Sungai Yordan: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 1:
{{Infobox river
<!-- *** Name section *** -->
| name = Sungai Yordan
| native_name = [[bahasa Ibrani|Ibrani]]: נהר הירדן, Nehar haYarden<br>[[bahasa Arab|Arab]]: نهر الأردن, Nahr al-Urdun
| other_name =
| other_name1 =
<!-- *** Image *** --->
| image = 20100923 mer morte13.JPG
| image_size =
| image_caption = Sungai Yordan
<!-- *** Etymology *** --->
| etymology = [[bahasa Ibrani]]: ירדן (''yardén'', "yang menurun") < ירד (''yarad'', "turun")<ref name=klein/>
<!-- *** Country etc. *** -->
| country = [[Yordania]], [[Israel]], [[Suriah]], [[Palestina]]
| state =
| state1 =
| region = [[Timur Tengah]]
| region1 = Pesisir Mediterania Timur
| district =
| district1 =
| city =
| city1 =
| landmark = Laut Mati
| landmark1 = Lembah Celah Yordania
| length = 251
| watershed =
| discharge_location = [[Laut Mati]], Lembah Jordan Rift
| discharge =
| discharge_max =
| discharge_min =
| discharge1_location =
| discharge1 =
<!-- *** Source *** -->
| source_name =
| source_location = Pegunungan Anti-Lebanon di [[Gunung Hermon]]
| source_district =
| source_region = [[Dataran Tinggi Golan]]
| source_state =
| source_country =
| source_lat_d =
| source_lat_m =
| source_lat_s =
| source_lat_NS =
| source_long_d =
| source_long_m =
| source_long_s =
| source_long_EW =
| source_elevation = 2814
| source_length =
<!-- *** Mouth *** -->
| mouth_name = Laut Mati
| mouth_location =
| mouth_district =
| mouth_region =
| mouth_state =
| mouth_country =
| mouth_lat_d =
| mouth_lat_m =
| mouth_lat_s =
| mouth_lat_NS =
| mouth_long_d = 22 inci
| mouth_long_m =
| mouth_long_s =
| mouth_long_EW =
| mouth_elevation = -416
<!-- *** Tributaries *** -->
| tributary_left = Sungai Banias
| tributary_left1 = Sungai Dan
| tributary_left2 = Sungai Yarmuk
| tributary_left3 = Sungai Zarqa
| tributary_right = Sungai Hasbani
| tributary_right1 = Sungai Iyon
<!-- *** Free fields *** -->
| free_name =
| free_value =
<!-- *** Map section *** -->
| map = JordanRiver en.svg
| map_size =
| map_caption = Sungai Yordan mengalir di sepanjang perbatasan antara Yordania, Tepi Barat Palestina, Israel, dan Suriah bagian barat daya.
}}
'''Sungai Yordan''' (
Sungai ini memiliki arti penting dalam agama [[Yahudi (agama)|Yahudi]] dan [[Kekristenan|Kristen]]. Menurut [[Alkitab]], bangsa Israel menyeberangi sungai ini menuju [[Tanah Suci|Tanah Perjanjian]] dan [[Yesus|Yesus dari Nazaret]] [[Pembaptisan Yesus|dibaptis]] oleh [[Yohanes Pembaptis]] di sungai ini.<ref>{{cite web|title=An Interfaith Look at the Jordan River|url=http://www.interfaithsustain.com/an-interfaith-look-at-the-jordan-river/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418195919/http://www.interfaithsustain.com/an-interfaith-look-at-the-jordan-river/|archive-date=18 April 2017|access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref>
== Etimologi ==
Nama dalam [[bahasa Ibrani]]: "''<big>י<span lang="he" dir="ltr">רדן</span></big>''" (''yardén'', {{lang-en|descender}}), berarti "yang menurun". Dari akar kata "<span lang="he" dir="ltr">''<big>ירד</big>''"</span> (''yarad'', {{lang-en|to descend}}), sebuah kata kerja yang berarti "turun, menurun, menuruni, menuju ke arah bawah".<ref name="klein">Klein, Ernest, ''A Comprehensive [[Etymology|Etymological]] Dictionary of the [[Hebrew Language]] for Readers of English'', The [[University of Haifa]], Carta, Jerusalem, p.264</ref>
== Ciri fisik ==
=== Anak-anak sungai ===
Berikut adalah anak-anak sungai yang bergabung membentuk sungai Yordan pada kolam di bagian hulu, dari barat ke timur:
* [[:en:Nahal Ayun|Ayun]] (Ibrani: עיון ''Ayun'', Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">دردره</span> ''Dardara'' or <span lang="ar" dir="ltr">براغيث</span> ''Braghith'' - pada peta tua terbitan [[:en:Palestine Exploration Fund|Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF)]] ditulis sebagai ''Nahr Bareighit'' pada bagian hilir dan ''Wadi el-Kharrar'' pada [[:en:Marjeyoun District|area Merj 'Ayun]]), yang mengalir dari [[Lebanon]].
