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{{Irak infobox}}
'''Irak''',{{Efn|{{lang-ar|الْعِرَاق|translit=al-ʿIrāq}}; {{lang-ku|عێراق|translit=Êraq}}, {{lang-arc|ܥܝܪܐܩ}}}} dengan nama resmi '''Republik Irak''',{{Efn|{{lang-ar|جُمْهُورِيَّة ٱلْعِرَاق}} ''{{transliteration|ar|{{Audio|Ar-Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq.oga|Jumhūrīyat al-ʿIrāq|help=no}}}}''; {{lang-ku|کۆماری عێراق|translit=Komarî Êraq}}}} adalah sebuah negara [[Orang Arab|Arab]] di Wilayah [[Mesopotamia]], Timur Tengah atau Asia Barat Daya, yang meliputi sebagian terbesar daerah [[Mesopotamia]] serta ujung barat laut dari [[Pegunungan Zagros]] dan bagian timur dari [[Gurun Suriah]]. Negara ini berbatasan dengan [[Kuwait]] dan [[Arab Saudi]] di selatan, [[Yordania]] di barat, [[Suriah]] di barat laut, [[Türkiye]] di utara, dan [[Iran]] di timur. Irak mempunyai bagian yang sangat sempit dari garis pantai di [[Umm Qashr]] di [[Teluk Persia]].
Irak mempunyai sejarah yang kaya saat rezim [[Saddam Hussein]] berkuasa. Kini Irak termasuk [[negara berkembang]] di tengah-tengah Perang melawan teror antara Pemerintah Irak melawan ekstrimis [[Negara Islam Irak dan Syam|ISIS]]
== Etimologi ==
Ada beberapa pendapat tentang asal usul nama ''Irak''; – satu di antaranya berasal dari kota [[Uruk]] (atau Erech) dari masa Kerajaan [[Sumer]]. Pendapat lainnya mengatakan bahwa ''Irak''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.arah.com/article/13770/republik-ceko-ikut-misi-ke-irak-untuk-perangi-isis.html|title=Republik Ceko Ikut Misi ke Irak Untuk Perangi ISIS {{!}} News {{!}} Arah.Com|last=divertal|newspaper=arah.com|access-date=2016-10-21|archive-date=2016-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021210251/http://www.arah.com/article/13770/republik-ceko-ikut-misi-ke-irak-untuk-perangi-isis.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> berasal dari [[bahasa Aram]], yang berarti "tanah sepanjang tepian sungai." Pendapat lainnya mengatakan bahwa ''Irak'' adalah sebuah rujukan kepada akar pohon palma, karena jumlahnya banyak sekali di negara itu.
Di bawah [[Kekaisaran Sasaniyah]] dinamai "Erak Arabi" yang merujuk ke bagian dari wilayah barat daya [[Kekaisaran Persia]], yang kini merupakan bagian dari Irak selatan. Al-Iraq adalah nama yang digunakan oleh orang-orang Arab sendiri untuk daerah ini sejak abad ke-6.
== Sejarah ==
{{main|Sejarah Irak}}
=== Sejarah kuno ===
{{main|Sumeria}}
[[Berkas:Milkau Oberer Teil der Stele mit dem Text von Hammurapis Gesetzescode 369-2.jpg|jmpl|kiri|150px|Bagian atas dari stela [[Codex Hammurabi|aturan hukum]] [[Hammurabi]].]]
Secara historis Irak dikenal sebagai [[Mesopotamia]], yang secara harafiah berarti "di antara dua sungai" dalam [[bahasa Yunani]]. Tanah ini menjadi tempat kelahiran peradaban pertama dunia yang dikenal, budaya [[Sumeria]], diikuti dengan budaya [[Akkadia]], [[Babilonia]] dan [[Asyur]] yang pengaruhnya meluas ke daerah-daerah tetangganya sejak sekitar 5000 SM. Peradaban-peradaban ini menghasilkan [[tulisan]] tertua dan sebagian dari [[ilmu pengetahuan]], [[matematika]], [[hukum]] dan [[filsafat]] yang pertama di dunia, hingga menjadikan wilayah ini pusat dari apa yang umumnya dikenal sebagai "[[Buaian Peradaban]]". [[Peradaban]] Mesopotamia kuno mendominasi peradaban-peradaban lainnya pada zamannya.
Pada [[abad ke-6 SM]], wilayah ini menjadi bagian dari [[Kekaisaran Persia]] di bawah [[Koresy Agung]] selama hampir 4 abad, sebelum ditaklukkan oleh [[Alexander Agung]] dan tetap berada di bawah kekuasaan [[Kerajaan Makedonia]] selama hampir dua abad. Sebuah suku [[bangsa Iran]] dari Asia Tengah yang bernama [[Parthia]] kemudian merebut wilayah ini, diikuti dengan [[Dinasti Sassanid]] Persia selama 9 abad, hingga [[abad ke-7]].
Di awal [[abad ke-7]], [[Islam]] menyebar ke daerah yang sekarang bernama Irak. Sepupu sekaligus menantu [[Nabi Muhammad]], yaitu [[Ali bin Abi Thalib]] memindahkan ibu kota di Kufah "fi al-Iraq" di mana ia menjadi [[Khulafaur Rasyidin]] yang ke-4. [[Bani Umayyah]] yang berkuasa dari [[Damaskus]] pada abad ke-7 menguasai Provinsi Irak.
[[Baghdad]], ibu kota [[Khilafah]] [[Abbasiyah]], adalah kota utama bagi dunia Arab dan Islam selama 5 abad.
=== Kesultanan Utsmaniyah ===
{{utama|Kesultanan Utsmaniyah}}
Pada tahun 1258, Baghdad dihancurkan oleh [[bangsa Mongol]]. Kesultanan Utsmaniyah mengambil alih Baghdad dari [[Persia]] pada tahun 1535. Utsmaniyah kehilangan Baghdad ke [[Dinasti Safawiyah|Dinasti Safawi]] [[Kekaisaran Persia|Persia]] pada tahun 1509, dan mengambilnya kembali pada tahun 1632. Kekuasaan Utsmani atas Irak berlangsung hingga [[Perang Dunia I]] saat Kesultanan Utsmaniyah berada bersama [[Kekaisaran Jerman]] dan [[Blok Sentral]].
