Melbourne: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{about|kota di Australia|pusat kota atau distrik bisnis pusat (CBD)|Melbourne City Centre|wilayah pemerintah daerah tempat berdirinya Melbourne City Centre|City of Melbourne|kegunaan lain|Melbourne (disambiguasi)}}
{{Infobox Australian place
| type = city
| name = Melbourne
| state = vic <!-- "vic" codes as "Victoria (Australia)". Please leave it as "vic" or else it will point to a disambig page -->
| image = Melbourne city montage.jpg
| caption = Kiri atas ke kanan bawah: [[Melbourne City Centre]], [[Stasiun kereta api Flinders Street|Flinders Street Station]], [[Shrine of Remembrance]], [[Federation Square]], [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Royal Exhibition Building]].
| coordinates = {{coord|37|48|49|S|144|57|47|E|display=inline,title}}
| force_national_map = yes
| image2 = Free printable and editable vector map of Melbourne Australia.svg
| image2_alt = Peta Melbourne, Australia
| caption2 = Peta Melbourne, Australia
| pop = 5.000.000
| pop_year = 2018
| pop_footnotes = <ref name=ABSERP16>{{cite web|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2016–17:ESTIMATED RESIDENT POPULATION – Australia's capital city populations, June 2017|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/latestProducts/3218.0Media%20Release12016-17?OpenDocument|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|accessdate=14 January 2019|archive-date=2018-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425114533/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/latestProducts/3218.0Media%20Release12016-17?OpenDocument|dead-url=yes}} Estimated resident population, 30 June 2017.</ref>
| poprank = ke-2
| density =
| density_footnotes =
| established = 30 Agustus 1835
| elevation = 31
| area = 9992.5
| area_footnotes = (GCCSA)<ref name="ABSERP16XL">{{cite web|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2015–16: Population Estimates by Statistical Area Level 2 (ASGS 2016), 2006 to 2016|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3218.02016|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=28 July 2017|accessdate=26 October 2017|archive-date=2017-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026111221/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3218.02016|dead-url=no}} Estimated resident population, 30 June 2016.</ref>
| timezone = [[Australian Eastern Standard Time|AEST]]
| utc = +10
| timezone-dst = [[Australian Eastern Daylight Time|AEDT]]
| utc-dst = +11
| dist1 = 465
| location1 = [[Canberra]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=131&placename=canberra&placetype=0&state=ACT&place1=MELBOURNE&place1long=144.975555&place1lat=-37.817661|title=Great Circle Distance between MELBOURNE and CANBERRA|publisher=Geoscience Australia|date=March 2004|access-date=2019-02-03|archive-date=2022-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604151727/https://geodesyapps.ga.gov.au/distance?rec1=131&placename=canberra&placetype=0&state=ACT&place1=MELBOURNE&place1long=144.975555&place1lat=-37.817661|dead-url=no}}</ref>
| dist2 = 654
| location2 = [[Adelaide]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=163285&placename=adelaide&placetype=0&state=SA+&place1=MELBOURNE&place1long=144.975555&place1lat=-37.817661|title=Great Circle Distance between MELBOURNE and ADELAIDE|publisher=Geoscience Australia|date=March 2004|access-date=2019-02-03|archive-date=2022-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604151843/https://geodesyapps.ga.gov.au/distance?rec1=163285&placename=adelaide&placetype=0&state=SA+&place1=MELBOURNE&place1long=144.975555&place1lat=-37.817661|dead-url=no}}</ref>
| dist3 = 713
| location3 = [[Sydney]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=87421&placename=sydney&placetype=0&state=NSW&place1=MELBOURNE&place1long=144.975555&place1lat=-37.817661|title=Great Circle Distance between MELBOURNE and SYDNEY|publisher=Geoscience Australia|date=March 2004}}</ref>
| dist4 = 1374
| location4 = [[Brisbane]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=126867&placename=brisbane&placetype=0&state=QLD&place1=MELBOURNE&place1long=144.975555&place1lat=-37.817661|title=Great Circle Distance between MELBOURNE and BRISBANE|publisher=Geoscience Australia|date=March 2004|access-date=2019-02-03|archive-date=2016-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220145905/http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=126867&placename=brisbane&placetype=0&state=QLD&place1=MELBOURNE&place1long=144.975555&place1lat=-37.817661|dead-url=no}}</ref>
| dist5 = 2721
| location5 = [[Perth]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=304529&placename=perth&placetype=0&state=WA+&place1=MELBOURNE&place1long=144.975555&place1lat=-37.817661|title=Great Circle Distance between MELBOURNE and PERTH|publisher=Geoscience Australia|date=March 2004|access-date=2019-02-03|archive-date=2016-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220145902/http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=304529&placename=perth&placetype=0&state=WA+&place1=MELBOURNE&place1long=144.975555&place1lat=-37.817661|dead-url=no}}</ref>
| lga = [[Wilayah Pemerintah Daerah di Victoria#Kotamadya di Melbourne Raya|31 kotamadya di Melbourne Raya]]
| county = [[County of Grant, Victoria|Grant]], [[County of Bourke, Victoria|Bourke]], [[County of Mornington|Mornington]]
| stategov = [[:File:Vic inner regions.png|54 daerah pemilihan]]
| fedgov = [[:File:Map4.gif|23 divisi]]
| maxtemp = 20.4
| mintemp = 11.4
| rainfall = 602.6
}}