* [[Sungai Hasbani|Hasbani]] (Arab: الحاصباني ''Hasbani'', Ibrani: שניר ''Snir'' atau ''Hatzbani''), yang mengalir dari [[:en:Mount Lebanon|Gunung Libanon]].
* [[:en:Dan River (Middle East)|Dan]] (Ibrani: דן ''Dan'', Arab: اللدان ''Leddan''), yang bersumber pada kaki [[Gunung Hermon]].
* [[:en:Banias|Banias]] (Arab: بانياس ''Banias'', Ibrani: ''Banias'' atau חרמון ''Hermon''), bersumber dari suatu mata air di Banias, di kaki [[Gunung Hermon]].
Di selatan [[Danau Galilea]] sungai ini menerima aliran air dari anak-anak sungai lain, yang terkemuka di antaranya:
* [[:en:Yarmouk River|sungai Yarmouk]]
* [[:en:Zarqa River|sungai Zarqa]]
=== Aliran ===
Sungai ini menurun drastis pada aliran sepanjang {{convert|75|km|adj=on}} ke arah [[Lembah Hula|Danau Hula]], yang terletak sedikit di atas permukaan laut. Keluar dari danau itu, sungai ini turun lagi lebih jauh sepanjang {{convert|25|km}} ke [Danau Galilea]]. Bagian terakhir lebih landai, sehingga alirannya melambat sebelum memasuki [[Laut Mati]], sekitar 422 meter di bawah permukaan laut, di mana tidak ada muara lagi ([[:en:Endorheic basin|endorheic basin]]). Dua anak sungai utama masuk dari arah timur di bagian terakhir ini adalah sungai Yarmouk and sungai Zarqa.
Di sebelah utara [[Danau Galilea]] (Ibrani: כנרת ''Kinneret'', Arab: ''Bohayrat Tabaraya'', artinya Danau [[Tiberias]]) daerahnya masuk di dalam perbatasan [[Israel]], sungai ini membentuk batas barat dengan [[Dataran Tinggi Golan]]. Di sebelah selatan danau, sungai ini membentuk perbatasan antara [[Yordania|Kerajaan Yordania]] (di sisi timur) dan [[Israel]] serta [[Palestina]] (di sisi barat).
