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Revisi per 31 Juli 2010 11.52 sunting Mediaku (bicara \| kontrib) 6 suntingan ←Membuat halaman berisi '{{Infobox Aircraft \|name = Tu-22M \|image=Image:Tupolev Tu-22m3.jpg \|caption=Tu-22M3 \|type = Strategic bomber, Maritime strike. \|manufacturer= Tupolev \|desig...'		Revisi terkini sejak 18 Desember 2022 02.39 sunting balikkan Arya-Bot (bicara \| kontrib) Bot, Pengecualian blokir IP 261.428 suntingan k →Pranala luar: clean up Tag: AWB
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Baris 1: {{Infobox Aircraft \|name = Tu-22M \|image=~~Image~~ File:Russian Air Force Tupolev Tu-~~22m3~~22M3 Beltyukov.jpg \|caption=Tu-22M3 \|type = [[~~Strategic~~Bomber ~~bomber~~strategis]], ~~Maritime~~tempur ~~strike~~maritim. \|manufacturer= [[Tupolev]] \|designer= Baris 9: \|introduction = 1972 \|retired = \|produced =1967–1997<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://oaokapo.ru/about/history/planes/tu-22m.php\|title=Ту-22М (Ту-22М2/Ту-22МЗ) -дальний бомбардировщик\|language=Russian\|trans-title=Tu-22 m (Tu-22 m 2/TU-22mz)-long-range bomber\|work=oaokapo.ru\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731182723/http://oaokapo.ru/about/history/planes/tu-22m.php\|archivedate=31 July 2013}}</ref> ~~\|produced =~~ \|status = ~~Active~~dinas ~~service~~aktif \|primary user = [[~~Soviet~~Angkatan ~~Air~~Udara ~~Force~~Uni Soviet\|AU Soviet]] \|more users = [[~~Russian~~Angkatan ~~Air~~Udara ~~Force~~Rusia\|AU Rusia]] <br />[[~~Ukrainian~~Angkatan Udara ~~Air~~Ukraina\|AU ~~Force~~Ukraina]] \|number built =497 \|unit cost = \|developed from = [[Tupolev Tu-22]] Baris 19: }} '''[[Tupolev]] Tu-22M''' (''Туполев Ту-22М~~) (Nama~~'', [[kode NATO]]: '''Backfire''') adalah pesawat [[pesawat terbang supersonik\|supersonik]], [[sayap ayun]], strategis ~~long-range~~jarak jauh dan ~~pengebom~~pembom tempur maritim ~~bomber~~sayap rendah (low wing) yang dikembangkan oleh OKB Tupolev di [[Uni Soviet]]. Beberapa buah pesawat ini masih digunakan [[~~Russian~~Angkatan Udara ~~Air~~Rusia\|AU ~~Force~~Rusia]]. == Pengembangan == Tu-22M berbasis pada sistem senjata Tu-22, juga menggunakan rudal nuklir anti-kapal yang sama, [[Raduga Kh-22\|Kh-22]]. Pengkodean Tu-22M digunakan untuk membantu mendapatkan persetujuan untuk pembom dalam sistem Soviet. Prototipe pertama,'''Tu-22M0''', pertama terbang pada tanggal 30 Agustus 1969. Resultan pesawat pertama kali dilihat oleh [[NATO]] sekitar waktu itu. Untuk beberapa tahun Barat meyakini bahwa kode operasional pesawat terbaru ini adalah '''Tu-26'''. Sewaktu perundingan [[SALT]] pada 1980-an, Soviet bersikeras menyatakan itu adalah Tu-22M. Pada saat itu, pihak berwenang Barat menduga bahwa pernyataan Soviet itu dimaksudkan untuk menunjukkan bahwa itu hanyalah turunan dari Tu-22 daripada senjata yang lebih maju dan canggih. [[Berkas:Russian Air Force Victory Day Parade 2008.ogv\|jmpl\|Terbang lintas pesawat tempur milik AU Rusia di atas langit kota Moskwa pada 9 Mei 2008]] == Varian == [[Berkas:Tupolev Tu-22M-3, Russia - Air Force AN2185645.jpg\|300px\|jmpl]] ;Tu-22M(0) ;Tu-22M1 ;Tu-22M2<ref name=":0">{{cite web \|url=http://www.airvectors.net/avtu22.html#m6 \|title=The Tupolev Tu-22 "Blinder" & Tu-22M "Backfire" \|website=Airvectors.net \|access-date=2016-09-15 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917133006/http://www.airvectors.net/avtu22.html#m6 \|archive-date=2016-09-17 \|url-status=live}}</ref> ;Tu-22M3<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://sputniknews.com/military/201711171059192743-tu-22-bomber-new-missiles/ \|title=Locked and Loaded: Russia's Tu-22M3 Bombers to Boast Advanced Cruise Missiles \|website=Sputniknews.com \|accessdate=16 August 