'''Melbourne''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-au-Melbourne.oga|ˈ|m|ɛ|l|b|ər|n}} {{respell|MEL|bərn}})<!-- Please do NOT change this IPA transcription without discussion first. This represents the Wikipedia IPA used on English Wikipedia and accounts for all major pronunciations of English, including rhotic ones like American, Canadian, Irish, etc. See MOS:RHOTIC. --><ref>Di Britania Raya dan Amerika Serikat, varian pengucapannya adalah {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɛ|l|b|ɔːr|n}} {{respell|MEL|born}}: {{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405881180}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=S. |title=[[Macquarie Dictionary]] |edition=6th |contribution=Melbourne |contribution-url=http://www.macquariedictionary.com.au/ |year=2013 |publisher=Macmillan Publishers Group Australia 2015 |location=Sydney |isbn=978-18-7642-966-9 |pages=1952 pages |nopp=y |access-date=2019-02-03 |archive-date=2019-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721141547/https://www.macquariedictionary.com.au/ |dead-url=no }}</ref> adalah [[daftar ibu kota di Australia|ibu kota]] dan [[daftar kota di Australia menurut jumlah penduduk|kota terpadat]] di [[negara bagian dan wilayah Australia|negara bagian]] [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] sekaligus kota terpadat kedua di [[Australia]] dan [[Oseania]].{{r|ABSERP16}} Namanya mengacu kepada [[wilayah perkotaan]] seluas {{convert|9992.5|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name="ABSERP16XL" /> yang terdiri atas satu [[wilayah metropolitan]] dan [[Wilayah Pemerintah Daerah di Victoria#Kotamadya di Melbourne Raya|31 kotamadya]].<ref name="MelbLGAs">{{cite web|url=http://www.localgovernment.vic.gov.au/Web20/rwpgslib.nsf/GraphicFiles/Victorian+Local+Government+Directory+-+Sept+09/$file/Victorian+Local+Government+Directory+-+Sept+09.pdf|title=Victorian Local Government Directory|publisher=Department of Planning and Community Development, [[Government of Victoria (Australia)|Government of Victoria]]|page=11|accessdate=11 September 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915144252/http://www.localgovernment.vic.gov.au/Web20/rwpgslib.nsf/GraphicFiles/Victorian+Local+Government+Directory+-+Sept+09/$file/Victorian+Local+Government+Directory+-+Sept+09.pdf|archivedate=15 September 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Nama Melbourne juga sering dipakai untuk menyebut [[Melbourne City Centre|kawasan pusat kota]]. Kota ini menduduki sebagian besar pesisir Teluk [[Port Phillip]] dan menyebar ke pedalaman hingga barisan pegunungan [[Barisan Dandenong|Dandenong]] dan [[Barisan Macedon|Macedon]], [[Semenanjung Mornington]], dan [[Lembah Yarra]]. Jumlah penduduknya kurang lebih 4,9 juta (19% [[Demografi Australia|penduduk Australia]]). Penduduknya disebut "Melburnian".<ref>The use of the term Melburnian can be traced back to 1876 where the case for Melburnian over Melbournian was made in the [[Melbourne Grammar School]] publication, the ''Melburnian''. "The diphthong, {{'}}''ou''{{'}} is not a Latin diphthong: hence, we argued this way,''Melburnia'' would be [the] Latin form of name, and from it comes ''Melburnian''." See ''Oxford English Dictionary Additions Series'', iii, s.v. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=gUGcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA291&dq=oed+melburnian&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAGoVChMIrtWm4sr0xwIVxyKmCh1yUAPF#v=onepage&q=melburnian&f=false Melburnian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219163325/https://books.google.com/books?id=gUGcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA291&dq=oed+melburnian&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAGoVChMIrtWm4sr0xwIVxyKmCh1yUAPF#v=onepage&q=melburnian&f=false|date=2023-02-19}}".</ref><ref name="MacqDict">''[[Macquarie Dictionary|Macquarie Dictionary, Fourth Edition]]'' (2005) Or less commonly Melbournites. Melbourne, The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd. {{ISBN|1-876429-14-3}}</ref>
Kota ini didirikan tanggal 30 Agustus 1835 di [[koloni kerajaan]] [[New South Wales]] oleh pemukim bebas dari koloni [[Daratan Van Diemen]].<ref name="settlement8-9">{{cite web |title=History of the City of Melbourne |publisher=City of Melbourne |pages=8–10 |url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/history-city-of-melbourne.pdf |date=November 1997 |accessdate=28 January 2018 |archive-date=2022-10-10 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/history-city-of-melbourne.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref> Kota ini menjadi permukiman berbadan hukum pada tahun 1837 dan mengambil nama Perdana Menteri Britania Raya, [[William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne]].<ref name="settlement8-9"/> Melbourne diresmikan sebagai kota oleh [[Ratu Victoria]] pada tahun 1847, kemudian menjadi ibu kota koloni baru Victoria tahun 1851.<ref name="MilesLewis25"/> Berkat [[demam emas Victoria]] tahun 1850-an, kota ini memasuki masa keemasan "[[Marvellous Melbourne]]" dan menjelma menjadi salah satu kota terpenting di [[Imperium Britania]] dan salah satu kota terbesar dan terkaya di dunia.<ref name="RobertCervero320"/><ref>Davidson, Jim (2 August 2014). [https://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/rise-and-fall-of-british-empire-viewed-through-its-cities/news-story/a9f6ecb00ef2f6f13f4064a756a755ee "Rise and fall of British empire viewed through its cities"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114101416/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/rise-and-fall-of-british-empire-viewed-through-its-cities/news-story/a9f6ecb00ef2f6f13f4064a756a755ee |date=2018-01-14 }}. ''[[The Australian]]''. Australia. Retrieved 7 September 2018.</ref> Usai [[federasi Australia]] tahun 1901, Melbourne menjadi pusat pemerintahan sementara Australia sampai [[Canberra]] ditetapkan sebagai ibu kota permanen pada tahun 1927.