Bahasa Navajo: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox Language
|name=Navajo
|nativename=Diné bizaad
|familycolor=Dené-Yeniseian
|states={{flag|Amerika Serikat}}
|region=[[Arizona]], [[New Mexico]], [[Utah]], [[Colorado]]
|map=[[Berkas:Navaho USC2000 PHS.svg|260px|Navajo language spread in the United States.]]
|speakers=168,438 (2005)<ref name="mla2005">[http://www.mla.org/cgi-shl/docstudio/docs.pl?map_data_results mla.org] 2005 American Community Survey. Accessed 2010-07-13.</ref>
|fam2=[[Bahasa Na-Dené|Na-Dené]]
|fam3=Athabaskan-Eyak
|fam4=[[Bahasa Athabaskan|Athabaskan]]
|fam5=[[Bahasa Athabaskan Selatan|Athabaskan Selatan]]
|fam6=Southwestern Apache
|fam7=Western
|iso1=nv|iso2=nav|iso3=nav}}
'''Bahasa Navajo''' atau '''bahasa Navaho''' (''Diné bizaad'') adalah sebuah bahasa pribumi di Amerika bagian utara dan tepatnya di sebelah barat daya [[Amerika Serikat]]. Bahasa ini terutama dipertuturkan oleh suku bangsa Navajo dan jumlah penutur bahasa ini kurang lebih adalah 175.000 jiwa. Bahasa Navajo termasuk rumpun bahasa [[bahasa Na-Dene|Na-Dene]]. bahasa Navajo adalah bahasa yang dipakai sebagai sandi yang tak terpecahkan di perang dunia kedua.
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{interwiki|code=nv}}
* [http://www.gomyson.com/ Hózhǫ́ Náhásdlį́į́ʼ - Language of the Holy People (Navajo web site with flash and audio, helps with learning Navajo)], gomyson.com
* [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists_for_Den%C3%A9-Yeniseian_languages Navajo Swadesh vocabulary list of basic words] (from Wiktionary's [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists Swadesh list appendix])
* [http://www.blackmesais.org/Dictionary.htm Some English - Diné Dictionary (pronunciations)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061102073636/http://www.blackmesais.org/Dictionary.htm |date=2006-11-02 }}, blackmesais.org
* [http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/course/chapter11/navajo/navajo.html Contrasts between Navajo consonants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304211724/http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/course/chapter11/navajo/navajo.html |date=2012-03-04 }} (sound files from [[Peter Ladefoged]]). humnet.ucla.edu
* [http://www.angelfire.com/nv/navaholang/language.html page of Navajo language links], angelfire.com
* [http://www.sanjuan.k12.ut.us/linknavj.html Navajo Language & Bilingual Links] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314061507/http://www.sanjuan.k12.ut.us/linknavj.html |date=2012-03-14 }} (from San Juan school district). sanjuan.k12.ut.us
* [http://www.navajolanguageacademy.org Navajo Language Academy], navajolanguageacademy.org
* [http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/TIL_17.html Tuning in to Navajo: The Role of Radio in Native Language Maintenance], jan.ucc.nau.edu
* [http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/TIL_20.html An Initial Exploration of the Navajo Nation's Language and Culture Initiative], jan.ucc.nau.edu
* [http://cdte.dinecollege.edu Báʼóltaʼí Adoodleełgi Bínaʼniltingo Bił Hazʼą́ (Center for Diné Teacher Education)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511192845/http://cdte.dinecollege.edu/navajofonts.htm |date=2008-05-11 }} {{nv icon}}, dinecollege.edu
* [http://www.languagegeek.com/dene/dine/dine_bizaad.html Languagegeek Unicode fonts and Navajo keyboard layouts], languagegeek.com
* [http://cdte.dinecollege.edu/navajofonts.htm Navajo fonts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511192845/http://cdte.dinecollege.edu/navajofonts.htm |date=2008-05-11 }}, dinecollege.edu
* [http://library.thinkquest.org/J002073F/thinkquest/Language.htm The Navajo Language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050321120631/http://library.thinkquest.org/J002073F/thinkquest/Language.htm |date=2005-03-21 }}, library.thinkquest.org
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040601072605/http://homepage.mac.com/thgewecke/navlit.html Why No Writing on the Rez: An Inquiry into the History of Navajo Language Literacy], mac.com