<!--
====World War One====
{{main|Mesopotamian campaign}}
During [[World War I]], the [[Ottomans]] were driven from much of the area by the [[United Kingdom]] during the [[dissolution of the Ottoman Empire]]. The British lost 92,000 soldiers in the [[Mesopotamian campaign]]. Ottoman losses are unknown but the British captured a total of 45,000 prisoners of war. By the end of 1918 the British had deployed 410,000 men into the area though only 112,000 of them were combat troops.
==== Partitioning ====
{{Main|Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire}}
During World War I, the British and French divided the Middle East in the [[Sykes-Picot Agreement]]. The [[Treaty of Sèvres]] which was ratified by [[Treaty of Lausanne]] led to the creation of the modern [[Middle East]] and [[Republic of Turkey]]. The [[League of Nations]] granted [[France]] mandates over the [[French Mandate of Syria|Syria]] and the [[French Mandate of Lebanon|Lebanon]] and granted the [[United Kingdom]] mandates over the [[British Mandate of Iraq|Iraq]] and the [[Mandate for Palestine|Palestine]] (which was comprised of two autonomous regions: [[Palestine]] and [[Transjordan]]). Parts of the [[Ottoman Empire]] on the [[Arabian Peninsula]] became parts of what are today [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Yemen]].
===British Mandate of Mesopotamia===
{{Main|British Mandate of Mesopotamia}}
At the end of World War I, the [[League of Nations]] granted the area to the United Kingdom as a [[League of Nations Mandate|mandate]]. It was formed out of three former [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] ''[[vilayet]]s'' (regions): [[Mosul Province, Ottoman Empire|Mosul]], [[Baghdad Province, Ottoman Empire|Baghdad]], and [[Basra Province, Ottoman Empire|Basra]].
For three out of four centuries of [[Ottomans|Ottoman]] rule, the vilayets of Baghdad, Mosul, and Basra were administered from Baghdad. During the [[British Mandate of Mesopotamia|British mandate]], the country was ruled by British colonial administrators who used the British armed forces to put down rebellions against the government. They selected the [[Hashemite]] king, Faisal, who had been forced out of [[Syria]] by the French, to be their client ruler.Also, the government and ministries' officers were likewise appointed by the British authorities.They were selected according to belonging to the Sunni Arab elite in the region<ref>Tripp,Charles:''A History of Iraq'',Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000</ref>.
===Hashemite monarchy===
Iraq was granted independence in [[1932]] by the urging of [[Faisal I of Iraq|King Faisal]], though the British retained military bases and transit rights for their forces in the country. King Ghazi of Iraq ruled as a figurehead after King Faisal died in 1933, while Iraq suffered from military coups (dictatorships) until he died in 1939. Iraq was invaded by the United Kingdom in 1941, for fears that the government of [[Rashid Ali]] might cut oil supplies to Western nations and because of his strong leanings to [[Nazi Germany]]. A military occupation followed after the restoration of the Hashemite monarchy, and the occupation ended on [[October 26]], [[1947]]. The rulers of the country during the occupation and the remainder of the Hashemite monarchy period were the autocratic prime minister [[Nuri al-Said]] who also ruled from 1930-1932 and the advisor [['Abd al-Ilah]] to the king [[Faisal II]].
===Republic of Iraq===
The reinstalled [[Hashemite]] monarchy lasted until 1958, when it was overthrown through a [[coup d'etat]] by the [[Iraqi Army]], known as the [[14 July Revolution]]. The coup brought [[Brigadier General]] [[Abdul Karim Qassim]] to power. He withdrew from the [[Baghdad Pact]] and established friendly relations with the [[Soviet Union]] but his government lasted only until 1963, when it was overthrown by [[Colonel]] [[Abdul Salam Arif]]. Salam Arif died in 1966 and his brother, [[Abdul Rahman Arif]], assumed the presidency. In 1968, Rahman Arif was overthrown by the Arab Socialist [[Baath Party]]. This movement gradually came under the control of [[Saddam Hussein|Saddam Hussein al-Majid al Tikriti]] who acceded to the presidency and control of the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), then Iraq's supreme executive body, in July 1979, killing off many of his opponents in the process. Many feel that all or at least some of these changes in the government beginning in [[1958]] were at least partially orchestrated by Egyptian President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]] as part of his goal to draw Iraq into the [[United Arab Republic]].
====Saddam Hussein====
{{Main|Saddam Hussein}}
Saddam's rule lasted throughout the [[Iran-Iraq War]] (1980–1988), a war that involved Iraqi forces attacking Iranian military personnel and civilians with chemical weapons; and ended in stalemate. This period is notorious for the regime's [[Human rights in Saddam Hussein's Iraq|human rights abuses]], such as those during the [[Al-Anfal campaign]].<ref>{{cite book
| last = Black | first = George | authorlink =
| title = Genocide in Iraq : the Anfal campaign against the Kurds / Middle East Watch.
| origyear = 1993 | origmonth = July
| url = http://hrw.org/reports/1993/iraqanfal/| accessdate = 2007-02-10
| publisher = Human Rights Watch
| location = New York • Washington • Los Angeles • London| isbn = 1-56432-108-8
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| last = Hiltermann | first = Joost R.| authorlink = | coauthors = | editor = | others =
| title = Bureaucracy of repression : the Iraqi government in its own words / Middle East Watch. | origyear = 1994 | origmonth = February
| url = http://www.hrw.org/reports/1994/iraq/TEXT.htm | accessdate = 2007-02-10
| publisher = Human Rights Watch
| location = New York • Washington • Los Angeles • London | isbn = 1564321274
}}</ref><ref>[http://www.institutkurde.org/en/afp/archives/070108093217.hrifbdh6.html "Charges against Saddam dropped as genocide trial resumes"], ''[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]'', [[2007]]</ref>
[[Osirak]], also spelled Osiraq, was a 40 MW light-water nuclear materials testing reactor (MTR) in Iraq. It was constructed by the Iraqi government at the Al Tuwaitha Nuclear Research Center, 18 km (11 miles) south-east of [[Baghdad]] in 1977. It was crippled by Israeli aircraft in 1981 in a preventive strike to prevent the regime of Saddam Hussein from using the reactor for the creation of nuclear weapons.