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite web|url=http://www.comlaw.gov.au/comlaw/comlaw.nsf/440c19285821b109ca256f3a001d59b7/57dea3835d797364ca256f9d0078c087/$FILE/ConstitutionAct.pdf|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5o8rxA8US?url=http://www.comlaw.gov.au/comlaw/comlaw.nsf/440c19285821b109ca256f3a001d59b7/57dea3835d797364ca256f9d0078c087/$FILE/ConstitutionAct.pdf|archivedate=11 March 2010|title=Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act|publisher=Department of the Attorney-General, [[Government of Australia]]|page=45 (Section 125)|accessdate=11 September 2009|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Kini, Melbourne merupakan [[pusat keuangan]] terdepan di kawasan [[Asia-Pasifik]] dan menempati peringkat ke-20 dalam [[Global Financial Centres Index]].<ref name=GFCI>{{cite web|url=http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_22.pdf|title=The Global Financial Centres Index 22|date=September 2017|publisher=Long Finance|access-date=2019-02-03|archive-date=2023-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219163206/https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/gfci_22.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>
Berbagai lembaga kebudayaan ternama di Australia bertempat di kota ini, termasuk [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[National Gallery of Victoria]], dan [[Royal Exhibition Building]] yang terdaftar sebagai [[Daftar Warisan Dunia|Warisan Dunia]]. Kota ini juga merupakan tempat lahirnya [[Mazhab Heidelberg|impresionisme Australia]], [[sepak bola Australia]], [[Sinema Australia|perfilman]], [[Televisi di Australia|industri televisi]], dan [[tarian di Australia|tarian kontemporer Australia]]. Melbourne diberi gelar [[Kota Sastra]] [[UNESCO]] dan pusat [[seni jalanan di Melbourne|seni jalanan]], [[musik di Melbourne|musik langsung]], dan teater global. Melbourne adalah tuan rumah sejumlah kegiatan internasional tahunan seperti [[Australian Grand Prix]], [[Australian Open]], dan [[Melbourne Cup]]. Kota ini juga pernah menyelenggarakan [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1956]] dan [[Pesta Olahraga Persemakmuran 2006]]. Berkat kemajuan sektor hiburan, pariwisata, olahraga,<ref name=langmaid>Langmaid, Aaron (28 April 2010). [http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/were-sports-champion-city-again/story-e6frf9if-1225859380654 We're sport's champion city again] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319065636/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/were-sports-champion-city-again/story-e6frf9if-1225859380654 |date=2011-03-19 }}. ''[[Herald Sun]]''. News Limited. Retrieved 29 December 2013.</ref> pendidikan, layanan kesehatan, penelitian dan pengembangan, Melbourne mendapat gelar [[Most livable cities|kota ternyaman kedua di dunia]] dari [[Economist Intelligence Unit]].<ref name=ABC_20170816>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-16/melbourne-named-worlds-most-liveable-city-for-seventh-year/8812196|title=World's most liveable city: Melbourne takes top spot for seventh year running|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=16 August 2017|author=Stephanie Chalkley-Rhoden|access-date=17 August 2017|archive-date=2017-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816220821/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-16/melbourne-named-worlds-most-liveable-city-for-seventh-year/8812196|dead-url=no}}</ref>
Bandara utama yang melayani kota ini adalah [[Bandar Udara Melbourne]] (juga disebut Bandar Udara Tullamarine), bandara tersibuk kedua di Australia. [[Port of Melbourne]] merupakan pelabuhan tersibuk di Australia.<ref>{{cite media release |year=2006 |url=http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/798c8b072d117a01ca256c8c0019bb01/1b374a6d8cae09e9ca2571cb0003c23a%21OpenDocument |title=Government outlines vision for Port of Melbourne Freight Hub |accessdate=26 July 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708144910/http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/798c8b072d117a01ca256c8c0019bb01/1b374a6d8cae09e9ca2571cb0003c23a%21OpenDocument |archivedate=8 July 2012 |df= }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/798c8b072d117a01ca256c8c0019bb01/1b374a6d8cae09e9ca2571cb0003c23a%21OpenDocument |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2019-02-03 |archive-date=2012-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708144910/http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/798c8b072d117a01ca256c8c0019bb01/1b374a6d8cae09e9ca2571cb0003c23a%21OpenDocument |dead-url=unfit }}</ref> Stasiun utama [[Rel kereta api di Melbourne|kereta metropolitan]] di kota ini adalah stasiun [[stasiun kereta api Flinders Street|Flinders Street]]. Stasiun utama [[transportasi rel di Victoria|kereta regional]] dan kereta jalanan di kota ini adalah stasiun [[stasiun kereta api Southern Cross|Southern Cross]]. Melbourne juga memiliki [[Transportasi di Melbourne|jaringan jalan bebas hambatan terbesar di Australia]] dan [[Trem di Melbourne|jaringan trem kota terbesar di dunia]].<ref name="DOT_tram">{{cite web|url=http://www.ycat.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/EWLNA_2008/Main%20Report/Investing_in_Transport_East_West-Chapter03.pdf|title=Investing in Transport Chapter 3 – East/West, Section 3.1.2 – Tram Network|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=Department of Transport, [[Government of Victoria (Australia)|Government of Victoria]]|format=PDF|accessdate=21 November 2009|archive-date=2020-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703031505/http://www.ycat.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/EWLNA_2008/Main%20Report/Investing_in_Transport_East_West-Chapter03.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>
== Sejarah ==
{{details|Sejarah Melbourne}}
{{See also|Garis waktu sejarah Melbourne|Sejarah Victoria}}
=== Sejarah awal dan pembangunan ===
{{further|Pembangunan Melbourne}}
