Oligonukleotida: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Oligonukleotida''' (umumnya disingkat "'''oligo'''" dalam percakapan sehari-hari di [[laboratorium]], dan digunakan dalam artikel ini) merupakan seberkas pendek polimer [[nukleotida]] ([[DNA]] atau [[RNA]]) yang sering digunakan sebagai [[primer (biokimia)|primer]]
Dalam analisis deteksi, oligo yang telah disambung dengan [[zat]] penghasil signal (probe) akan mengenali urutan DNA atau RNA komplemennya. Dengan kombinasi [[enzim]] serta lingkungan reaksi yang sesuai (biasanya tersedia sebagai "kit reaksi"), probe akan menghasilkan signal bagi peneliti mengenai keberadaan suatu sekuens tertentu yang menjadi target. Beberapa teknik yang menggunakan oligo adalah ''[[DNA-microarray]]'', ''[[Southern blot]]'', [[hibridisasi fluoresensi in-situ|FISH]], dan sintesis gen buatan.
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Oligo DNA (deoksioligonukleotida, mengandung [[timin]] dan gula deoksiribosa) sering digunakan sebagai primer dalam teknik [[PCR]] untuk menghasilkan berkas DNA yang lebih panjang. Dalam teknik ini, oligo berdiri atau dipasangi zat detektor tergantung alat yang dipakai (seperti [[M-13]] sehingga dapat memantulkan [[laser]]).
<!-- ==Antisense oligonucleotides==
[[Kategori:Genetika]]▼
Antisense oligonucleotides are single strands of DNA or RNA that are complementary to a chosen sequence. In the case of antisense RNA they prevent translation of complementary RNA strands by binding to it. Antisense DNA can be used to target a specific, complementary (coding or [[non-coding RNA|non-coding]]) RNA. If binding takes places this DNA/RNA hybrid can be degraded by the enzyme [[RNase H]]. Antisense oligonucleotides are being created to use on RNA that eventually produces telomerase, which is active in cancer cells.
==DNA MicroArray==
One subtype of DNA MicroArrays can be described as substrates (nylon, glass etc.) to which oligonucleotides have been bound at high density. Currently there exist three applications of DNA MicroArrays: polymorphism studies, gene expression studies, and tracking down certain diseases.
==Synthesis==
Oligonucleotides are chemically synthesized using nucleotides, called [[phosphoramidite]]s, normal nucleotides which have protection groups: preventing amine, hydroxyl groups and phosphate groups interacting incorrectly. One phophoramidite is added at the time, the product's 5' phosphate is deprotected and a new base is added and so on (backwards), at the end, all the protection groups are removed. Nethertheless, being a chemical process, several incorrect interactions occur leading to some defective products. The longer the oligonucleotide sequence that is being synthesized, the more defects there are, thus this process is only practical for producing short sequences of nucleotides. [[HPLC]] can be used to isolate products with the proper sequence.
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==See also==
*[[Amino acids]] are the building blocks of proteins. There are 20 natural amino acids.
*[[Antigen]] is a substance which, after take-up by an organism, elicits an immune response.
*[[Antibody]] is a protein produced by the immune system in order to protect the body against a foreign substance (antigen).
*[[Aptamer]] Oligonucleotides with important biological applications
*[[Chromosome]]
*[[DNA]]
*[[Epitope]] is the smallest part of an antigen that can be recognised by an antibody.
*[[Gene]]
*[[Morpholino]] oligos have non-natural backbones which do not activate RNase-H but can knockdown gene expression or modify splicing.
*[[Polymorphism]] The appearance in a population of the same gene in multiple forms because of mutations.
*[[Polynucleotide]]
*[[Recombinant DNA]] is DNA formed by the artificial combination of several exisiting DNA strands.
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== Sumber ==
PIERCE, "GENETICS: A Conceptual Approach" 2005
▲[[Kategori:Genetika molekular]]
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