{{main|Gulf War}}
In [[1990]] Iraq [[invasion of Kuwait|invaded]] [[Kuwait]] resulting in the [[Gulf War]], and the [[United Nations]] imposed [[economic sanctions]] at the urging of the U.S. The economic sanctions were designed to compel Saddam to dispose of weapons of mass destruction.<ref>(April 8, 1991), [http://www.mideastweb.org/687.htm <u>"UN Security Council Resolution 687"<u>], ''MidEast Web'', Accessed Sep 17 2006</ref> Critics estimate that over 500,000 Iraqi children died as a result of the sanctions.<ref>Hay Brown jr, Matthew, (October 23, 2000), [http://www.commondreams.org/views/102300-103.htm <u>"Iraqi Sanctions: Without Medicine And Supplies, The Children Die"<u>], ''Common Dreams News Centre'', Accessed Sep 17 2006</ref> The U.S. and the UK declared [[no-fly zone]]s over Kurdish northern and Shiite southern Iraq to oversee the Kurds and southern Shiites.
===Occupation by Coalition Forces===
{{main|Iraq War}}
Iraq was [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invaded]] in March 2003 by a United States-organized coalition with the stated reasons that Iraq had not abandoned its nuclear and chemical weapons development program according to [[United Nations]] '''resolution 687'''. When Iraq invaded Kuwait, United Nations Security Council, under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, adopted '''resolution 678, authorizing armed action against Iraq'''. Resolution 678 contained vague language authorizing U.N. member states to use "all necessary means" to "restore international peace and security in the area." After Iraq was expelled from Kuwait, the United Nations passed a cease-fire resolution 687. The agreement included provisions obligating Iraq to discontinue its nuclear weapons program. United States asserted that because Iraq was in "material breach" of resolution 687, the armed forces authorization of resolution 678 was revived.
[[Berkas:BaghdadSign.jpg|thumb|right|290px|Downtown [[Baghdad]] monument of [[Saddam Hussein]] vandalized by Iraqis shortly after the Occupation of Coalition Forces in April 2003.]]
The public justifications given for invasion included purported Iraqi government links to [[Al Qaeda]], claims that Iraq had [[weapons of mass destruction]], the opportunity to remove an oppressive dictator from power, and the bringing of democracy to Iraq.In his State of Union Address on January 29, 2002, the American President George W. Bush declares Iraq as being a member of the "axis of evil".Like North Korea and Iran, Iraq's attempt to aquire weapons of mass destruction gave credentials to claim that the Iraqi government causes a serious threat to America's national security."Iraq continues to flaunt its hostilities toward America and to support terror.The Iraqi regime has plotted to develop anthrax, and nerve gas, and nuclear weapons for over a decade...This is a regime that agreed to international inspections--then kicked out inspectors.This a regime that has something to hide from the civilized world...By seeking weapons of mass destruction, these regimes[Iran,Iraq and Norht Korea] pose a grave and growig danger.They could provide these arms to terrorists, giving them the means to match their hatred."<ref>http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html,The President State of Union Address, January 29,2002,Washington,D.C.</ref>
The United States established the [[Coalition Provisional Authority]] to govern Iraq. Government authority was transferred to an [[Iraqi Interim Government]] in 2004 and a permanent government was elected in October 2005. Over 140,000 Coalition troops remain in Iraq in order to assist the government.
Studies have placed the number of civilians deaths as high as 655,000 (see [[Lancet surveys of mortality before and after the 2003 invasion of Iraq|The Lancet study]]), though most studies have put the number much lower, such as the [[Iraq Body Count project]], which uses a figure at less than 10% of The Lancet Study. However, the Iraq Body Count website points out "Our maximum therefore refers to reported deaths - which can only be a sample of true deaths unless one assumes that every civilian death has been reported. It is likely that many if not most civilian casualties will go unreported by the media." [http://www.iraqbodycount.org/#position].
After the invasion, al-Qaeda was able to exploit the insurgency to establish its organization in the country<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5329350.stm</ref> in concurrency with a Arab-Sunni led insurgency and sectarian violence. In 2006, Foreign Policy Magazine named Iraq as the fourth most unstable nation in the world.
On [[December 30]], [[2006]], Saddam Hussein was hanged to death. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6219861.stm] Hussein's half-brother and former intelligence chief Barzan Hassan and former chief judge of the Revolutionary Court Awad Bandar were similarly executed on [[January 15]], [[2007]]. [http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=adlWxYxfI4bE]
===Iraqi diaspora===
{{Main|Iraqi diaspora}}
The Iraqi diaspora is the dispersion of native Iraqis to other countries. There have been many large-scale waves of emigration from Iraq, beginning early in the regime of Saddam Hussein and continuing through 2007. The [[UN High Commission for Refugees]] has estimated that nearly two million Iraqis have fled the country in recent years, mostly to Jordan and Syria. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6286129.stm] Although some expatriates returned to Iraq after the 2003 invasion, the flow had virtually stopped by 2006. [http://www.unhcr.org/publ/PUBL/456320748.pdf]
-->
== Geografi ==
{{main|Geografi Irak}}
Irak terletak di antara garis lintang 29° dan 38° N, dan garis bujur 39° dan 49° E. Wilayahnya memiliki luas 437.072 km2 (168.754 sq mi), menjadikannya sebagai negara ke-58 terbesar di dunia. Luasnya sebanding dengan ukuran negara bagian AS [[California]], dan agak lebih besar dari [[Paraguay]].