<!--
==Human impact==
[[File:JordanAbbud.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Colored postcard of the Jordan River, by [[Karimeh Abbud]], circa 1925]]
In 1964, Israel began operating a pumping station that diverts water from the Sea of Galilee to the [[National Water Carrier of Israel|National Water Carrier]]. Also in 1964, Jordan constructed a [[Channel (geography)|channel]] that diverted water from the [[Yarmouk River]], another main tributary of the Jordan River to the [[King Abdullah Canal|East Ghor Canal]]. Syria has also built reservoirs that catch the Yarmouk's waters. Environmentalists blame [[Israel]], [[Jordan]] and [[Syria]] for extensive damage to the Jordan River ecosystem.<ref name="Plushnick-Masti">{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/10/AR2006091001354.html|title=Raw Sewage Taints Sacred Jordan River|last=Plushnick-Masti|first=Ramil|date=10 September 2006|work=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=10 October 2010}}</ref>
== Biblical importance ==
[[File:Dore joshua crossing.jpg|thumb|right|320px|"The Children of Israel Crossing the Jordan" by [[Gustave Doré]]]]
===Hebrew Bible===
In the [[Hebrew Bible]] the Jordan is referred to as the source of fertility to a large plain ("Kikkar ha-Yarden"), and it is said to be like "the garden of [[God]]" ([[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] {{bibleverse-nb||Genesis|13:10|HE}}). There is no regular description of the Jordan in the Bible; only scattered and indefinite references to it are given. [[Jacob]] crossed it and its tributary, the [[Jabbok]] (the modern Al-Zarqa), on his way back from [[Haran]] ({{bibleverse||Genesis|32:11|HE}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Genesis|32:23-24|HE}}). It is noted as the line of demarcation between the "two tribes and the half tribe" settled to the [[Transjordan (Bible)|east]] ([[Book of Numbers|Numbers]] {{bibleverse-nb||Numbers|34:15|HE}}) and the "nine tribes and the half tribe of Manasseh" that, led by [[Joshua]], settled to the west ({{bibleverse||Joshua|13:7|HE}}, passim).
Opposite [[Jericho]], it was called "the Jordan of Jericho" ({{bibleverse||Numbers|34:15|HE}}; {{bibleverse-nb||Numbers|35:1|HE}}). The Jordan has a number of [[ford (crossing)|fords]], and one of them is famous as the place where many Ephraimites were slain by Jephthah ([[Book of Judges|Judges]] {{bibleverse-nb||Judges|12:5-6|HE}}). It seems that these are the same fords mentioned as being near Beth-barah, where Gideon lay in wait for the [[Midian]]ites ({{bibleverse||Judges|7:24|HE}}). In the plain of the Jordan, between [[Sukkot|Succoth]] and [[Zarthan]], is the clay ground where Solomon had his brass-foundries ([[Books of Kings|1 Kings]] {{bibleverse-nb|1|Kings|7:46|HE}}).
In biblical history, the Jordan appears as the scene of several [[miracle]]s, the first taking place when the Jordan, near Jericho, was crossed by the Israelites under Joshua ({{bibleverse||Joshua|3:15-17|HE}}). Later the two tribes and the half tribe that settled east of the Jordan built a large altar on its banks as "a witness" between them and the other tribes ({{bibleverse||Joshua|22:10|HE}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Joshua|22:26|HE}}, et seq.). The Jordan was crossed by [[Elijah]] and [[Elisha]] on dry ground ({{bibleverse|2|Kings|2:8|HE}}, {{bibleverse-nb|2|Kings|2:14|HE}}). God thrived through Elisha performing two other miracles at the Jordan: God healed [[Naaman]] by having him bathe in its waters, and he made the axe head of one of the "children of the prophets" float, by throwing a piece of wood into the water ({{bibleverse|2|Kings|5:14|HE}}; {{bibleverse-nb|2|Kings|6:6|HE}}).
===New Testament===
[[File:Baptism Site.jpg|thumb|The excavated remains of [[Bethabara]], in modern-day [[Jordan]], where [[John the Baptist]] is believed to have conducted his ministry.]]
The [[New Testament]] states that [[John the Baptist]] baptised unto repentance<ref>Cf. {{bibleverse||Acts|19:4|KJV}}</ref> in the Jordan ([[Matthew 3:5]]-[[Matthew 3:6|6]]; [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]]{{bibleverse-nb||Mark|1:5|KJV}}; [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] {{bibleverse-nb||Luke|3:3|KJV}}; [[Gospel of John|John]]{{bibleverse-nb||John|1:28|KJV}}). These acts of [[Baptism]] are also reported as having taken place at [[Bethabara]] ({{bibleverse||John|1:28|KJV}}).
[[Jesus]] came [[Baptism of Jesus|to be baptised]] by him there ([[Matthew 3:13]]; {{bibleverse||Mark|1:9|KJV}}; {{bibleverse||Luke|3:21|KJV}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Luke|4:1|KJV}}). The Jordan is also where John the Baptist bore record of Jesus as the [[Son of God]] and [[Lamb of God]] ({{bibleverse||John|1:29-36|KJV}}).