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720081130/https://sputniknews.com/military/201711171059192743-tu-22-bomber-new-missiles/ \|archive-date=20 July 2018 \|url-status=live \|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/228257680/Tu-22M3 \|title=Tu-22M3 - Cruise Missile - Missile \|website=Scribd \|accessdate=29 December 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402075840/https://www.scribd.com/doc/228257680/Tu-22M3 \|archive-date=2 April 2016 \|url-status=live \|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|url=http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Backfire.html \|title=Tupolev Tu-22M3 Backfire C Bomber - Missile Carrier / Туполев Ту-22M3 Бомбардировщик-ракетоносец \|first=Kopp \|last=Carlo \|date=5 July 2007 \|website=Ausairpower.net \|accessdate=16 August 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818045747/http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Backfire.html \|archive-date=18 August 2018 \|url-status=live \|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Backfire.html \|title=Tupolev Tu-22M3 Backfire C Bomber – Missile Carrier \|last=Kopp \|first=Carlo \|date=August 1, 2009 \|website=Ausairpower.net \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817193907/http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Backfire.html \|archive-date=August 17, 2016 \|url-status=live \|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="Janes 80 p212">Taylor 1980, p. 212.</ref><ref name="vectorsite">{{cite web \|first=Greg \|last=Goebel \|title=The Tupolev Tu-22 "Blinder" & Tu-22M 'Backfire' \|website=Vectorsite.net \|url=http://www.vectorsite.net/avtu22.html \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305082952/http://www.vectorsite.net/avtu22.html \|archivedate=5 March 2012}} {{Self-published inline \|date=January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://aviamuseum.org/EN/TU22M1.html \|title=Tupolev Tu-22M1 \|work=Riga Aviation Museum \|accessdate=24 November 2015 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235626/http://aviamuseum.org/EN/TU22M1.html \|archive-date=3 March 2016 \|url-status=live \|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/4507779 \|title=Новая система "Гефест" позволяет использовать некорректируемые боеприпасы как высокоточные \|website=Tass.ru \|accessdate=16 August 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812121902/http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/4507779 \|archive-date=12 August 2018 \|url-status=live \|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ;Tu-22M4<ref name="arms-expo.ru">{{cite web\|url=http://www.arms-expo.ru/armament/samples/984/66949/\|title=Ту-22М, сверхзвуковой бомбардировщик\|website=ИА «Оружие России»\|accessdate=22 January 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102050538/http://www.arms-expo.ru/armament/samples/984/66949/\|archive-date=2 January 2019\|url-status=live\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ;Tu-22MR<ref name="vectorsite"/> ; Tu-22DP<ref name="arms-expo.ru"/> ;Tu-344<ref>''Under the signs of "ANT" and "TU" // Aviation and Cosmonautics. - 2000. - # 11.</ref><ref>[http://futurych.f5.ru/post/16256 Turkey in an hour? Only 6 places!] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911012217/http://futurych.f5.ru/post/16256 \|date=2010-09-11}} F5, April 17, 2009. - Interview with Alexander Leonidovich Pukhov, chief designer of the Tupolev Design Bureau.