Wilayah Irak sebagian besar terdiri dari padang pasir, namun di sekitar [[Sungai Eufrat]] dan [[Sungai Tigris|Tigris]] terdapat daratan aluvial yang subur. Bagian utara negara tersebut sebagian besar terdiri dari pegunungan; titik tertinggi negara ini berada di [[Gunung Cheekha Dar|Chekha Dar]] dengan ketinggian 3.611 m (11.847 ft). Irak memiliki garis pantai kecil berukuran 58 km (36 mil) di sepanjang [[Teluk Persia]]. Dekat dengan pantai dan sepanjang [[Shatt al-Arab]] (dikenal sebagai arvandrūd: اروندرود antara [[Iran]]) dahulu pernah ada rawa, tetapi banyak yang dikeringkan pada 1990-an.
=== Iklim ===
{{main|Iklim Irak}}
Sebagian besar wilayah Irak memiliki iklim yang kering dengan pengaruh subtropis. Suhu musim panas rata-rata di atas 40 °C (104 °F) di sebagian besar wilayah dan sering melebihi 48 °C (118,4 °F). Suhu musim dingin jarang melebihi 21 °C (69,8 °F) dengan suhu maksimal sekitar 15 sampai 19 °C (59,0-66,2 °F) dan pada waktu malam suhu antara 2 sampai 5 °C (35,6-41,0 °F). Biasanya curah hujan rendah; sebagian besar tempat memiliki curah hujan 250 mm (9,8 in) per tahun, dengan curah hujan maksimum terjadi selama bulan-bulan musim dingin. Hujan selama musim panas sangat jarang, kecuali di ujung utara negara itu. Daerah pegunungan utara memiliki musim dingin dengan salju dalam jumlah besar yang kadang-kadang menyebabkan banjir besar.
== Politik ==
[[Berkas:Iraq-CIA WFB Map.png|jmpl|ka|200px|Peta Irak]]
{{utama|Politik di Irak}}<!--
Iraq was under [[Baath Party]] rule from 1968 to 2003; in 1979 [[Saddam Hussein]] took control and remained president until 2003 after which he was unseated by a US-led [[2003 Invasion of Iraq|invasion]].
On [[October 15]], [[2005]], more than 63% of eligible Iraqis came out across the country to vote on whether to accept or reject the new [[Constitution of Iraq|constitution]]. On October 25, the vote was certified and the constitution passed with a 78% overall majority, with the percentage of support varying widely between the country's territories.<ref>Wagner, Thomas, (October 25, 2005), [http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=1248677 <u>"Iraq's Constitution Adopted by Voters"<u>], ''ABC News'', Accessed Sep 17 2006</ref> The new constitution had overwhelming backing among the Shia and Ķurdish communities, but was overwhelmingly rejected by Arab Sunnis. Three majority Arab Sunni provinces rejected it ([[Salah ad Din]] with 82% against, [[Ninawa]] with 55% against, and [[Al Anbar]] with 97% against).
Under the terms of the constitution, the country conducted [[Iraqi legislative election, December 2005|fresh nationwide parliamentary elections on December 15]] to elect a new government. The overwhelming majority of all three major ethnic groups in Iraq voted along ethnic lines, turning this vote into more of an ethnic [[census]] than a competitive election, and setting the stage for the division of the country along ethnic lines.
Iraqi politicians have been under significant threat by the various factions that have promoted violence as a political weapon. The ongoing violence in Iraq has been incited by an amalgam of religious extremists that believe an Islamic [[Caliphate]] should rule, old sectarian regime members that had ruled under Saddam that want back the power they had, and Iraqi nationalists that are fighting the U.S. military presence.
-->
=== Kebijakan minoritas ===
{{utama|Kebijakan minoritas di Irak}}<!--
There are a number of ethnic minority groups in Iraq: [[Kurdish people|Kurds]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Mandeans]], [[Iraqi Turkmen]], [[Shabak people|Shabaks]] and [[Roma people|Roma]]. These groups have not enjoyed equal status with the majority Arab populations throughout Iraq's eighty-five year history. Since the establishment of the "no-fly zones" following the [[Gulf War]] of 1990-1991, the situation of the Kurds has changed as they have established their own autonomous region. The remainder of these ethnic groups continue to suffer discrimination on religious or ethnic grounds.-->
=== Pembagian administratif ===
{{utama|Pembagian administratif Irak}}
:''Lihat pula: [[Distrik di Irak]]''
Irak dibagi ke dalam 18 [[kegubernuran]] (atau [[provinsi]]) (bahasa Arab: محافظات ''muhafadhat'', tunggal - محافظة ''muhafadhah'', bahasa Kurdi: پاریزگه ''Pârizgah''). Governorat dibagi lagi ke dalam sejumlah ''qadhas'' (atau [[distrik]]).
{| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
|
# [[Governorat Baghdad|Baghdad]]
# [[Governorat Salah ad Din|Salah ad Din]]
# [[Governorat Diyala|Diyala]]
# [[Governorat Wasit|Wasit]]
# [[Governorat Maysan|Maysan]]
# [[Governorat Basra|Al Basrah]]
# [[Governorat Dhi Qar|Dhi Qar]]
# [[Governorat Al Muthanna|Al Muthanna]]
# [[Governorat Al-Qādisiyyah|Al-Qādisiyyah]]
||
<ol start="10">
<li>[[Governorat Babil|Babil]]
<li>[[Governorat Karbala|Karbala]]
<li>[[Governorat Najaf|An Najaf]]
<li>[[Governorat Al Anbar|Al Anbar]]
<li>[[Governorat Ninawa|Ninawa]]
<li>[[Governorat Dahuk|Dahuk]]
<li>[[Governorat Arbil|Arbil]]
<li>[[Governorat At-Ta'mim|At Ta'mim]] (Kirkuk)
<li>[[Governorat As Sulaymaniyah|As Sulaymaniyah]]
||[[Berkas:IraqNumberedRegions.png|200px|ka|Peta dengan angka-angka yang menunjukkan Governorat di Irak]]
|}
{{utama|Federalisme di Irak}}
[[Konstitusi Irak]] yang baru mempersiapkan pembentukan sejumlah region dengan menggabungkan 1 governorat atau lebih. Sekarang baru ada 1 region - [[Kurdistan Irak]] - dan ada usulan agar lebih banyak lagi region yang dibentuk di selatan.