The [[prophecy]] of [[Isaiah]] regarding the [[Messiah]] which names the Jordan ({{bibleverse||Isaiah|9:1-2|KJV}}) is also reported in {{bibleverse||Matthew|4:15|KJV}}.
The New Testament speaks several times about Jesus crossing the Jordan during his ministry ({{bibleverse||Matthew|19:1|KJV}}; {{bibleverse||Mark|10:1|KJV}}), and of believers crossing the Jordan to come hear him [[Sermon|preach]] and to be [[miracle|healed]] of their diseases ({{bibleverse||Matthew|4:25|KJV}}; {{bibleverse||Mark|3:7-8|KJV}}). When his enemies sought to capture him, Jesus took refuge at Jordan in the place John had first baptised ({{bibleverse||John|10:39-40|KJV}}).
==Symbolic importance==
The Jordan is a frequent symbol in [[Folk music|folk]], [[Gospel music|gospel]], and [[Spiritual (music)|spiritual music]], and in [[poetry|poetic]] and [[literature|literary]] works.
Because the [[Israelites]] made a difficult and hazardous journey from [[slavery]] in [[Egypt]] to freedom in ''[[Promised Land|The Promised Land]]'', the Jordan can refer to freedom. The actual crossing is the final step of the journey, which is then complete.
Because of the baptism of Jesus, water from the Jordan is employed for the christening of heirs and princes in several Christian royal houses, such as the cases of [[Prince George of Cambridge]], [[Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha|Simeon of Bulgaria]]<ref>Kate Connolly, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/jun/20/worlddispatch.kateconnolly "Once upon a time in Bulgaria"], ''The Guardian'', 20 June 2001.</ref> or [[James Ogilvy]].<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Baptized |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,871108-1,00.html |quote= water from the River Jordan was sent for the occasion; |publisher=[[Time (magazine)]] |date=May 22, 1964 |accessdate=2008-03-11 }}</ref>
In modern times, the waters are 70% to 90% used for human purposes and the flow is greatly reduced. Because of this and the high evaporation rate of the [[Dead Sea]], as well as industrial extraction of salts through evaporation ponds the sea is shrinking. All the shallow waters of the southern end of the sea have been drained in modern times and are now salt flats.
Small sections of the northernmost portion of the Lower Jordan, between the [[Sea of Galilee]] and the confluence with the Yarmouk River, have been kept pristine for baptisms. Most polluted is the 100 kilometre downstream stretch - a meandering stream from the confluence with the Yarmouk to the [[Dead Sea]]. Environmentalists say the practice has almost destroyed the river's [[ecosystem]]. Rescuing the river could take decades, according to environmentalists.<ref name="Plushnick-Masti"/> In 2007, [[Friends of the Earth]] Middle East (FoEME) named the Jordan River as one of the world's 100 most endangered ecological sites, due in part to lack of cooperation between Israel and neighboring Arab states.<ref>"Endangered Jordan", ''Dateline World Jewry'', [[World Jewish Congress]], September, 2007</ref> The same environmentalist organization said in a report that the Jordan River could dry up by 2011 unless the decay is stopped.<ref name=dry>[http://www.physorg.com/news192044027.html Jordan River could die by 2011]</ref> The flow rate of the Jordan River once was 1.3 billion cubic metres per year; as of 2010, just 20 to 30 million cubic metres per year flow into the Dead Sea.<ref name=dry /> For comparison, the total amount of desalinated water produced by Israel by 2012 will be about 500 million cubic metres per year.
===Importance===
The waters of the Jordan River is an important water resource for Israel and, to a much lesser extent, for Jordan. The [[National Water Carrier]], completed in 1964, delivers water from the Sea of Galilee to the Israeli coastal plain. Jordan receives water from Israel since the 1994 Israeli-Jordanian peace treaty through a pipeline from the Sea of Galilee.
