Psikosis: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Penyangkalan-medis}}
{{Infobox disease
| Name = Psikosis
| Image = Jane Kelly. Psychosis 2.jpg
| Caption = Ilustrasi berupa lukisan yang menggambarkan seseorang dengan gejala psikosis
| DiseasesDB =
| ICD10 = F20- F29<ref>{{cite web|title=Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders (F20-F29)|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/F20-F29|website=ICD-10 Version:2010|publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref>
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|290}}-{{ICD9|299}}
| ICDO =
| OMIM = 603342
| OMIM_mult = {{OMIM2|608923}} {{OMIM2|603175}} {{OMIM2|192430}}
| MedlinePlus = 001553
| eMedicineSubj =
| eMedicineTopic =
| MeshName = Psychotic+Disorders
| MeshNumber = F03.700.675
}}
'''Psikosis''' adalah kondisi psikologis seseorang yang menyebabkan ia sulit untuk membedakan antara yang nyata dan tidak nyata.<ref name="Continuum">{{cite journal | vauthors = Arciniegas DB | title = Psychosis | journal = Continuum | volume = 21 | issue = 3 Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychiatry | pages = 715–736 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 26039850 | pmc = 4455840 | doi = 10.1212/01.CON.0000466662.89908.e7 }}</ref> Gejala psikosis diantaranya [[delusi]] dan [[halusinasi]].<ref name="Continuum"/> Gejala lainnya yaitu ketidak teraturan dalam berbicara dan perilaku yang tidak sesuai dengan situasi.<ref name="Continuum"/> Psikosis juga dapat ditunjukkan dengan [[gangguan tidur]], [[penghindaran sosial]], kurangnya motivasi, dan kesulitan dalam melakukan [[aktivitas sehari-hari]].<ref name="Continuum"/> Psikosis dapat menyebabkan dampak yang serius; penderita dapat menyakiti orang lain dan dirinya sendiri, termasuk bunuh diri.<ref name="Continuum"/>
Psikosis dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai hal.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Radua J, Ramella-Cravaro V, Ioannidis JP, Reichenberg A, Phiphopthatsanee N, Amir T, Yenn Thoo H, Oliver D, Davies C, Morgan C, McGuire P, Murray RM, Fusar-Poli P | display-authors = 6 | title = What causes psychosis? An umbrella review of risk and protective factors | journal = World Psychiatry | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 49–66 | date = February 2018 | pmid = 29352556 | pmc = 5775150 | doi = 10.1002/wps.20490 }}</ref> Diantaranya [[gangguan jiwa]] seperti [[schizophrenia]] atau [[gangguan schizoaffective]], [[gangguan bipolar]], [[deprivasi sensorik]],<ref name="Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry">{{Cite book |last1=Gelder |first1=Michael G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pN9rAAAAMAAJ |title=Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry |last2=Gath |first2=Dennis |last3=Mayou |first3=Richard |date=1983 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-261294-6 |language=en}}</ref> [[sindrom Wernicke–Korsakoff]] atau [[sindrom Wernicke–Korsakoff|beri-beri serebral]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Korsakoff Psychosis – Special Subjects |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-in/professional/special-subjects/illicit-drugs-and-intoxicants/korsakoff-psychosis |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=MSD Manual Professional Edition |language=en-IN}}</ref> dan dalam kasus yang langka, [[depresi mayor]] atau yang disebut juga dengan [[depresi psikotik]]. Penyebab lainnya meliputi [[trauma psikologis]], [[kurang tidur]], berbagai kondisi medis, konsumsi obat-obatan, narkoba, [[alkohol]], [[ganja]], [[halusinogen]], dan [[stimulan]].<ref name="Griswold">{{cite journal | vauthors = Griswold KS, Del Regno PA, Berger RC | title = Recognition and Differential Diagnosis of Psychosis in Primary Care | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 91 | issue = 12 | pages = 856–863 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 26131945 | url = https://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0615/p856.html | access-date = 2021-12-06 | archive-date = 2021-02-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210222162048/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0615/p856.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Satu jenis psikosis, yaitu [[psikosis postpartum]], dapat muncul pada perempuan setelah melahirkan bayi.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal | vauthors = Davies W | title = Understanding the pathophysiology of postpartum psychosis: Challenges and new approaches | journal = World Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 77–88 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28713685 | pmc = 5491479 | doi = 10.5498/wjp.v7.i2.77 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Neurotransmitter]] [[dopamine]] diyakini berperan penting dalam penyakit ini.