</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/tu-344.htm\|title=Tu-344\|website=www.globalsecurity.org\|accessdate=22 January 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102051151/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/tu-344.htm\|archive-date=2 January 2019\|url-status=live\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ;Tu-22M3 SVP-24-22<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/734720 \|title=Russia brings into service modernized long-range bomber Tu-22M3 \|work=Tass \|date=4 June 2014 \|accessdate=24 November 2015 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715225133/http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/734720 \|archive-date=15 July 2014 \|url-status=live \|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2015/0417/133028803/detail.shtml \|script-title=ru:В Национальном центре управления обороной проведен Единый день приемки военной продукции \|language=Russian \|trans-title=At the National Centre for defence management held a single day of acceptance of military products \|website=Armstrade.org \|date=17 April 2015 \|accessdate=24 November 2015 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119224332/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2015/0417/133028803/detail.shtml \|archive-date=19 November 2015 \|url-status=live \|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://eng.itogi2015.mil.ru/quality2015 \|title=Quality building-up in the Russian Armed Forces \|website=Eng.itogi2015.mil.ru \|access-date=2016-09-15 \|url-status=dead\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629084145/http://eng.itogi2015.mil.ru/quality2015 \|archivedate=2016-06-29 \|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/archive-world-worldwide-news-air-force-aviation-aerospace-air-military-defence-industry/global-defense-security-news/global-news-2017/september/3706-tupolev-hands-over-upgraded-tu-160m-tu-95msm-strategic-bombers.html \|title=Tupolev hands over upgraded Tu-160M, Tu-95MSM strategic bombers \|website=Airrecognition.com \|accessdate=16 August 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402181618/https://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/archive-world-worldwide-news-air-force-aviation-aerospace-air-military-defence-industry/global-defense-security-news/global-news-2017/september/3706-tupolev-hands-over-upgraded-tu-160m-tu-95msm-strategic-bombers.html \|archive-date=2 April 2019 \|url-status=live \|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2017/1201/101044396/detail.shtml \|title=ЦАМТО / Новости / Очередной Ту-22М3 передан в эксплуатацию после завершения контрольно-восстановительных работ \|website=Armstrade.org \|accessdate=16 August 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817023131/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2017/1201/101044396/detail.shtml \|archive-date=17 August 2018 \|url-status=live \|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/0403/115546121/detail.shtml \|title=ЦАМТО / Новости / "Туполев" передал в эксплуатацию очередной Ту-22М3 \|website=Armstrade.org \|accessdate=16 August 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817023039/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/0403/115546121/detail.shtml \|archive-date=17 August 2018 \|url-status=live \|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2019/0401/093051717/detail.shtml \|title=Archived copy \|access-date=2019-04-02 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402181215/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2019/0401/093051717/detail.shtml \|archive-date=2019-04-02 \|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>https://tass.com/defense/1075718</ref> ;Tu-22M3M<ref name="auto">{{cite web \|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/bombs-away-russias-new-tu-22m3m-bomber-might-look-familiar-and-still-deadly-33381 \|title=Bombs Away: Russia's 'New' Tu-22M3M Bomber Might Look