{{Meso Labelled Map|float=right}}
<!--
==Geography==
{{main|Geography of Iraq}}
At 168,743 sq.mi (437,072 km²), Iraq is the 58th-largest country in the world, after [[Morocco]]. It is comparable in size to the US state of [[California]], and somewhat larger than [[Paraguay]].
Large parts of Iraq consist of [[desert]], but the area between the two major rivers ([[Euphrates]] and [[Tigris]]) is fertile, with the rivers carrying about 60 million cubic metres (78 million [[cubic yard|cu. yd]]) of [[silt]] annually to the [[River delta|delta]]. The north of the country is largely mountainous, with the highest point being a 3,611 metres (11,847 [[foot (unit of length)|ft]]) point, unnamed on the map opposite, but known locally as [[Cheekah Dar]] (black tent). Iraq has a small coastline with the [[Persian Gulf]]. Close to the coast and along the [[Shatt al-Arab]] (known as ''arvandrūd'': اروندرود among Iranians) there used to be marshlands, but many of these were drained in the 1990s.
The local [[climate]] is mostly [[desert]] with mild to cool winters and dry, hot, cloudless summers. The northern mountainous regions experience cold winters with occasional heavy snows, sometimes causing extensive flooding. The capital of [[Baghdad]] is situated in the centre of the country, on the banks of the Tigris. Other major cities include [[Basra]] in the south and [[Mosul]] in the north.
While its proven oil reserves of 112 billion barrels ranks Iraq second in the world behind [[Saudi Arabia]], the [[United States Department of Energy]] estimates that up to 90 percent of the country remains unexplored. Unexplored regions of Iraq could yield an additional 100 billion barrels. Iraq's oil production costs are among the lowest in the world. However, only about 2,000 [[oil well]]s have been drilled in Iraq, compared to about 1 million wells in [[Texas]] alone.<ref>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat6p3.html US Department of Energy Information]</ref>
==Economy==
{{main|Economy of Iraq}}
[[Berkas:Iraq 50 dinars Rewers.JPG|thumb|left|250px|An old 50 dinar bill]]
Iraq's economy is dominated by the [[Petroleum|oil]] sector, which has traditionally provided about 95 percent of foreign exchange earnings. In the 1980s financial problems caused by massive expenditures in the [[Iran-Iraq War|eight-year war]] with [[Iran]] and damage to oil export facilities by Iran led the government to implement austerity measures, borrow heavily, and later reschedule foreign debt payments. Iraq suffered economic losses from the war of at least [[US dollar|US$]]100 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]]. After hostilities ended in 1988, oil exports gradually increased with the construction of new pipelines and restoration of damaged facilities. A combination of low oil prices, repayment of war debts (estimated at around [[US dollar|US$]]3 billion a year) and the costs of reconstruction resulted in a serious financial crisis which was the main short term motivation for the [[Gulf War|invasion of Kuwait]].
[[Berkas:Tahrir_Sq-3D1.jpg|thumb|right|225px|A Rendering of Tahrir Square, the first phase of the [[Reconstruction of Iraq#The Proposed Baghdad Renaissance Plan|Baghdad Renaissance Plan]], a private investment reconstruction effort.]]
On [[November 20]] [[2004]], the [[Paris Club]] of creditor nations agreed to write off 80% ($33 billion) of Iraq's $42 billion debt to Club members. Iraq's total external debt was around $120 billion at the time of the 2003 invasion, and had grown by $5 billion by 2004. The debt relief will be implemented in three stages: two of 30% each and one of 20%.<ref>Bohsem, Guido & Somerville, Glen, (November 20, 2004), [http://web.archive.org/web/20041121210518/http://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml?type=worldNews&storyID=6874713 <u>"G7, Paris Club Agree on Iraq Debt Relief"<u>], ''Reuters'', Accessed Sep 17 2006</ref> <!--This needs to be updated: "By the end of 2005, some $75 billion of Iraq's debt should have been cancelled." -->
<!--At the end of 2005, and in the first half of 2006, Iraq implemented a restructuring of about $20 billion of commercial debt claims on terms comparable to that of its November 2004 Paris Club agreement (i.e. with an 80% writeoff). Iraq offered to its larger claimants a U.S. dollar denominated bond maturing in 2028. Smaller commercial claimants received a cash settlement of comparable value.
===Reconstruction===
{{main|Reconstruction of Iraq}}
Reconstruction of Iraq has been difficult mainly due to the amount of damage done to Iraq's basic infrastructure, the influx of the US invasion and strife among factions within the native populace. Large-scale reconstruction efforts have had, at best, limited success.