[[Pribumi Australia]] sudah menetap di daerah Melbourne selama 31.000 hingga 40.000 tahun.<ref>Gary Presland, ''The First Residents of Melbourne's Western Region'', (revised edition), Harriland Press, 1997. {{ISBN|0-646-33150-7}}</ref> Ketika [[Sejarah Australia (1788–1850)|pemukim Eropa]] datang pada abad ke-19, hampir 2.000 [[pemburu-pengumpul]] dari tiga [[Kulin|suku besar]]—[[Wurundjeri]], [[Bunurong|Boonwurrung]], dan [[Wathaurong]]—menghuni daerah ini.<ref name="rbg.vic.gov.au">[http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/__data/page/1062/Indig.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908132608/http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/__data/page/1062/Indig.pdf|date=8 September 2008}}</ref><ref>Gary Presland, ''Aboriginal Melbourne: The Lost Land of the Kulin People'', Harriland Press (1985), Second edition 1994, {{ISBN|0-9577004-2-3}}</ref> Daerah ini merupakan tempat bertemunya persemakmuran suku [[Kulin]] serta sumber pangan dan air yang penting.<ref name="settlement"/><ref name="merrimerri">Isabel Ellender and Peter Christiansen, ''People of the Merri Merri. The Wurundjeri in Colonial Days'', Merri Creek Management Committee, 2001 {{ISBN|0-9577728-0-7}}</ref>
Permukiman Britania pertama di Victoria, waktu itu bagian dari [[koloni tahanan]] [[New South Wales]], didirikan oleh Kolonel [[David Collins (gubernur)|David Collins]] pada Oktober 1803 di [[Sullivan Bay, Victoria|Sullivan Bay]], dekat [[Sorrento, Victoria|Sorrento]]. Para pemukim menganggap daerah ini kekurangan sumber daya. Mereka pindah ke [[Daratan Van Diemen]] (sekarang [[Tasmania]]) pada tahun berikutnya dan mendirikan kota [[Hobart]].
Mereka mencoba lagi bermukim di Melbourne 30 tahun kemudian.<ref>{{cite web | last = Button | first = James | title = Secrets of a forgotten settlement | work = The Age | publisher = Fairfax | location = Melbourne | date = 4 October 2003 | url = http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/10/03/1064988393029.html?from=storyrhs | accessdate = 19 October 2008 | archive-date = 2012-11-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121105201822/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/10/03/1064988393029.html?from=storyrhs | dead-url = no }}</ref>
[[Berkas:Batman signs treaty artist impression.jpg|jmpl|kiri|Ilustrasi [[Perjanjian Batman|perundingan]] [[John Batman]] dengan para tetua suku [[Wurundjeri]] pada akhir abad ke-19]]
Pada bulan Mei dan Juni 1835, [[John Batman]], tokoh [[Port Phillip Association|asosiasi pemukim Port Phillip]] di Daratan Van Diemen, menjelajahi kawasan Melbourne dan mengklaim telah [[Perjanjian Batman|merundingkan pembelian]] tanah seluas {{convert|600000|are|km2}} dengan delapan tetua suku Wurundjeri.<ref name="settlement"/><ref name="merrimerri"/> Batman memilih tanah di bantaran utara [[Sungai Yarra]] dan menyatakan bahwa "sebuah desa akan dibangun di sini", lalu berlayar kembali ke Daratan Van Diemen.<ref>{{cite book|last=Annear|first=Robyn|year=2005|title=Bearbrass: Imagining Early Melbourne|location=Melbourne, Victoria|publisher=Black Inc|page=6|isbn=1863953973}}</ref> Pada Agustus 1835, sekelompok pemukim dari Daratan Van Diemen datang dan bermukim di tanah tempat [[Immigration Museum, Melbourne|Melbourne Immigration Museum]] saat ini berdiri. Batman dan rekan-rekannya menyusul pada bulan berikutnya. Kedua kelompok pemukim sepakat untuk berbagi tempat. Waktu itu, permukiman ini dikenal dengan nama pribumi Dootigala.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Melbourne |volume=18 |page=91}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32937146 |title=Melbourne's Godfather. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=50, |issue=14,996 |location=Western Australia |date=14 July 1934 |accessdate=20 September 2017 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=2022-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604151735/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/32937146 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
Perjanjian Batman dengan suku Aborigin dibatalkan oleh [[Richard Bourke]], [[Gubernur New South Wales]] yang saat itu menguasai seluruh Australia timur. Semua anggota asosiasi mendapat kompensasi.<ref name="settlement">{{cite web | title = Foundation of the Settlement |work=History of the City of Melbourne | publisher= City of Melbourne | year = 1997 | url = http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/AboutMelbourne/History/Pages/SettlementtoCity.aspx | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110220130102/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/AboutMelbourne/History/Pages/SettlementtoCity.aspx | dead-url = yes | archive-date = 20 February 2011 | accessdate =13 July 2010}}</ref> Pada tahun 1836, Bourke menetapkan kota ini sebagai ibu kota administratif [[Distrik Port Phillip]], New South Wales, dan menerbitkan rancangan tata kota pertama bernama [[Hoddle Grid]] pada tahun 1837.<ref name="COM2">{{cite web|url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=53 |title=Roads |publisher=City of Melbourne |accessdate=29 September 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220130459/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=53 |archivedate=20 February 2011 |df= }}</ref> Kota ini sempat diberi nama Batmania,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11144430|title=THEY CALLED MELBOURNE BAREBRASS|date=29 Jan 1938|pages=19|via=Trove|access-date=2020-04-13|archive-date=2023-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219163233/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/11144430|dead-url=no}}</ref> kemudian diganti menjadi Melbourne tahun 1837 sesuai nama [[Perdana Menteri Britania Raya]], [[William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne]]; [[kediaman keluarga]]nya bernama [[Melbourne Hall]] yang terletak di [[kota dagang]] [[Melbourne, Derbyshire|Melbourne]], [[Derbyshire]]. Pada tahun yang sama, [[General Post Office, Melbourne|kantor pos kota]] dibuka secara resmi dengan nama yang sama.<ref name="PostOffice">{{cite web | last = Premier Postal History | title = Post Office List | url = https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=VIC&country= | accessdate = 11 April 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080510053152/http://www.premierpostal.com/cgi-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=VIC&country= | archive-date = 10 May 2008 | dead-url = yes | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