Familiar (And Still Deadly) \|first=Sebastien \|last=Roblin \|date=13 October 2018 \|website=The National Interest \|accessdate=29 December 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120221118/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/bombs-away-russias-new-tu-22m3m-bomber-might-look-familiar-and-still-deadly-33381 \|archive-date=20 November 2018 \|url-status=live \|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/russias-supersonic-bombers-now-locked-loaded-new-supersonic-23268 \|title=Russia's Supersonic Bombers: Now Locked and Loaded with New Supersonic Missiles \|first=Dave \|last=Majumdar \|date=18 November 2017 \|website=Nationalinterest.org \|accessdate=16 August 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721132604/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/russias-supersonic-bombers-now-locked-loaded-new-supersonic-23268 \|archive-date=21 July 2018 \|url-status=live \|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/08/russia-rolls-out-first-upgraded-tu-22m3m-long-range-bomber/ \|title=Russia Rolls Out First Upgraded Tu-22M3M Long-Range Bomber \|first=Franz-Stefan Gady, The \|last=Diplomat \|website=The Diplomat \|accessdate=29 December 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103113824/https://thediplomat.com/2018/08/russia-rolls-out-first-upgraded-tu-22m3m-long-range-bomber/ \|archive-date=3 January 2019 \|url-status=live \|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=http://vpk.name/news/64444_tu22m3_sdelayut_ubiicu_evropro_radi_vyisokotochnoi_raketyi_bombardirovshiku_pomenyayut_vsyu_elektroniku.html \|script-title=ru:Ту-22М3 сделают убийцу ЕвроПРО Ради высокоточной ракеты бомбардировщику поменяют всю электронику \|language=Russian \|trans-title=Tu-22M3 aircraft will be capable to overcome NATO air defence, it turns it into a high precision weapon system, all electronics of the aircraft will change \|work=VPK \|date=7 February 2012 \|accessdate=24 November 2015 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023091600/http://vpk.name/news/64444_tu22m3_sdelayut_ubiicu_evropro_radi_vyisokotochnoi_raketyi_bombardirovshiku_pomenyayut_vsyu_elektroniku.html \|archive-date=23 October 2015 \|url-status=live \|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://rg.ru/2015/03/18/tu22m3-site.html \|title=Дальние ракетоносцы Ту-22М3 приземлятся в Крыму \|date=18 March 2015 \|website=Rg.ru \|accessdate=16 August 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702125048/https://rg.ru/2015/03/18/tu22m3-site.html \|archive-date=2 July 2018 \|url-status=live \|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://tass.com/defense/1016360 \|title=Russia’s upgraded strategic bomber to feature advanced avionics suite \|website=TASS \|accessdate=29 December 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227181421/http://tass.com/defense/1016360 \|archive-date=27 December 2018 \|url-status=live \|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://tass.com/defense/1017452 \|title=New bomber Tupolev-22M3M presented in Kazan \|website=[[TASS]] \|date=16 August 2018 \|accessdate=16 August 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816144142/http://tass.com/defense/1017452 \|archive-date=16 August 2018 \|url-status=live \|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://tass.com/defense/1038351 \|title=Russia’s upgraded Tu-22M3 strategic missile-carrying bomber performs debut flight \|website=TASS \|accessdate=30 December 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230081231/http://tass.com/defense/1038351 \|archive-date=30 December 2018 \|url-status=live \|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://eadaily.com/ru/news/2020/03/20/vtoroy-modernizirovannyy-raketonosec-tu-22m3m-sovershil-pervyy-polet \|title=Второй модернизированный ракетоносец Ту-22М3М совершил первый полет \|website=EurAsia Daily \|accessdate=20 March 2020 \|url-status=live \|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/latest-modernised-tu-22-strategic-bomber-takes-flight/137445.article \|title=Latest modernised Tu-22 strategic bomber takes flight \|website= flightglobal.com \|accessdate=20 March 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321152106/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/latest-modernised-tu-22-strategic-bomber-takes-flight/137445.article \|archive-date=21 March 2020 \|url-status=live \|df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Operator == [[Berkas:Tupolev Tu-22M3 at Farnborough 1992 airshow.jpg\|jmpl\|Tupolev Tu-22M3 pada Farnborough Airshow 1992]] [[Berkas:Tupolev Tu-22M-3, Ukraine - Air Force AN1191613.jpg\|jmpl\|300px]] ; {{RUS}}: * [[Angkatan Udara Rusia]] * [[Penerbangan Angkatan Laut Rusia]] === Eks operator === ; {{flag\|India}}: * [[Angkatan Laut India]] ; {{UKR}}: * [[Angkatan Udara Ukraina]] * [[Penerbangan Angkatan Laut Ukraina]] ; {{USSR}}: * [[Angkatan Udara Uni Soviet]] * [[Penerbangan Angkatan Laut Uni Soviet]] == Spesifikasi Tu-22M3 == [[Berkas:Tupolev Tu-26 BACKFIRE.png\|400px\|Gambar Tupolev Tu-22M]] [[Berkas:Tupolev Tu-22M-3, Russia - Air Force AN1963343.jpg\|jmpl\|300px]] [[Berkas:X-22 under Tu-22M3.jpg\|jmpl\|ka\|Misil anti-kapal Raduga [[Kh-22]] di bawah rangka Tu-22M3]] [[Berkas:Cockpit of Tupolev Tu-22M3 (9).jpg\|jmpl\|300px]] {{aircraft specifications <!-- if you do not understand how to use this template, please ask at [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Aircraft]] --> <!-- please answer the following questions --> \| plane or copter?=plane \| jet or prop?=jet <!-- Now, fill out the specs. Please include units where appropriate (main comes first, alt in parentheses). If an item doesn't apply, like capacity, leave it blank. For additional lines, end your alt units with )and start a new, fully-formatted line with --> \| ref= \| crew=4 (pilot, kopilot, juru bom, operator sistem pertahanan) \| length main=42.4 m \| length alt=139 ft \| span main=<br /> '''Spread (20° sweep):''' 34.28 m \| span alt=112 ft 6 in) '''Swept (65° sweep):''' 23.30 m (76 ft 5 in) \| height main=11.05 m \| height alt=36 ft 3 in \| area main=<br /> '''Spread:''' 183.6 m² \| area alt=1,976 ft²) '''Swept:''' 175.8 m² (1,892 ft² \| empty weight main=58,000 kg \| empty weight alt=172,000 lb \| loaded weight main=112,000 kg \| loaded weight alt=247,000 lb \| max takeoff weight main=126,000 kg \| max takeoff weight alt=277,800 lb \| engine (jet)=[[Kuznetsov NK-25]] \| type of jet= [[turbofan]] \| number of jets=2 \| thrust main=245 kN \| thrust alt=50,000 lbf [[Berkas:Nk25.jpg\|jmpl\|300px]] \| max speed main=Mach 2.05 \| max speed alt=2,327 km/h, \| combat radius main=2,410 km \| combat radius alt=1,500 mi \| range main=7,000 km \| range alt=4,971 mi \| ceiling main=13,300 m \| ceiling alt=40,635 ft \| climb rate main= 15m/s \| climb rate alt= 91ft/s \| loading main=688 kg/m² \| loading alt=147 lb/ft² \| thrust/weight=0.40 \| guns=Kanon otomatis [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23\|GSh-23]] kendali jarak jauh pada bagian ekor \| hardpoints=sayap dan rak senjata internal \| hardpoint capacity=21,000 kg (46,300 lb) :* Muat hingga 3 [[Raduga Kh-22]] misil dalam rak senjata dan cantelan sayap, ''atau'' :* Tu-22M3 dapat membawa 6 misil dalam sebuah MKU-6-1 ''rotary launcher'' pada rak bom, ditambah 4 misil pada 2 cantelan di bawah sayap. Total 10 misil tiap pesawat, ''atau'' :* Bermacam-macam bom - 69 × [[FAB-250]] atau 8 × [[FAB-1500]] dimungkinkan Misil jelajah jarak jauh [[Kh-55]] (AS-16 ''Kent'') diuji coba pada Tu-22M tetapi tampaknya tidak digunakan dalam dinas.