* [http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/naind/html/na_025300_navajolangua.htm Navajo language (Encyclopedia of North American Indians)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060212224236/http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/naind/html/na_025300_navajolangua.htm |date=2006-02-12 }}, college.hmco.com
* [http://www.navajolanguageacademy.org/navbib.htm Bibliography of Materials on the Navajo Language]{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, swarthmore.edu
* [http://www.native-languages.org/navajo_words.htm Navajo vocabulary word list], native-languages.org
* [http://libxml.unm.edu/oanm/nmu/nmu1mss672bc.html Inventory of the Robert W. Young Papers, 1860-1992 (bulk 1823-1980)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312021728/http://libxml.unm.edu/oanm/nmu/nmu1mss672bc.html |date=2007-03-12 }}, libxml.unm.edu
* [http://www.ou.edu/worldlit/onlinemagazine/2007September/webster.htm Reflections on Navajo Poetry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709030512/http://www.ou.edu/worldlit/onlinemagazine/2007September/webster.htm |date=2008-07-09 }}, ou.edu
=== Linguistik ===
* [http://www.museunacional.ufrj.br/linguistica/congresso/1/txnavar.pdf Navajo reflections of a general theory of lexical argument structure] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312065350/http://www.museunacional.ufrj.br/linguistica/congresso/1/txnavar.pdf |date=2012-03-12 }} ([[Ken Hale]] & [[Paul Platero]]), museunacional.ufrj.br
* [http://www.museunacional.ufrj.br/linguistica/congresso/1/txnavtsl.pdf Remarks on the syntax of the Navajo verb part I: Preliminary observations on the structure of the verb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823194811/http://www.museunacional.ufrj.br/linguistica/congresso/1/txnavtsl.pdf |date=2015-08-23 }} (Ken Hale), museunacional.ufrj.br
* [http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~carlota/papers/Nphon.pdf The Navajo Prolongative and Lexical Structure] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703222655/http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~carlota/papers/Nphon.pdf |date=2012-07-03 }} (Carlotta Smith), cc.utexas.edu
* [http://linguistics.byu.edu/faculty/eddingtond/navajo.pdf A Computational Analysis of Navajo Verb Stems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928005548/http://linguistics.byu.edu/faculty/eddingtond/navajo.pdf |date=2011-09-28 }} (David Eddington & Jordan Lachler), linguistics.byu.edu
* [http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/research/Chee%20et%20al_vol15.pdf Grammaticization of Tense in Navajo: The Evolution of ''nt’éé''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212023309/http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/research/Chee%20et%20al_vol15.pdf |date=2012-12-12 }} (Chee, Ashworth, Buescher & Kubacki), linguistics.ucsb.edu
* [https://urresearch.rochester.edu/retrieve/6548/BLS+McD&Suss.pdf A methodology for the investigation of speaker’s knowledge of structure in Athabaskan] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090306041231/https://urresearch.rochester.edu/retrieve/6548/BLS+McD&Suss.pdf |date=2009-03-06 }} (Joyce McDonough & Rachel Sussman), urresearch.rochester.edu
* [http://www.bcs.rochester.edu/cls/f2000n2/mcdonough.pdf How to use Young and Morgan’s ''The Navajo Language''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307084257/http://www.bcs.rochester.edu/cls/f2000n2/mcdonough.pdf |date=2012-03-07 }} (Joyce McDonough), bcs.rochester.edu
* [http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~carlota/papers/Time%20in%20Navajo.pdf Time in Navajo: Direct and Indirect Interpretation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054057/http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~carlota/papers/Time%20in%20Navajo.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} (Carlota S. Smith, [[Ellavina Perkins|Ellavina T. Perkins]], [[Theodore B. Fernald]]), cc.utexas.edu
== Bibliografi ==
=== Pendidikan ===
* Blair, Robert W.; Simmons, Leon; & Witherspoon, Gary. (1969). ''Navaho Basic Course''. [[Brigham Young University]] Printing Services.