Pada 1836 hingga 1842, suku-suku Aborigin Victoria kehilangan tanahnya karena ditempati oleh pemukim Eropa.<ref>James Boyce, 1835: The Founding of Melbourne and the Conquest of Australia, Black Inc, 2011, page 151 citing Richard Broome, "Victoria" in McGrath (ed.), Contested Ground: 129</ref> Pada Januari 1844, 675 warga Aborigin diketahui tinggal di perkampungan kumuh di Melbourne.<ref>James Boyce, 1835: The Founding of Melbourne and the Conquest of Australia, Black Inc, 2011, p.186</ref> Departemen Kolonial Britania mengangkat lima [[Pelindung Aborigin]] untuk mengurus suku Aborigin di Victoria. Tahun 1839, aktivitas mereka dihentikan oleh kebijakan tanah yang berpihak dengan para [[Squatter (Australia)|pemukim ilegal]] yang menduduki tanah suku Aborigin.<ref>James Boyce, 1835: The Founding of Melbourne and the Conquest of Australia, Black Inc, 2011, p.199</ref> Pada 1845, hampir 240 pendatang kaya asal Eropa memegang izin mukim di Victoria. Mereka menjadi penggerak politik dan ekonomi utama di Victoria selama beberapa generasi.<ref>James Boyce, 1835: The Founding of Melbourne and the Conquest of Australia, Black Inc, 2011, page 163</ref>
[[Surat paten]] [[Victoria dari Britania Raya|Ratu Victoria]] tertanggal 25 Juni 1847 meresmikan status kota Melbourne.<ref name="MilesLewis25">{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Miles|title=Melbourne: the city's history and development|edition=2nd|publisher=City of Melbourne |location=Melbourne|year=1995|page=25|isbn=0-949624-71-3}}</ref> Pada 1 Juli 1851, Distrik Port Phillip dipisahkan dari New South Wales dan menjadi Koloni Victoria yang beribu kota di Melbourne.<ref>[http://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM01353b.htm Separation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706093438/http://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM01353b.htm |date=2015-07-06 }}, ''EMelbourne-Encyclopedia of Melbourne'', accessed 7 July 2015</ref>
=== Demam emas Victoria ===
{{further|Demam emas Victoria}}
[[Berkas:Canvas town south melbourne victoria 1850s.jpg|jmpl|"Canvas Town" (Kota Tenda) di Melbourne Selatan menjadi tempat tinggal sementara bagi ribuan migran yang tiba setiap minggu di tengah demam emas 1850-an.]]
Penemuan emas di Victoria pada pertengahan 1851 memicu [[demam emas Victoria|demam emas]]. Melbourne, kota terbesar di koloni ini, mengalami pertumbuhan pesat. Dalam kurun beberapa bulan, jumlah penduduk kota hampir berlipat ganda dari 25.000 jiwa menjadi 40.000 jiwa.<ref name="gold1850">{{cite web |url= http://sbs.com.au/sbsmain/gold/story.html?storyid=49
|title= Gold |author= Victorian Cultural Collaboration
|publisher= Special Broadcasting Service |accessdate= 18 July 2008
|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080724135849/http://sbs.com.au/sbsmain/gold/story.html?storyid=49 | archivedate = 24 July 2008}}</ref> Pertumbuhan eksponensial pun terjadi. Pada tahun 1865, Melbourne mengalahkan [[Sydney]] sebagai kota berpenduduk terbanyak di Australia.<ref name="largeby1865">{{cite web|url= http://www.atse.org.au/index.php?sectionid=289 |title= The Snowy Mountains Scheme and Multicultural Australia |publisher= ATSE |accessdate= 21 June 2010 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100106222322/http://www.atse.org.au/index.php?sectionid=289 |archivedate= 6 January 2010 }}</ref>
Berkat influks migran dari berbagai koloni dan negara lain, khususnya Eropa dan Tiongkok, perkampungan kumuh merebak di Melbourne, termasuk [[Chinatown, Melbourne|Chinatown]] dan "kota tenda" sementara di bantaran selatan Sungai Yarra. Usai [[Pemberontakan Eureka]] tahun 1854, dukungan masyarakat terhadap penderitaan penambang memicu perubahan politik besar di koloni ini, termasuk perbaikan kondisi kerja di sektor pertambangan, pertanian, pabrik, dan UKM. Pemberontakan ini diikuti oleh orang-orang dari 20 suku bangsa sehingga bisa dibayangkan besarnya arus imigrasi kala itu.<ref>Hagan, Kate (3 December 2006). [https://www.theage.com.au/national/eureka-where-multiculturalism-was-born-20061203-ge3pjn.html "Eureka: where multiculturalism was born"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115112934/https://www.theage.com.au/national/eureka-where-multiculturalism-was-born-20061203-ge3pjn.html |date=2018-11-15 }}, ''The Age''. Retrieved 15 November 2018.</ref>
[[Berkas:Eureka Rebellion Prisoners Released.jpg|jmpl|kiri|Kerumunan di luar Mahkamah Agung Victoria menyambut pembebasan [[Pemberontakan Eureka|pemberontak Eureka]] tahun 1855]]
Seiring meningkatnya peredaran uang usai demam emas serta kebutuhan gedung pemerintahan, program pembangunan sipil massal dimulai. Pada tahun 1850-an dan 1860-an, [[Parliament House, Melbourne|Parliament House]], [[Old Treasury Building, Melbourne|Treasury Building]], [[Old Melbourne Gaol]], [[Victoria Barracks, Melbourne|Victoria Barracks]], [[State Library of Victoria|State Library]], [[University of Melbourne]], [[Melbourne GPO|General Post Office]], [[Immigration Museum, Melbourne|Customs House]], [[Melbourne Town Hall]], [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne|St Patrick's Cathedral]] dibangun, tetapi banyak di antaranya yang mangkrak puluhan tahun dan bahkan belum selesai {{as of | 2018 | lc = on}}.