}} == Lihat pula == {{aircontent \| related= * [[Tupolev Tu-22]] * [[Tupolev Tu-98]] * [[Tupolev Tu-160]] \| similar aircraft= * [[B-1 Lancer]] }} == Album == <center><gallery caption="Tupolev Tu-22M" widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="3"> File:Tupolev Tu-22M-3M, Russia - Air Force AN2219027.jpg ~~File:Tu-22M3 Ryazan2.JPG\|Ту-22М3 заходит на посадку на аэродром Дягилево~~ File:Russian Air Force Tupolev Tu-22M-3 Krivchikov-1.jpg ~~File:Tu-22m3 ryazan.JPG\|Ту-22М3 заходит на посадку на аэродром Дягилево, Рязань.~~ File:Tupolev Tu-22M-3M, Russia - Air Force AN2272345.jpg ~~File:Ukrainian Tu-22 M3.jpg\|Ukrainian Tu-22M3 at SIAD 2002 Air Show, Bratislava, Slovakia~~ File:Tu-22M3 Ryazan2.JPG\|Tu-22M3 bersiap mendarat di Lanud Dyagilevo, Ryazan File:Tu-22m3 ryazan.JPG\|Tu-22M3 bersiap mendarat di Lanud Dyagilevo, Ryazan File:Ukrainian Tu-22 M3.jpg\|Tu-22M3 milik AU Ukraina tampil dalam SIAD 2002 di Bratislava, Slowakia File:Tupolev Tu-22M-3 Krivchikov Sept 2009.jpg\|Sebuah Tupolev Tu-22-M3 lepas landas File:Tu-22M Backfire-B, escorted by an F-14A.JPEG\|Sebuah Tu-22M2 Backfire-B terbang dikawal oleh F-14A Tomcat File:Soviet Tu-22M Backfire-B bomber aircraft in flight.JPEG\|Tu-22M2 Backfire-B sewaktu terbang [...] </gallery></center> == Referensi == {{reflist}} ;Bibliografi * Taylor, J.W.R. (ed.) ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1980–81''. London: Jane's Publishing, 1980. ISBN 0-7106-0705-9. == Pranala luar == {{Commons category\|Tupolev Tu-22M}} * [http://www.aviation.ru/Tu/#22 Tu-22* at aviation.ru] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605015707/http://www.aviation.ru/Tu/#22 \|date=2011-06-05 }} * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/tu-22m.htm Tu-22M entry at Globalsecurity.org] * [http://airwar.ru/enc/bomber/tu22m3.html Tu-22M3 at airwar.ru] {{ru_icon}} * [http://www1.airliners.net/search/photo.search?front=yes&s=1&keywords=Tupolev%20Tu-22M Tu-22M photos at Airliners.net] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921154319/http://www1.airliners.net/search/photo.search?front=yes&s=1&keywords=Tupolev%20Tu-22M \|date=2011-09-21 }} * [http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/tu-22m/tu-22m.htm Tupolev Tu-22M 'Backfire' at milavia.net] * [http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/bomber/tu-22m.htm Tu-22M BACKFIRE (TUPOLEV) at fas.org] * [http://www.vectorsite.net/avtu22.html The Tupolev Tu-22 "Blinder" & Tu-22M "Backfire" at vectorsite.net] * [http://www.aviaport.ru/directory/aviation/tu22/ ДАЛЬНИЙ РАКЕТОНОСЕЦ-БОМБАРДИРОВЩИК ТУ-22М-3 at aviaport.ru] * [http://combatavia.info/index2tu26.html Ту-22М (средний бомбардировщик) at combatavia.info] * [http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Backfire.html Tupolev Tu-22M3 Backfire C Bomber - Missile Carrier at ausairpower.net] {{Navbox \|name = Tupolev aircraft \|title = Pesawat terbang[[Tupolev]] \| image = [[Berkas:Flag of Russia.svg\|100px\|~~border~~tepi]] <br /> [[Berkas:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg\|100px\|~~border~~tepi]] \| above = Daftar Pesawat [[Tupolev]] [[Berkas:Tupolev logo.png\|100px]] Baris 59 ⟶ 190: [[Tupolev Tu-95\|Tu-20/Tu-95]]{{·}} [[Tupolev Tu-22\|Tu-22]]{{·}} ~~[[Tupolev Tu-22M\|~~Tu-22M/Tu-26]]{{·}} [[Tupolev Tu-28\|Tu-28/Tu-128P]]{{·}} [[Tupolev Tu-126\|Tu-126]]{{·}} Baris 164 ⟶ 295: }} {{Transportasi supersonik}} [[Kategori:Tupolev\| ]] [[Kategori:Pesawat terbang Tupolev\|Tu-22M]] [[Kategori:Pesawat jet supersonik\|Tupolev Tu-22M]] [[Kategori:Pesawat pengebom strategis]] [[Kategori:Pesawat terbang sayap rendah]] {{pesawat-stub}}