* Goossen, Irvy W. (1967). ''Navajo made easier: A course in conversational Navajo''. Flagstaff, AZ: Northland Press.
* Goossen, Irvy W. (1995). ''Diné bizaad: Speak, read, write Navajo''. Flagstaff, AZ: Salina Bookshelf. ISBN 0-9644189-1-6
* Goossen, Irvy W. (1997). ''Diné bizaad: Sprechen, Lesen und Schreiben Sie Navajo''. Loder, P. B. (transl.). Flagstaff, AZ: Salina Bookshelf.
* Haile, Berard. (1941–1948). ''Learning Navaho'', (Vols. 1–4). St. Michaels, AZ: St. Michael's Mission.
* Platero, Paul R. (1986). ''Diné bizaad bee naadzo: A conversational Navajo text for secondary schools, colleges and adults''. Farmington, NM: Navajo Preparatory School.
* Platero, Paul R.; Legah, Lorene; & Platero, Linda S. (1985). ''Diné bizaad bee naʼadzo: A Navajo language literacy and grammar text''. Farmington, NM: Navajo Language Institute.
* [[Luci Tapahonso|Tapahonso, Luci]], & Schick, Eleanor. (1995). ''Navajo ABC: A Diné alphabet book''. New York: Macmillan Books for Young Readers. ISBN 0-689-80316-8
* [[Witherspoon, Gary]]. (1985). ''Diné Bizaad Bóhooʼaah for secondary schools, colleges, and adults''. Farmington, NM: Navajo Language Institute.
* Witherspoon, Gary. (1986). ''Diné Bizaad Bóhooʼaah I: A conversational Navajo text for secondary schools, colleges and adults''. Farmington, NM: Navajo Language Institute.
* Wilson, Alan. (1969). ''Breakthrough Navajo: An introductory course''. Gallup, NM: The [[University of New Mexico]], Gallup Branch.
* Wilson, Alan. (1970). ''Laughter, the Navajo way''. Gallup, NM: The University of New Mexico at Gallup.
* Wilson, Alan. (1978). ''Speak Navajo: An intermediate text in communication''. Gallup, NM: University of New Mexico, Gallup Branch.
* Wilson, Garth A. (1995). ''Conversational Navajo workbook: An introductory course for non-native speakers.'' Blanding, UT: Conversational Navajo Publications. ISBN 0-938717-54-5.
* Yazzie, Evangeline Parsons, and Margaret Speas (2008). ''Diné Bizaad Bínáhoo'aah: Rediscovering the Navajo Language''. Flagstaff, AZ: Salina Bookshelf, Inc. ISBN 978-1-893354-73-9
=== Linguistik & referensi lain ===
* Akmajian, Adrian; & Anderson, Stephen. (1970). On the use of the fourth person in Navajo, or Navajo made harder. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''36'' (1), 1–8.
* Creamer, Mary Helen. (1974). Ranking in Navajo nouns. ''Navajo Language Review'', ''1'', 29–38.
* Faltz, Leonard M. (1998). ''The Navajo verb: A grammar for students and scholars''. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-1901-7 (hb), ISBN 0-8263-1902-5 (pbk)
* Frishberg, Nancy. (1972). Navajo object markers and the great chain of being. In J. Kimball (Ed.), ''Syntax and semantics'' (Vol. 1, p. 259–266). New York: Seminar Press.
* Grimes, Barbara F. (Ed.). (2000). Ethnologue: Languages of the world, (14th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-106-9. (Online edition: http://www.ethnologue.com/, accessed on November 19, 2004).
