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k Persondata now moved to wikidata, removed: {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see Wikipedia:Persondata. --> | NAME = Lainez, James | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | SHORT DESCRIPTION = | DATE OF BIRTH = 1512 | PLACE OF BIRTH = | DATE OF DEATH |
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[[Berkas:Portret van de jezuïet Jacobus Laynez Portretten van generaal oversten van de jezuïeten (serietitel) Effigies præpositorvm generalivm societatis Iesv (serietitel), RP-P-1910-4016.jpg|jmpl|ka|200px|Diego Laynez]]
'''James Laynez''' (atau '''Laínez''') ([[Bahasa Spanyol]]: ''Diego Laynez'') ([[1512]] – 19 Januari 1565) adalah seorang imam dan teolog Yesuit Spanyol, serta merupakan Superior Jendral kedua [[Serikat Yesus]].
Ia terlahir di kota [[Almazán]] di wilayah [[Castile]]. Walaupun seorang Katolik, ia berasal dari keturunan [[Yahudi]] (kemungkinan adalah generasi keempat Katolik). Ia lulus dari Universitas Alcalá, dan kemudian melanjutkan pendidikannya di [[Paris]], dimana ia terpengaruh oleh pemikiran
Akibat kondisi-kondisi yang tidak memungkinkan (yaitu tidak adanya kapal yang menuju ke [[Palestina]]), perjalanan suci ke Yerusalem gagal, dan Laynez beserta Loyola dan ''Teman-teman dalam Tuhan'' lainnya (yang berjumlah sepuluh orang saat itu) mengajukan pelayanan mereka pada Sri Paus. Setelah ordo mereka telah resmi berdiri (1540) Laynez diantaranya pernah melakukan misi ke [[Jerman]]. Laynez adalah seorang teolog kepausan selama tiga periode [[Konsili Trento]]. Di satu masa ia juga menjadi profesor teologi skolastik di Universitas Roma La Sapienza.
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Pope Paul III was an admirer of the newly established Society of Jesus, and sent Laynez to Trent as his theologian. Laynez arrived at the Council on May 18, 1546, five months after it opened, with [[Alfonso Salmeron|Salmeron]]. Before long, Laynez was recognized as exceptional – one of the first practical consequences was that he was allowed to preach in Trent when not on Council business, whereas the general rule forbade preaching by conciliar theologians. Another exception was the three hour time limit accorded to Laynez in the council debates, while the standard allotment was an hour.
Laynez’s famous speech on imputed and inherent justification (Seripando’s “double justice” theory) on October 26, 1546 was subsequently written out and incorporated into the Acta of the Council under the title Disputatio de justitia imputata. By the time Laynez spoke, 37 theologians had spoken on the issue, and 28 had rejected duplex justitia. In his three hour long speech, which was widely regarded as the most thorough on the topic, Laynez gave 12 reasons that the proposed “double justice” must be rejected by the Church, including its relatively recent origin and its implied denial of merit. His arguments were consistent with Council’s January 13, 1547 Decree on Justification, which taught in Chapter 16, “we must believe that nothing further is wanting to those justified to prevent them from being considered to have, by those very works which have been done in God, fully satisfied the divine law according to the state of this life and to have truly merited eternal life.”
Laynez did not participate directly in the several months of discussions between his speech and the issuing of the Decree because immediately after his speech on justification, Cardinal Del Monte assigned him – along with [[Alfonso Salmeron|Salmeron]] – to prepare a list of Protestant errors regarding the sacraments, as well as a summary of the relevant Church documents and patristic writings on sacraments. The first part of this research was presented to the Council on January 17, 1547 by Cardinal Cervini under the headings of “sacraments in general,” “baptism” and “confirmation.” This research set the terms of debate, which was somewhat less contentious than that concerning justification. The seventh session of the Council promulgated its canons on sacraments in general, baptism and confirmation on March 3, 1547.
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===Second Period===
By November 22, 1550, Laynez arrived in Rome to prepare for the second period of the Council of Trent, which eventually opened on May 1, 1551. He attended to a number of projects on his way from Rome to Trent, finally arriving on July 27, almost three months after the opening, but in plenty of time to contribute, on September 8, his arguments on the Eucharist leading up to the important 13th session, October 11, at which the Decree on the Sacrament of the Eucharist was promulgated. Immediately after his speech, he began the preliminary work for the Council’s consideration of penance and extreme unction, which he, with [[Alfonso Salmeron|Salmeron]], presented on October 20. Laynez often fell ill during this period, but was able, after a period of convalescence, to speak for three hours on the Mass as sacrifice on December 7. The Council was suspended for the second time in April 1552, and Laynez went to Bassano to recover his health and then to Padua. Before leaving Trent, however, he met with Melchior Cano, the influential Dominican Spaniard who was embarrassed by his countryman’s threadbare cassock and was suspicious of the new religious order. The meeting did not go well at all.
When Loyola died in 1556 Laynez acted as Vicar General of the Society. Because of an internal crisis and difficult relations with [[Pope Paul IV]], the General Congregation was delayed by two years. Finally convened and opened on the 2 July 1558 Diego Laynez was elected at the first ballot and became the second [[Superior-General of the Society of Jesus]].
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===Third Period===
In 1560 Laynez, now the Jesuit General, was instrumental in arguing that the Council should continue to its close, against Ferdinand I who wished to see a new Council opened and the prior decrees of the Council of Trent forgotten. Pius IV subsequently ordered the Council to meet again in the carefully worded Ad ecclesiae regimen of November 29, 1560; the Council was eventually opened on January 18, 1562.
Upon Laynez’s arrival at Trent in August 1562, he defended the practice of distributing Communion under only one species. Among Laynez’s other speeches during the third period of the Council are (1) perhaps the most controversial speech of the entire Council, in which he argued that the power of the bishop was received through the mediation of the pope and not directly from God (October 20, 1562), and (2) a speech in which he committed a rare theological error – he doubted the ability of the Church to invalidate clandestine marriages (August 23, 1563), a position rejected by the 24th Session of the Council in Chapter 1 of its Decree on the Reformation of Marriage.
On the death of [[Pope Paul IV]], many [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]]s wished to elect Laynez [[pope]], but he fled from them in order to avoid this fate.
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== Tulisan-tulisan ==
* LAYNEZ, Diego, ''Lainii Monumenta: Epistolae et Acta'' (8 vol.), IHSI, Madrid, 1912-17.
* Karya ''Disputationes Tridentinae''-nya diterbitkan dalam 2 volume pada tahun 1886.
== Referensi ==
* MULLER H., ''Les Origines de la Compagnie de Jesus: Ignace et Lainez'', 1898.
* FICHTER, J.H., ''James Laynez, Jesuit'', St Louis-London, 1944.
* SCADUTO, Mario, ''L'Epoca di G.Lainez'' (2 vol.), Roma, 1964 and 1974.
* Maxcey, Carl, “Double Justice, Diego Laynez, and the Council of Trent,” ''Church History'', Vol. 48, No. 3 (Sep., 1979), pp. 269–278
* {{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08747a.htm|title=James Lainez|work=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]}}
== Pranala luar ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080227141846/http://www.jesuit.ru/history/img/small/Lainez.jpg Lainez photo]
[[Kategori:Yesuit]]
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