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stahl SM | title = Beyond the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia to three neural networks of psychosis: dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate | journal = CNS Spectrums | volume = 23 | issue = 3 | pages = 187–191 | date = June 2018 | pmid = 29954475 | doi = 10.1017/S1092852918001013 | s2cid = 49599226 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grace AA | title = Dysregulation of the dopamine system in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and depression | journal = Nature Reviews. Neuroscience | volume = 17 | issue = 8 | pages = 524–532 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27256556 | pmc = 5166560 | doi = 10.1038/nrn.2016.57 }}</ref> Psikosis akut dinyatakan primer jika berasal dari kondisi psikiatrik, dan sekunder jika berasal dari kondisi medis lainnya.<ref name="Griswold"/> Diagnosa psikosis kesehatan mental seseorang memerlukan eksklusi penyebab potensial gangguan jiwa lainnya.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Cardinal RN, Bullmore ET |title=The Diagnosis of Psychosis |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-49790-9 |page=279 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wE3FXgW9gDkC&pg=PA279 |language=en |access-date=2020-06-25 |archive-date=2020-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806010504/https://books.google.com/books?id=wE3FXgW9gDkC&pg=PA279 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pengujian dapat dilakukan dengan memeriksa keberadaan penyakit [[sistem saraf pusat]], [[toksin]], atau masalah kesehatan lainnya yang dapat menjadi penyebab psikosis.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Foster NL |title=The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry |date=2011 |publisher=American Psychiatric Pub |isbn=978-1-58562-952-7 |page=523 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c52vBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA523 |language=en |access-date=2020-06-25 |archive-date=2020-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819021425/https://books.google.com/books?id=c52vBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA523 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Penanganan dapat berupa [[antipsikotik atipikal]], [[psikoterapi]], dan [[dukungan sosial]].<ref name="NIH2018QA">{{cite web|title=RAISE Questions and Answers|url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/raise/raise-questions-and-answers.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008203120/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/raise/raise-questions-and-answers.shtml|archive-date=8 October 2019|access-date=23 January 2018|website=NIMH|language=en}}</ref><ref name=NHS2016/> Penanganan gejala lebih awal dapat meningkatkan hasil.<ref name=NIH2018QA/> Sedangkan obat-obatan diyakini hanya memberi dampak yang moderat.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Haddad PM, Correll CU | title = The acute efficacy of antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a review of recent meta-analyses | journal = Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology | volume = 8 | issue = 11 | pages = 303–318 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30344997 | pmc = 6180374 | doi = 10.1177/2045125318781475 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Leucht S, Leucht C, Huhn M, Chaimani A, Mavridis D, Helfer B, Samara M, Rabaioli M, Bächer S, Cipriani A, Geddes JR, Salanti G, Davis JM | display-authors = 6 | title = Sixty Years of Placebo-Controlled Antipsychotic Drug Trials in Acute Schizophrenia: Systematic Review, Bayesian Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression of Efficacy Predictors | journal = The American Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 174 | issue = 10 | pages = 927–942 | date = October 2017 | pmid = 28541090 | doi = 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16121358 | s2cid = 27256686 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Hasil dari penanganan psikosis tergantung pada penyebabnya.<ref name=NHS2016>{{cite web|title=Psychosis|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/psychosis/|website=NHS|access-date=24 January 2018|date=23 December 2016|archive-date=15 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015043847/https://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Psychosis/Pages/Prevention-OLD.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Di Amerika Serikat, sekitar 3% orang mengalami psikosis pada suatu waktu di dalam kehidupan mereka..<ref name=NIH2018QA/> Psikosis telah dijelaskan sejak abad ke-4 sebelum masehi oleh [[Hippocrates]], dan mungkin lebih awal lagi, yaitu abad ke-16 sebelum masehi di dalam [[papirus Ebers]] kebudayaan Mesir Kuno.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Gibbs RS |title=Danforth's Obstetrics and Gynecology|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-0-7817-6937-2 |page=508 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=v4krPhqFG8sC&pg=PA508 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Giddens JF |title=Concepts for Nursing Practice – E-Book|date=2015|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-38946-4|page=348|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lB-KCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA348|access-date=2020-06-25|archive-date=2020-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819141258/https://books.google.com/books?id=lB-KCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA348|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Referensi ==
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