-->
== Demografi ==
{{Historical populations
|source = <ref name="Issawi1988">{{cite book|author=Charles Philip Issawi|title=The Fertile Crescent, 1800–1914: A Documentary Economic History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2TGkO7G43oC&pg=PA17|year=1988|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-504951-0|page=17|accessdate=2016-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Population Census|url=http://cosit.gov.iq/AAS/AAS2012/section_2/test.htm|publisher=Central Organization for Statistics|accessdate=30 Oktober 2017|archive-date=2016-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629144853/http://cosit.gov.iq/AAS/AAS2012/section_2/test.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Population Of Iraq For The Years 1977 – 2011 (000)|url=http://cosit.gov.iq/AAS/AAS2012/section_2/1.htm|publisher=Central Organization for Statistics|accessdate=2016-08-17|archive-date=2016-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629144714/http://cosit.gov.iq/AAS/AAS2012/section_2/1.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref>
|title = Sejarah populasi dalam jutaan
|percentages = pagr
|1878 |2.0
|1947 |4.8
|1957 |6.3
|1977 |12.0
|1987 |16.3
|1997 |22.0
|2009 |31.6
|2015 | 37
}}
{{main|Demografi Irak}}
Perkiraan 2016 dari total penduduk Irak adalah 37.202.527. Populasi Irak diperkirakan 2 juta pada tahun 1878. Pada 2013, populasi Irak mencapai 35 juta jiwa di tengah ledakan populasi pasca perang.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.aswataliraq.info/(S(s0hfzsnuvqwhq445fuqqwg55))/Default1.aspx?page=article_page&id=153148&l=1 |title=Iraqi population reaches about 35 million |publisher=Aswat Al Iraq |date=2013-04-27 |accessdate=2013-07-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114203319/http://en.aswataliraq.info/%28S%28j2xgdq450hsdyz455nf0n125%29%29/Default1.aspx?page=article_page&id=153148&l=1 |archivedate=January 14, 2015 |df= }}</ref>
75-80% penduduk Irak adalah [[bangsa Arab]]; kelompok etnis utama lainnya adalah [[orang Kurdi|Kurdi]] (15-20%), [[orang Asiria|Asiria]], [[Orang Turkmen Irak|Turkmen Irak]] dll (5%), yang kebanyakan tinggal di utara dan timur laut negeri. Kelompok lainnya adalah [[orang Persia]] dan [[orang Armenia|Armenia]] (kemungkinan keturunan budaya Mesopotamia kuno). ±25.000–60.000 [[Arab Rawa-Rawa|orang Arab Rawa-Rawa]] tinggal di selatan Irak.
==
[[Bahasa Arab]] dan [[bahasa Kurdi|Kurdi]] adalah bahasa resmi. [[Bahasa Neo-Aram Assyria|Bahasa Asiria]] dan [[bahasa Turkmen|Turkmen]] adalah bahasa resmi di daerah-daerah yang berturut-turut ditinggali oleh orang Asiria dan Turkmen. [[Bahasa Armenia]] dan [[bahasa Persia|Persia]] juga dituturkan namun jarang. [[Bahasa Inggris]] adalah bahasa Barat yang umum dituturkan.
=== Kelompok Etnis dan Agama ===
Diperkirakan 75-80% penduduk Irak adalah [[bangsa Arab]]; kelompok etnis utama lainnya adalah [[orang Kurdi|Kurdi]] (15-20%), [[orang Asiria|Asiria]], [[Orang Turkmen Irak|Turkmen Irak]] dll (5%), yang kebanyakan tinggal di utara dan timur laut negeri. Kelompok lainnya adalah [[orang Persia]] dan [[orang Armenia|Armenia]] (kemungkinan keturunan budaya Mesopotamia kuno). ±25.000–60.000 [[Arab Rawa-Rawa|orang Arab Rawa-Rawa]] tinggal di selatan Irak.
Komposisi etnis:
* Kelompok etnis: [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]], 75–80%; [[suku Kurdi]], 15-20%; Turkoman, Assyria atau lainnya 5%.
* Agama: Islam, 97%; Kristen atau lainnya, 3%.
Proporsi:
Tidak ada angka resmi yang tersedia, terutama karena sifatnya yang sangat politis.
Sumber: [[Britannica]]: Syi'ah 60%, Sunni 40%
Sumber: [[CIA World Fact Book]]: Syi'ah 60%-65%, Sunni 32%-37%
* [[Syi'ah]]: umumnya [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]] dengan sebagian [[Turkmen Irak|Turkmen]] dan [[Kurdi Faili]] hampir semuanya adalah pengikut aliran [[Dua Belas Imam]]
* [[Sunni]]: terdiri dari orang-orang [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]], [[Turkmen Irak|Turkmen]] yang menganut [[Mazhab Hanafi]] dan orang-orang [[Kurdi]] yang memeluk [[Mazhab Syafi'i]]
Menurut kebanyakan sumber-sumber barat, mayoritas bangsa Irak adalah orang Arab [[Muslim]] [[Syi'ah]] (sekitar 60%), dan [[Sunni]] yang mewakili sekitar 40% dari seluruh populasi yang terdiri dari suku [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]], [[Kurdi]] dan [[Turkmen]]. Orang-orang Sunni menyangkal keras angka-angka ini, termasuk seorang bekas duta besar Irak,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.counterpunch.org/ziada12272006.html|title="Iraqis By the Numbers" oleh FARUQ ZIADA|access-date=2007-03-20|archive-date=2011-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806215548/http://www.counterpunch.org/ziada12272006.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> yang mengacu ke sumber-sumber Amerika.<ref>Peta tentang distribusi kelompok-kelompok agama, dari laporan Komisi Baker-Hamilton, hlm. 102</ref> Mereka mengklaim bahwa banyak laporan atau sumber hanya mencantumkan Sunni Arab hanya sebagai 'Sunni', dan tidak memperhitungkan orang-orang Sunni Kurdi dan Sunni Turkmen. Sebagian berpendapat bahwa [[Sensus Irak 2003]] memperlihatkan bahwa orang-orang Sunni lebih banyak (mendominasi Irak).<ref>"Iraq 2003 Census: Sunnis 59%, Shiites 40%" oleh Mohammed Alomari (faair.org) [https://web.archive.org/web/20061029111039/http://cytations.blogspot.com/2006/03/iraq-2003-census-sunnis-59-shiites-40.html]</ref> Etnis Assyria (kebanyakan daripadanya adalah pemeluk [[Gereja Katolik Khaldea]] dan [[Gereja Assyria di Timur]]) mewakili sebagian terbesar penduduk [[Kristen]] Irak yang cukup besar, bersama-sama dengan orang Armenia. [[Bahá'í|Pemeluk Bahá'í]], [[Mandeanisme]], [[Shabak]], dan [[Yezidi]] juga ada. Kebanyakan orang Kurdi adalah pemeluk Muslim Sunni, meskipun kaum Kurdi Faili (Feyli) umumnya adalah Syi'ah.