Pinggiran kota terdalamnya berpola kotak-kotak dengan selang satu mil dan dilintasi oleh jalan raya dan jalan taman lingkar yang mengitari pusat kota. Tata kota ini diwujudkan{{by whom?|date=May 2018}} pada tahun 1850-an dan 1860-an. Daerah ini langsung dipenuhi rumah baris, rumah terpisah, dan puri mewah. Sebagian jalan besarnya menjelma menjadi pusat belanja. Melbourne menjadi pusat keuangan raksasa, tempat bermarkasnya bank-bank besar, [[Melbourne Mint|Royal Mint]], dan [[Australian Securities Exchange|bursa efek pertama]] di Australia (tahun 1861).<ref name="caslon">
{{cite web
|url= http://www.caslon.com.au/timeline6.htm
|title= Media Business Communication time line since 1861
|publisher= Caslon |accessdate= 29 September 2008
|deadurl= yes
|archiveurl= https://archive.today/20121206004159/http://www.caslon.com.au/timeline6.htm
|archivedate= 6 December 2012
}}
</ref>
[[Melbourne Cricket Club]] mulai berkandang di [[MCG]] sejak 1855. Anggota [[Melbourne Football Club]] menyusun aturan [[sepak bola Australia]] tahun 1859.<ref>Pennings, Mark (2012). ''Origins of Australian Football: Victoria's Early History: Volume 1: Amateur Heroes and the Rise of Clubs, 1858 to 1876''. Connor Court Publishing Pty Ltd. {{ISBN|9781921421471}}, p. 11</ref> Tahun 1861, [[Melbourne Cup]] ke-1 diselenggarakan. Melbourne meresmikan tugu publik pertamanya, patung [[ekspedisi Burke dan Wills|Burke dan Wills]], pada tahun 1864.
Dengan berakhirnya demam emas tahun 1860, Melbourne terus berkembang sebagai pelabuhan ekspor hasil tani Victoria (khususnya wol) dan sektor manufaktur yang dilindungi oleh tarif tinggi. Jaringan rel kereta api melingkar dibangun hingga pedesaan pada akhir 1850-an. Pembangunan gedung-gedung pemerintahan besar berlanjut pada 1860-an dan 1870-an, termasuk [[Supreme Court of Victoria|Supreme Court]], [[Government House, Melbourne|Government House]], dan [[Queen Victoria Market]]. Pusat kota mulai dijejali pertokoan dan perkantoran, bengkel, dan gudang. Beberapa bank dan hotel besar berdiri menghadap jalan raya utama. Puri-puri mewah berdiri di ujung timur Collins Street berdampingan dengan rumah-rumah kecil di belakangnya. Jumlah penduduk Aborigin terus menyusut, berkurang 80% pada tahun 1863, akibat wabah penyakit (khususnya [[cacar]]<ref name="rbg.vic.gov.au"/>), kekerasan di desa, dan perampasan tanah.
=== Kenaikan dan penurunan harga tanah ===
[[Berkas:Melbourne international exhibition 1880.jpg|jmpl|Litograf [[Royal Exhibition Building]], tempat diselenggarakannya [[Melbourne International Exhibition (1880)|Melbourne International Exhibition]] tahun 1880]]
Dasawarsa 1880-an adalah masa-masa pertumbuhan pesat. Kepercayaan konsumen, kemudahan kredit, dan kenaikan harga tanah memicu pembangunan besar-besaran. Di tengah lonjakan harga tanah, Melbourne menjadi kota terkaya di dunia<ref name="RobertCervero320">{{cite book|last=Cervero|first=Robert B.|title= The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry|url=https://archive.org/details/transitmetropoli0000cerv|publisher=Island Press|year=1998|location=Chicago|page=[https://archive.org/details/transitmetropoli0000cerv/page/320 320]|isbn=1-55963-591-6}}</ref> dan kota terbesar kedua di [[Imperium Britania]] setelah London.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
Dasawarsaa ini diawali dengan Melbourne International Exhibition yang diadakan tahun 1880 di [[Royal Exhibition Building|Exhibition Building]]. Pada ahun itu, gedung operator telepon dibangun, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan peletakan batu [[St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne|St Paul's Cathedral]]; tahun 1881, lampu listrik dipasang di Eastern Market. Pada tahun berikutnya, gardu pembangkit berkapasitas 2.000 lampu mulai beroperasi.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3807950 | title = The Story of Melbourne | work = Argus | location = Melbourne, Australia | date = 9 September 1926 | accessdate = 24 January 2012 | page = 8 Supplement: An Historic Souvenir | publisher = National Library of Australia | archive-date = 2021-02-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210220114122/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3807950 | dead-url = no }}</ref> Tahun 1885, jalur pertama [[sistem trem kabel Melbourne]] dibangun, lalu berkembang menjadi sistem trem terbesar di dunia pada 1890.
