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Baris 1: {{infobox orang}} ~~[[Berkas:Robespierre.jpg\|thumb\|Potret diri Maximilien de Robespierre (ca. 1790)]]~~ '''Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre''' ({{lahirmati\|\|6\|45\|1758\|\|28\|7\|1794}}) adalah pengacara dan politikus yang menjadi salah satu tokoh paling terkenal dan berpengaruh pada [[Revolusi ~~Perancis~~Prancis]]. Ia mengendalikan [[Comité de Salut Public\|Komite Keselamatan Publik]] ({{lang-fr\|Comité de salut public}}) yang merupakan pemerintah ''de facto'' pada masa [[Pemerintahan Teror]] yang berakhir dengan penangkapan dan eksekusi Robespierre pada tahun [[1794]]. Ia dipengaruhi oleh para filsuf [[Abad Pencerahan]] seperti [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] dan [[Montesquieu]] dan merupakan juru bicara utama kaum [[borjuis]] [[sayap kiri]] pada saat itu. == Masa Muda == Maximilien de Robespierre dilahirkan di [[Arras\|Aras,]] suatu provinsi Prancis lama di [[Artois]]. Keluarganya jika ditelusuri jejaknya pada abad 15 berasal dari [[Vaudricourt, Pas-de-Calais\|Vadricourt, Pas-de-Calais]]. salah satu leluhurnya Robert de Robespierre bekerja sebagai notaris di Carvin dekat Arras pertengahan abad ke-17.<ref>Lavoine, A. (1914) La famille de Robespierre et ses origines. Documents inédits sur le séjour des Robespierre à Vaudricourt, Béthune, Harnes, Hénin-Liétard, Carvin et Arras. (1452–1790). In: Revue du Nord, tome 5, n°18, May 1914. p. 114. DOI : <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.3406/rnord.1914.1244</nowiki> www.persee.fr/doc/rnord_0035-2624_1914_num_5_18_1244 '''^'''</ref> Kakek dari pihak ayah, juga bernama Maximilien de Robespierre, menempatkan dirinya di Arras sebagai pengacara. Ayahnya, François Maximilien Barthélémy de Robespierre, adalah seorang pengacara di Conseil d'Artois, dan menikah dengan Jacqueline Marguerite Carrault, putri pembuat bir, pada 2 Januari 1758. Maximilien adalah anak tertua dari empat bersaudara dan dikandung di luar nikah. Saudara-saudaranya adalah Charlotte (8 Februari 1760 - 1 Agustus 1834), Henriette (28 Desember 1761 - 5 Maret 1780), dan Augustin (21 Januari 1763 - 28 Juli 1794). == Referensi == {{Reflist}} * {{cite book \| author=Baker, Keith Michael (ed.) \| title=The Old Regime and the French Revolution \| url=https://archive.org/details/oldregimefr00bake\|location= Chicago \| publisher=University of Chicago Press \| year=1987 \| isbn=0226069354}} Good summary that relies almost entirely on primary source documents with short summarizing essays that explain those documents * {{cite book \| author=[[Thomas Carlyle\|Carlyle, Thomas]] \| title=The French Revolution: A History, Volume III: The Guillotine \| location=Cambridge, MA \| publisher=IndyPublish.com \| year=2002 \| isbn=1404303987}} A [[Romanticism\|Romantic]] account more useful for [[Historiography\|historiographical]] studies than as accurate history * {{cite book \| author=Carr, John. \| title=Robespierre: the force of circumstance \| url=https://archive.org/details/robespierreforce0000carr\|location=New York \| publisher=St. Martin’s Press. \| year=1972}} * {{cite book \| author=Doyle, William, Haydon, Colin (eds.) \| title=Robespierre \| location=Cambridge \| publisher=Cambridge University Press \| year=1999\| isbn=0521591163}} A collection of essays covering not only Robespierre's thoughts and deeds but also the way he has been portrayed by historians and fictional writers alike. ** [~~http~~https://web.archive.org/web/20070609194601/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v22/n07/mant01_.html Reviewed] by [[Hilary Mantel]] in the ''London Review of Books'', Vol. 22, No. 7, March 30, 2000. * {{cite book \| author=Eagan, James Michael \| title=Maximilien Robespierre: Nationalist Dictator \| url=https://archive.org/details/maximilienrobesp0000eaga\|location=New York \| publisher=Octagon Books \| year=1978 \| isbn=0374924406}} Presents Robespierre as the origin of [[Fascism\|Fascist]] dictators. * {{cite book\|author=Hampson, Norman\|title=The Life and Opinions of Maximilien Robespierre \| location=London\|publisher=Duckworth\|year=1974\|isbn=0715607413}} Presents three contrasting views * {{cite book \| author=Jordan, David P. \| title=The Revolutionary Career of Maximilien Robespierre \| url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionarycar00jord\|location=Chicago \| publisher=University of Chicago Press \| year=1989 \| isbn=0226410374}} Sympathetic but not un-critical