== Budaya ==
{{main|Kebudayaan Irak}}
[[Berkas:Iraqi girl smiles.jpg|jmpl|200px|Seorang gadis Irak yang tinggal dekat Penyulingan Minyak Al Daura.]]
Dalam milenium yang paling mutakhir, Irak telah dibagi menjadi lima daerah budaya: Kurdi di utara yang berpusat di [[Arbil]], Arab Islam Sunni di tengah sekitar Baghdad, Arab Islam Syi'ah di selatan yang berpusat di Basra, Assyria, sekelompok orang Kristen, yang tinggal di berbagaikota di utara, dan Arab Rawa, sekelompok orang yang berpindah-pindah, yang tinggal di daerah berawa-rawa di sungai tengah. Pasar dan barter adalah bentung perdagangan yang lazim mereka lakukan.
=== Musik ===
{{main|Musik Irak|Musik Kurdi|Musik Assyria}}
Irak dikenal terutama karena alat musik yang disebut ''[[oud]]'' (mirip dengan [[lute]]) dan ''[[rebab]]''; bintang-bintangnya termasuk [[Ahmed Mukhtar]] dan [[Munir Bashir]], seorang Assyria. Hingga kejatuhan Saddam Hussein, stasiun radio yang paling populer adalah Suara Pemuda. Stasiun ini memainkan campuran musik [[rock]] barat, [[hip hop]] dan [[musik pop]], yang semuanya harus diimpor lewat [[Yordania]] karena adanya sanksi ekonomi internasional. Irak juga memproduksi seorang bintang pop
pan-Arab penting yang hidup di pengasingan yaitu [[Kazem al Saher]], yang lagu-lagunya mencakup ''Ladghat E-Hayya,'' yang dilarang karena kata-katanya yang terlalu keras.
== Galeri ==
<center>
<gallery>
Berkas:Tigris river Mosul.jpg|'''Sungai [[Tigris]] dekat [[Mosul]]'''
Berkas:Ihstar Gate RB.JPG|'''[[Gerbang Ishtar]] (Bab Ishtar) 604-562 SM Babilonia Kuno'''
Berkas:Samara_spiralovity_minaret_rijen1973.jpg|'''Menara [[Masjid Agung Samarra|Malwiya]] di [[Samarra]]'''
</gallery>
<gallery>
Berkas:Hatra ruins.jpg|'''Reruntuhan [[Hatra]]'''
Berkas:Meshed ali usnavy (PD).jpg|'''[[Masjid Imam Ali|Tempat ziarah Imam Ali]] di [[Najaf]]'''
Berkas:Boat on Euphrates.jpg|'''Perahu di Sungai [[Eufrat]]'''
</gallery>
</center>
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Pembangunan kembali Irak]]
* [[Pembangunan kembali Irak#Usul Rancangan Renaisanse Baghdad|Rancangan Renaisanse Baghdad]]
* Ekonomi: [[Bursa Saham Irak]], [[Dinar Irak]], [[Ekonomi Irak]]
* Kejadian: [[2005 di Irak]], [[2004 di Irak]], [[Invasi Irak 2003]], [[Irak pasca-invasi, 2003–sekarang]], [[Pemberontakan di Irak]], [[Perang Irak]]
* Geografi: [[Daftar tempat di Irak]], [[Komunikasi di Irak]], [[Transportasi di Irak]]
* Kelompok: [[Suku Kurdi|Kurdi]], [[Syi’ah]], [[Sunni]], [[Asyur]], [[Suku Arab di Irak]], [[Maslawi]]
* Politik: [[Politik Irak]], [[Irak dan Demokrasi]], [[Tentara Irak Baru]], [[Hubungan luar negeri Irak]], [[Pelanggaran hak asasi manusia di Irak]], [[Pemberontakan di Irak]], [[Perang saudara di Irak]], M. Ismail Marcinkowski, ''Religion and Politik in Iraq. Shiite Clerics between Quietism dan Resistance'', dengan pengantar oleh Profesor Hamid Algar of the University of California at Berkeley. Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 2004 (ISBN 9971-77-513-1)
* Sejarah: [[Daftar raja Irak]], [[Daftar presiden Irak]], [[Daftar perdana menteri Irak]], [[Mandat Britania atas Irak]], [[Sejarah Yahudi di Irak]], [[Perang Iran-Irak]], [[Sejarah astrologi]], [[Bulan sabit subur]], [[Mesopotamia]], [[Babilonia]]
* Literatur: [[Epos Gilgames]], [[Enuma Elish]], [[Atra-Hasis]]
* Lainnya: [[Perangko dan sejarah pos di Irak]], [[Hak kaum homoseksual di Irak]], [[Mitologi Mesopotamia]]
* [[Kuburan massal#Irak|Kuburan massal di Irak]]
== Catatan ==
{{Notelist}}
== Referensi ==
<div class="references-small">
{{reflist}}
</div>
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
* Wawancara dengan Sean Garcia dari Refugees International, tentang penderitaan ratusan ribu pengungsi Irak [http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=2262] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313185923/http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=2262 |date=2007-03-13 }}
* Shadid, Anthony 2005. ''Night Draws Near''. Henry Holt and Co., [[New York]], [[Amerika Serikat]]. ISBN 0-8050-7602-6
* Hanna Batatu, "The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq", Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978
* Irak adalah salah satu setting utama untuk novel fiksi ilmiah John J. Rust "Epsilon"
* [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xM465D/ A Dweller in Mesopotamia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050525231213/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/ds49x2xm465d/ |date=2005-05-25 }}, petualangan seorang seniman resmi di Taman Eden, oleh Donald Maxwell, 1921. ''(faksimili yang dapat dicari di Perpustakaan Universitas Georgia; [[DjVu]] & [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xM465D/1f/dweller_in_mesopotamia.pdf layered PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050906055955/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xM465D/1f/dweller_in_mesopotamia.pdf |date=2005-09-06 }} format)''
* [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/ By Desert Ways to Baghdad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050402090804/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/ |date=2005-04-02 }}, oleh Louisa Jebb (Mrs. Roland Wilkins) Dengan ilustrasi dan peta, 1908 (edisi 1909). ''(faksimili yang dapat dicari di Perpustakaan Universitas Georgia; [[DjVu]] & [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/1f/desert_ways_to_baghdad.pdf layered PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050906060015/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/1f/desert_ways_to_baghdad.pdf |date=2005-09-06 }} format)''
== Pranala luar ==
{{sisterlinks|Iraq}}
=== Pemerintah ===
{{commons}}
{{wikivoyage|Iraq}}
* {{ar}} {{en}} [http://www.iraqigovernment.org/ Situs resmi]