* Hale, Kenneth L. (1973). A note on subject-object inversion in Navajo. In B. B. Kachru, R. B. Lees, Y. Malkiel, A. Pietrangeli, & S. Saporta (Eds.), ''Issues in linguistics: Papers in honor of Henry and Renée Kahane'' (p. 300–309). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
* Hoijer, Harry. (1945). ''Navaho phonology''. University of New Mexico publications in anthropology, (No. 1).
* Hoijer, Harry. (1945). Classificatory verb stems in the Apachean languages. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''11'' (1), 13–23.
* Hoijer, Harry. (1945). The Apachean verb, part I: Verb structure and pronominal prefixes. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''11'' (4), 193–203.
* Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part II: The prefixes for mode and tense. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''12'' (1), 1–13.
* Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part III: The classifiers. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''12'' (2), 51–59.
* Hoijer, Harry. (1948). The Apachean verb, part IV: Major form classes. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''14'' (4), 247–259.
* Hoijer, Harry. (1949). The Apachean verb, part V: The theme and prefix complex. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''15'' (1), 12–22.
* Hoijer, Harry. (1970). ''A Navajo lexicon''. University of California Publications in Linguistics (No. 78). Berkeley: University of California Press.
* Kari, James. (1975). The disjunct boundary in the Navajo and Tanaina verb prefix complexes. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''41'', 330–345.
* Kari, James. (1976). Navajo verb prefix phonology. Garland Publishing Co.
* McDonough, Joyce. (2003). ''The Navajo sound system''. Dordrecht: [[Kluwer Academic Publishers]]. ISBN 1-4020-1351-5 (hb); ISBN 1-4020-1352-3 (pbk)
* Reichard, Gladys A. (1951). ''Navaho grammar''. Publications of the American Ethnological Society (Vol. 21). New York: J. J. Augustin.
* Sapir, Edward. (1932). Two Navaho puns. ''Language'', ''8'' (3), 217-220.
* Sapir, Edward, & Hoijer, Harry. (1942). ''Navaho texts''. William Dwight Whitney series, Linguistic Society of America.
* Sapir, Edward, & Hoijer, Harry. (1967). ''Phonology and morphology of the Navaho language''. Berkeley: [[University of California Press]].
* Speas, Margaret. (1990). ''Phrase structure in natural language''. Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0-7923-0755-0
* Wall, C. Leon, & Morgan, William. (1994). ''Navajo-English dictionary''. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-7818-0247-4. (Originally published [1958] by U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Branch of Education, Bureau of Indian Affairs).
* Webster, Anthony K. (2004). Coyote Poems: Navajo Poetry, Intertextuality, and Language Choice. ''American Indian Culture and Research Journal'', ''28'', 69-91.
* Webster, Anthony K. (2006). "ALk'idaa' Ma'ii Jooldlosh, Jini": Poetic Devices in Navajo Oral and Written Poetry. ''Anthropological Linguistics'', ''48(3)'', 233-265.
* Webster, Anthony K. (2009). ''Explorations in Navajo Poetry and Poetics''. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
* Witherspoon, Gary. (1971). Navajo categories of objects at rest. ''American Anthropologist'', ''73'', 110-127.
* Witherspoon, Gary. (1977). ''Language and art in the Navajo universe''. Ann Arbor: [[University of Michigan Press]]. ISBN 0-472-08966-8; ISBN 0-472-08965-X
* Yazzie, Sheldon A. (2005). ''Navajo for Beginners and Elementary Students''. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Press.
* Young, Robert W. (2000). ''The Navajo verb system: An overview''. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-2172-0 (hb); ISBN 0-8263-2176-3 (pbk)
* Young, Robert W., & Morgan, William, Sr. (1987). ''The Navajo language: A grammar and colloquial dictionary'' (rev. ed.). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-1014-1
* Young, Robert W.; Morgan, William; & Midgette, Sally. (1992). ''Analytical lexicon of Navajo''. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-1356-6; ISBN 0825313566
[[Kategori:Bahasa di Amerika Serikat]]
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