[[Berkas:Federal Coffee Palace Melbourne.jpg|jmpl|kiri|lurus|[[Federal Coffee Palace]], salah satu hotel mewah yang dibangun pada musim kenaikan harga tanah]]
Pada 1885, wartawan Inggris [[George Augustus Henry Sala]] menciptakan istilah "Marvellous Melbourne" yang populer hingga abad ke-20 dan masih dipakai sampai sekarang oleh warga Melbourne.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/01/09/1073437468105.html | title = He came, he saw, he marvelled | first = James | last = Button | work = The Age | publisher = Fairfax | date = 10 January 2004 | accessdate = 7 July 2012 | archive-date = 2012-11-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121106110242/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/01/09/1073437468105.html | dead-url = no }}</ref> Musim kenaikan harga tanah Melbourne mencapai puncaknya tahun 1888 berkat kepercayaan konsumen dan meroketnya nilai jual tanah.<ref name="University1">{{cite book | title = The Land Boomers | first = Michael | last = Cannon | publisher = Melbourne University Press; Cambridge University Press | year = 1966}}</ref> Berkat kenaikan harga tanah, bangunan-bangunan komersial besar, [[istana kopi]], [[rumah baris]], dan puri mewah dibangun di seluruh kota.<ref name="University1"/> Pembangunan pabrik hidraulis pada tahun 1887 memungkinkan lift diproduksi di Melbourne. Setelah itu, gedung tinggi generasi pertama mulai dibangun,<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://museumvictoria.com.au/marvellous/powered/lifts.asp |title=Marvellous Melbourne – Introduction of the Hydraulic Lift |publisher=Museum Victoria |accessdate=21 June 2010 |archive-date=2010-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026062836/http://museumvictoria.com.au/marvellous/powered/lifts.asp |dead-url=yes }}</ref> termasuk [[APA Building, Melbourne|APA Building]], salah satu gedung komersial tertinggi di dunia pada tahun 1889.<ref name="University1"/> Jaringan kereta api lingkar kota juga diperluas.<ref name="Miles47">{{cite book | year = 1995
| first = Lewis | last = Miles | title = Melbourne the city's history and development | publisher = City of Melbourne | page = 47}}</ref>
Tahun 1888, Exhibition Building menjadi tuan rumah kegiatan kedua yang lebih besar daripada sebelumnya, Melbourne Centennial Exhibition. Dampaknya, banyak hotel baru dibangun, termasuk [[Federal Hotel, Melbourne|Federal Hotel]] berkapasitas 500 kamar, The Palace Hotel di Bourke Street (dua-duanya sudah dihancurkan), dan perluasan [[Hotel Windsor (Melbourne)|Grand (Windsor)]].
[[Boosterisme]] (pencitraan) dadakan yang menjadi ciri khas Melbourne berakhir pada awal 1890-an akibat depresi ekonomi parah yang mengacaukan industri keuangan dan properti lokal.<ref name="University1"/><ref name="localhistories">{{cite web | url = http://www.localhistories.org/melbourne.html | title = A Brief History of Melbourne | last = Lambert | first = Tim | publisher = Local Histories | accessdate = 29 September 2008 | archive-date = 2013-01-13 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130113035328/http://www.localhistories.org/melbourne.html | dead-url = yes }}</ref> 16 "bank tanah" kecil dan perkumpulan bangunan ditutup dan 133 [[perseroan terbatas]] bangkrut. Krisis keuangan Melbourne merupakan salah satu faktor [[sejarah ekonomi Australia|depresi ekonomi Australia 1890-an]] dan [[krisis perbankan Australia 1893]]. Efeknya sangat membekas di kota ini. Pembangunan baru menggeliat kembali pada akhir 1890-an.<ref name="Britannica1">{{cite web| url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/373808/Melbourne/12674/Growth-of-the-city| title = Melbourne (Victoria) – growth of the city| publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica| accessdate = 29 September 2008| archive-date = 2013-05-24| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130524214405/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/373808/Melbourne/12674/Growth-of-the-city| dead-url = no}}</ref><ref name="welovemelbourne">{{cite web |url=http://www.we-love-melbourne.net/Melbourne-history.html |title=Fast Facts on Melbourne History |publisher=We Love Melbourne |accessdate=29 September 2008 |archive-date=2013-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018034957/http://www.we-love-melbourne.net/Melbourne-history.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
=== Ibu kota ''de facto'' ===
{{further|Federasi Australia}}
[[Berkas:Opening of the first parliament.jpg|jmpl|ka|''[[The Big Picture (lukisan)|The Big Picture]]'', pembukaan [[Parlemen Australia]] pertama tanggal 9 Mei 1901, dilukis oleh [[Tom Roberts]].]]