* {{en}} [http://www.cpa-iraq.org/ Situs Otoritas Sementara Koalisi] (arsip)
* {{en}} [http://www.iraqanalysis.org/ Iraq Analysis Group]
* {{en}} [http://dev.epic-usa.org/files/EPIC/IRAQ_Government.pdf Struktur pemerintahan baru Irak (PDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060815210023/http://dev.epic-usa.org/files/EPIC/IRAQ_Government.pdf |date=2006-08-15 }} (sejak 17 Juli 2006)
* {{en}} [http://www.krg.org/ Pemerintahan Regional Kurdistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506173827/http://www.krg.org/ |date=2016-05-06 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.industry.gov.iq/ Departemen Perindustrian dan Mineral]
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Daftar negara-negara di dunia]]
* [[Daftar tokoh Irak]]
* [[Saddam Hussein]]
=== Tinjauan ===
* [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567303/Iraq.html ''Encarta Encyclopedia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028042959/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567303/Iraq.html |date=2009-10-28 }}
* [http://www.al-bab.com/arab/countries/iraq.htm al-Bab - ''Iraq''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610185602/http://www.al-bab.com/arab/countries/iraq.htm |date=2016-06-10 }}
* [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Iraq Encyclopaedia Britannica ''Iraq'' Country Page]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/791014.stm BBC News Country Profile - ''Iraq'']
* [https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/iz.html CIA World Factbook - ''Iraq''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314143019/https://www.cia.gov/cia//publications/factbook/geos/iz.html |date=2007-03-14 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020216031159/http://www.state.gov/p/nea/ci/c3212.htm US State Department - ''Iraq''] termasuk Catatan Latar belakang, Studi negara, dan laporan-laporan penting
* [http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/search.tkl?q=iraq&search_crit=subject&search=Search&date1=Anytime&date2=Anytime&type=form Laporan Congressional Research Service (CRS) tentang Irak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502204638/http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/search.tkl?q=iraq&search_crit=subject&search=Search&date1=Anytime&date2=Anytime&type=form |date=2008-05-02 }}
* [http://www.alertnet.org/thefacts/countryprofiles/216595.htm Iraq Country Profile] dari Reuters AlertNet
* [http://www.economist.com/countries/Iraq/ Country Briefing: Iraq] dari [[The Economist]]
=== Berita ===
* [http://electroniciraq.net Iraq News and Iraqi views] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218204038/http://electroniciraq.net/ |date=2018-02-18 }} from Electronic Iraq
* [http://news.ft.com/indepth/iraq News in Depth] from the Financial Times
* [http://diplomacymonitor.com/stu/dm.nsf/issued?openform&cat=Iraq Diplomacy Monitor-Iraq] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415113230/http://diplomacymonitor.com/stu/dm.nsf/issued?openform&cat=Iraq |date=2013-04-15 }}
* [http://www.ipsnews.net/new_focus/iraq/index.asp IPS Inter Press Service] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610182557/http://www.ipsnews.net/new_focus/iraq/index.asp |date=2008-06-10 }} Independent news about Iraq
* [http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/11/05/dujail.saddam/index.html Iraqis react with joy, anger to Hussein death sentence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113081326/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/11/05/dujail.saddam/index.html |date=2006-11-13 }} CNN story on Hussein's death sentence
=== Lainnya ===
* [http://www.juancole.com Juan Cole], a leading scholar and public intellectual
* [http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=2218 The Ground Truth Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926182404/http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=2218 |date=2006-09-26 }}—A series of exclusive interviews and other resources capturing the voices of Iraqis, aid workers, military personnel and others who have spent significant time on-the-ground in Iraq.
* {{wikivoyage|Iraq}}
* [http://www.epic-usa.org/ Education for Peace in Iraq Center (EPIC)]—A Washington DC-based nonprofit organization promoting a free and secure Iraq
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20060103215437/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engMDE140082001?OpenDocument&of=COUNTRIESIRAQ Amnesty International Report on Iraq]
* [http://www.cpa-iraq.org/ Coalition Provisional Authority] Now-defunct occupation authority; site is archived
* [http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/iraq.htm Iraq Law] from the University of Pittsburgh’s Jurist project
* [http://www.libcom.org/history/articles/iraq-1900-2000/ 1900 - 2000 a history of Iraq]
* [http://baghdad.usembassy.gov/ US Embassy in Baghdad, Iraq] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820055028/http://baghdad.usembassy.gov/ |date=2008-08-20 }}
* [http://fieldsupport.lingnet.org/iraqi/fam_ir_slide/iraq.pdf Iraqi Familiarization Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201010110/http://fieldsupport.lingnet.org/Iraqi/fam_ir_slide/Iraq.pdf |date=2007-12-01 }} - ''(546 kilobyte PDF file)''
{{Timur Tengah}}
{{OKI}}
{{Liga Arab}}
{{Authority control}}
[[
[[Kategori:Negara di Timur Tengah]]
[[Kategori:Negara mayoritas Muslim]]
[[Kategori:Negara berbahasa Arab]]
[[Kategori:Negara di Teluk Persia]]
[[Kategori:Negara anggota Organisasi Kerja Sama Islam]]
[[Kategori:Negara anggota Liga Arab]]
[[Kategori:Negara anggota Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]]
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