Conflict about the waters of the Jordan River was a contributing factor to the [[Origins of the Six-Day War#Water dispute|Six-Day War]] when [[Syria]] attempted to divert some of its headwaters in collaboration with Lebanon and Jordan.<ref name=mehr>Mehr, Farhang, The politics of water, in, Antonino Zichichi, Richard C. Ragaini, eds., ''International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies'', 30th session, Erice, Italy, 18–26 August 2003, Ettore Majorana International Centre for Scientific Culture, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pie. Ltd., 2004, p.258, 259</ref> The diversion works would have reduced the water availability for Israel's carrier by about 35%, and Israel's overall water supply by about 11%.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Murakami |year=1995 |url= http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858E0m.htm |title=Appendix C: Historical review of the political riparian issues in the development of the Jordan River and basin management}}</ref> In April 1967 Israel conducted air raids into Syria to halt this work, and two months later the [[Six Day War]] followed. The use of Jordan River's water was cited as a cause of the war by [[Ariel Sharon]], who said, <blockquote>People generally regard June 5, 1967, as the day the Six Day War began. That is the official date, but in reality it started two and a half years earlier on the day Israel decided to act against the diversion of the Jordan River.<ref name=mehr />
</blockquote>
===Transport===
[[Highway 90 (Israel)|Route 90]], part of which is named after [[Rehavam Zeevi]], connects the northern and southern tips of Israel and parallels the Jordan River on the western side.
==In popular culture==
The Jordan River, due primarily to its rich spiritual importance, has provided inspiration for countless songs, hymns, and stories, including the traditional African-American spiritual/folk song "[[Michael Row the Boat Ashore]]". It is mentioned in the songs "[[Eve of Destruction (song)|Eve of Destruction]]", "[[Will You Be There]]", and "[[The Wayfaring Stranger (song)|The Wayfaring Stranger]]" and in "[[Ol' Man River]]" from the musical ''[[Show Boat]]''. "The Far Side Banks Of Jordan" by [[Johnny Cash]] and [[June Carter Cash]] on June's [[Grammy Award]]-winning studio album, ''[[Press On]]'', mentions the Jordan River as well as The Promised Land.
-->
== Galeri ==
<center><gallery>
File:Aerial jordan.jpg|Bagian utara lembah Jordan Rift dilihat dari angkasa (NASA; Februari 2005))
File:Jordan River.jpg|Sungai Yordan (November 2005)
File:Yarden 0182.JPG|Sungai Yordan (November 2006)
File:Yarden 034PAN2.JPG|Sungai Yordan dan jembatan "Kfar-Hanasi" (November 2006)
File:Jordan River in spring.jpg|Sungai Yordan pada musim semi (April 2007)
File:BnotYaakovBridge.JPG|Sungai Yordan di selatan jembatan "Bnot Ya'akov" ("Putri-putri Yakub") (Mei 2009)
File:Rob_Roy_Map_V_p.195_i.jpg|Peta sumber-sumber air sungai Yordan. Januari 1869.
</gallery></center>
</gallery></center>
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Jordan Rift Valley]]
* [[Jordan River Crossing]]
* [[Lembah Yordania|Lembah Yordan]]
* [[Ed-Dikke synagogue]]
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|2}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons category|Jordan River}}
* [http://www.iwrm-smart.org/ SMART - Multilateral project for sustainable water management in the lower Jordan Valley]
* [[Inventory of Conflict and Environment]] (ICE), [http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/jordan.htm Jordan River Dispute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100930012518/http://www1.american.edu/TED/ice/JORDAN.HTM |date=2010-09-30 }}
* [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/148 "Map of the River Jordan and Dead Sea: And the Route of the Party Under the Command of Lieutenant W.F. Lynch, United States Navy"] is a map from the mid-19th century of the River Jordan and Dead Sea
* [http://www.yardenit.com/articles/jordan-river/ "The Jordan River"] in which John the Baptist baptized his cousin Jesus of Nazareth. (Yardenit.com)
{{Coord|33|11|12|N|35|37|09|E|display=title|region:IL_type:river_source:dewiki}}
[[Kategori:Sungai di Israel|Yordan]]
[[Kategori:Sungai di Yordania|Yordan]]
[[Kategori:Tempat di Alkitab]]
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