left-wing study * [[Théodore Gosselin\|Lenotre, G.]], ''Robespierre's Rise and Fall,'' London: Hutchinson & Co. (1927) Critical * {{cite book \| author=Matrat, Jean. \| title=Robespierre: or the tyranny of the Majority \| url=https://archive.org/details/robespierreortyr00matr\|location=New York \| publisher=Charles Scribner’s Sons \| year=1971 \| isbn=0-684-14055-1}} * Linton, Marisa. [~~http~~https://web.archive.org/web/20070313181009/http://www.historytoday.com/dt_main_allatonce.asp?gid=31771&aid=&tgid=&amid=30232604&g31771=x&g31763=x&g30026=x&g20991=x&g21010=x&g19965=x&g19963=x "Robespierre and the Terror"], ''History Today'', August 2006, Volume 56, Issue 8, pp. 23–29 * {{cite book \| author=[[R.R. Palmer\|Palmer, R.R.]] \| title=Twelve Who Ruled: The Year of Terror in the French Revolution \| url=https://archive.org/details/twelvewhoruled0000unse\|location=Princeton, NJ \| publisher=Princeton University Press \| year=1941 \| isbn=0-691-05119-4}} A sympathetic study of the [[Committee of Public Safety]]. * {{cite book \| author=[[George Rudé\|Rudé, George]] \| title=Robespierre: Portrait of a Revolutionary Democrat \| location=New York \| publisher=Viking Press \| year=1976 \| isbn=0670601284}} Sympathetic [[Marxism\|Marxist]] analysis comparing him with [[Lenin]] and [[Mao]]. * {{cite book \| authorlink=Simon Schama\|last=Schama\|first=Simon\|title=Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution \| location=New York \| publisher=Alfred A. Knopf \| year=1989 \| isbn=0394559487}} A revisionist account. * Scurr, Ruth. ''Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution''. London: Metropolitan Books, 2006 (ISBN 0-8050-7987-4). [~~http~~https://web.archive.org/web/20070609051033/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n08/print/mant01_.html Reviewed] by Hilary Mantel in the ''London Review of Books'', Vol. 28 No. 8, April 20, 2006. [http://web.archive.org/web/20070313180950/http://www.historytoday.com/dt_main_allatonce.asp?gid=31692&aid=&tgid=&amid=30231265&g31692=x&g31398=x&g30028=x&g20991=x&g21010=x&g19965=x&g19963=x Reviewed] by Marisa Linton in the [http://www.historytoday.com/ ''History Today'']{{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313180950/http://www.historytoday.com/dt_main_allatonce.asp?gid=31692&aid=&tgid=&amid=30231265&g31692=x&g31398=x&g30028=x&g20991=x&g21010=x&g19965=x&g19963=x \|date=2007-03-13 }}, June 2006, Volume 56, Issue 6, pp. 66–66. ** [http://tls.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,25340-2215221,00.html Reviewed] by Sudhir Hazareesingh in the [http://tls.timesonline.co.uk/ ''Times Literary Supplement''], June 7, 2006. * [[Robert Sobel\|Sobel, Robert]], ''The French Revolution'' (1967) * [[Albert Soboul\|Soboul, Albert]]. "Robespierre and the Popular Movement of 1793–4", ''Past and Present'', No. 5. (May, 1954), pp. 54–70. * {{cite book \| author=Thompson, James M. \| title=Robespierre \| url=https://archive.org/details/robespierre0000thom\|location=Oxford \| publisher=Blackwell Publishers \| year=1988 \| isbn=0-631-15504-X}} Traditional biography with extensive and reliable research. * {{cite book \| author=Tucker, Florence. \| title=999 Little Known Facts \| location=Oxford \| publisher=Jonathan and Associates \| year=2005 \| isbn=0-631-15504-X}} * Merriman, John(2004). "Thermidor"(2nd ed.). A history of modern Europe: from the Renaissance to the present,p 507. W. W. Norton & Company Ltd. ISBN 0-393-92495-5 == Pranala luar == Baris 33 ⟶ 38: * [http://www.marxists.org/history/france/revolution/robespierre/index.htm Maximilien Robespierre Internet Archive] on [[Marxists.org]] * [http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/robespierre.html Maximilien Robespierre, 1758-1794] * [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/kat_anna/robespierre.html The French Revolution, Robespierre] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117164526/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/kat_anna/robespierre.html \|date=2010-01-17 }} * [http://www.zeinalov.com/htm/e/bell/robespierre02.htm Maximilien Robespierre - bronze miniature by Igor Zeinalov] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124224923/http://www.zeinalov.com/htm/e/bell/robespierre02.htm \|date=2010-11-24 }} * [http://www.city-journal.org/html/16_2_urbanities-robespierre.html Why Robespierre Chose Terror] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103204910/http://www.city-journal.org/html/16_2_urbanities-robespierre.html \|date=2011-01-03 }} by John Kekes. [[City Journal (New York)\|City Journal]], Spring 2006. * [http://www.robespierre.org.uk Robespierre.org.uk] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725055217/http://www.robespierre.org.uk/ \|date=2010-07-25 }} * [http://www.galichon.com/genealogie/html/celebre/robes/index.php Family tree (back to the 18th generation)] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060127090226/http://www.galichon.com/genealogie/html/celebre/robes/index.php \|date=2006-01-27 }} ([http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/GEN-FF/1999-06/0928841191 also here]) * {{Wikisource1911Enc Citation\|Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de}} * [http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php?/site/reviewofbooks_article/4128/ Remembering the Reign of Terror] by Dolan Cummings, ''Spiked Review of Books'', Issue No. 7, November 2007 * {{findagrave\|10339684}} * [http://www.rondelot.com/spip.php?rubrique1 A.M.R.I.D (Association Maximilien Robespierre pour l'Idéal Démocratique)] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910014646/http://www.rondelot.com/spip.php?rubrique1 \|date=2009-09-10 }}(in French) ~~{{perancis-stub}}~~ ~~{{bio-stub}}~~ {{DEFAULTSORT:Robespierre, Maximilien}} [[Kategori:Tokoh Prancis]] [[Kategori:~~Tokoh~~Revolusi ~~Perancis~~Prancis]] [[Kategori:~~Revolusi~~Tokoh ~~Perancis~~yang dihukum mati]] ~~[[als:Maximilien de Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[an:Maximilien de Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[ar:ماكسمليان روبسبير]]~~ ~~[[arz:روبسبير]]~~ ~~[[bg:Максимилиан Робеспиер]]~~ ~~[[bs:Maximilien Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[ca:Maximilien de Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[cs:Maximilien Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[da:Maximilien Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[de:Maximilien de Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[el:Μαξιμιλιανός Ροβεσπιέρος]]~~ ~~[[en:Maximilien Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[eo:Robespiero]]~~ ~~[[es:Maximilien Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[et:Maximilien Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[eu:Maximilien Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[fa:ماکسیمیلیان روبسپیر]]~~ ~~[[fi:Maximilien Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[fr:Maximilien de Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[fy:Maximilien Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[ga:Maximilien Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[gl:Maximilien de Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[he:מקסימיליאן רובספייר]]~~ ~~[[hr:Maximilien Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[hu:Maximilien de Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[io:Maximilien de Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[it:Maximilien de Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[ja:マクシミリアン・ロベスピエール]]~~ ~~[[jv:Maximilien Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[ka:მაქსიმილიან რობესპიერი]]~~ ~~[[ko:막시밀리앙 드 로베스피에르]]~~ ~~[[ku:Maximilien Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[la:Maximilianus de Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[lb:Maximilien de Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[lt:Maksimiljanas Robespjeras]]~~ ~~[[mt:Maximilien Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[nl:Maximilien de Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[nn:Maximilien de Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[no:Maximilien de Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[pl:Maximilien de Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[pt:Maximilien de Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[ro:Maximilien de Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[ru:Робеспьер, Максимилиан]]~~ ~~[[sh:Максимилијан Робеспјер]]~~ ~~[[simple:Maximilien de Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[sk:Maximilián Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[sr:Максимилијан Робеспјер]]~~ ~~[[sv:Maximilien de Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[th:มักซีมีลียอง โรแบสปีแยร์]]~~ ~~[[tr:Maximilien de Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[uk:Максиміліан Робесп'єр]]~~ ~~[[ur:روبس پیئر]]~~ ~~[[vec:Maximilien de Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[vi:Maximilien de Robespierre]]~~ ~~[[zh:马克西米连·罗伯斯庇尔]]~~ ~~[[zh-min-nan:Maximilien de Robespierre]]~~