* {{citation|author=Mandaean Human Rights Group|title= Mandaean Human Rights Annual Report|year=2008|publisher=AINA|url=http://www.aina.org/reports/mhrar200803.pdf}}
[[Category:Tokoh Manda| ]]
[[Category:Kelompok etnoreligius]]
[[Category:Suku bangsa di Timur Tengaj]]
[[Category:Kelompok etnoreligius di Asia]]
[[Category:Suku bangsa di Iran]]
[[Category:Suku bangsa di Irak]]
[[Category:Penduduk asli di Asia Barat]]
[[
[[Category:Suku bangsa berbahasa Semit]]
[[Category:Suku bangsa kuno di Timur Dekat]]
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