Ketika [[Federasi Australia|Australia difederasikan]] tanggal 1 Januari 1901, Melbourne dipilih sebagai pusat pemerintahan. Parlemen federal pertama melakukan sidang pada 9 Mei 1901 di Royal Exhibition Building, kemudian pindah ke Victorian Parliament House sampai 1927, dan akhirnya pindah permanen ke [[Canberra]]. [[Gubernur Jenderal Australia]] berkediaman di [[Government House, Melbourne|Government House]] di Melbourne sampai 1930. Banyak lembaga negara berpusat di Melbourne sampai abad ke-20.<ref name="Miles113">Lewis, Miles ''(Melbourne the city's history and development)'' p. 113–114</ref>
=== Periode pascaperang ===
Beberapa tahun setelah [[Perang Dunia II]], Melbourne berkembang pesat. Pertumbuhannya didongkrak oleh [[imigrasi pascaperang ke Australia]], kebanyakan dari [[Eropa]] Selatan dan [[kawasan Mediterania|Mediterania]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://museumvictoria.com.au/origins/keydates.aspx?cid=13 |title=1961 – the Impact of Post-War Immigration |publisher=Museum Victoria |accessdate=21 June 2010 |archive-date=2013-06-25 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Hdm1hsg4?url=http://museumvictoria.com.au/origins/keydates.aspx?cid=13 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Meski "Paris End" di Collins Street menjadi pelopor budaya butik dan [[kafe]] terbuka di Melbourne,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/05/28/1053801445880.html |title = Boutique battle at Paris end of town |first = Misha |last = Ketchel |work = Age |publisher = Fairfax |date = 11 December 2012 |access-date = 2019-02-05 |archive-date = 2017-04-25 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170425154627/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/05/28/1053801445880.html |dead-url = no }}</ref> pusat kotanya dianggap membosankan—daerah suram yang penuh pegawai kantoran—dan tergambar dalam lukisan terkenal karya [[John Brack]], ''[[Collins St., 5 pm]]'' (1955).<ref>[http://www.ipa.org.au/publications/1691/the-art-of-the-forgotten-people The art of the forgotten people] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313203932/http://ipa.org.au/publications/1691/the-art-of-the-forgotten-people |date=13 March 2016 }} by Tom Wilson</ref>
[[Berkas:Orica House.jpg|jmpl|kiri|lurus|[[ICI House]], simbol kemajuan dan modernitas Melbourne pada masa pascaperang]]
Batas ketinggian bangunan di CBD dicabut tahun 1958 seiring rampungnya [[ICI House]]. Sejak saat itu, berbagai [[pencakar langit]] mulai menghiasi kota. Perluasan pinggiran kota semakin gencar dan dibarengi oleh pembangunan pusat-pusat perbelanjaan baru seperti [[Chadstone Shopping Centre]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/gallery/image.php?id=802|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120805185805/http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/gallery/image.php?id=802|deadurl=yes|title=Sorry, we can’t find the content you’re looking for - State Library o…|date=5 August 2012|archivedate=5 August 2012|publisher=}}</ref> CBD dan [[St Kilda Road]] juga direnovasi sehingga kota ini tampak lebih modern.<ref>Judith Raphael Buckrich (1996) Melbourne's Grand Boulevard: the Story of St Kilda Road. Published State Library of Victoria</ref> Peraturan anti-kebakaran dan peremajaan kota mengharuskan sebagian besar gedung CBD sebelum perang dirubuhkan seluruhnya atau dipangkas separuh melalui kebijakan [[fasadisme#Melbourne|fasadisme]]. Puri-puri besar di pinggiran kota yang berdiri pada musim kenaikan harga tanah juga dihancurkan atau dikurangi ukurannya.
Untuk melawan arus pertumbuhan pinggiran kota yang kepadatannya rendah, pemerintah melalui [[Housing Commission of Victoria]] mencanangkan proyek perumahan umum kontroversial di pusat kota. Kawasan permukiman yang sudah ada dihancurkan dan menara-menara hunian dibangun di atasnya.<ref>{{cite book | first = William | last= Logan | title = The Gentrification of inner Melbourne: a political geography of inner city housing | publisher = University of Queensland Press | year = 1985 | location = Brisbane, Australia | pages = [https://archive.org/details/gentrificationof0000loga/page/148 148]–160 |url=https://archive.org/details/gentrificationof0000loga| id = | isbn = 0-7022-1729-8 }}</ref> Beberapa tahun kemudian, seiring meningkatnya jumlah pemilik kendaraan bermotor, pembangunan jalan tol dan jalan bebas hambatan mempercepat perkembangan pinggiran kota dan menyusutkan populasi pusat kota. Pemerintahan [[Henry Bolte|Bolte]] ingin mempercepat modernisasi Melbourne. Proyek-proyek jalan besar seperti penataan ulang [[St Kilda Junction]], pelebaran [[Hoddle Street]], dan [[Rencana Transportasi Melbourne 1969]] mengubah Melbourne menjadi kota yang ramah mobil.<ref>{{cite web | last = Millar | first = Royce | title = Road to ... where? | work = Age | publisher = Fairfax | date = 7 November 2005 | url = http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/road-to-where/2005/11/06/1131211946903.html | accessdate = 11 December 2012 | archive-date = 2012-11-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121106110308/http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/road-to-where/2005/11/06/1131211946903.html | dead-url = no }}</ref>
Lonjakan sektor keuangan dan pertambangan Australia tahun 1969 dan 1970 menarik perusahaan-perusahaan besar seperti [[BHP Billiton]] dan [[Rio Tinto Group|Rio Tinto]] untuk bermarkas di kota ini. [[Nauru]], negara yang ekonominya sedang meroket waktu itu, menanamkan modal dalam berbagai proyek di Melbourne, termasuk pembangunan [[Nauru House]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Shepherd|first=Dick|title=Hotel men expected to press for Govt. aid|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2eFUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0JADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6710,571748&hl=en|accessdate=25 April 2011|work=Age|publisher=Fairfax|date=4 February 1972|archive-date=2021-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407231240/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2eFUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0JADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6710,571748&hl=en|dead-url=no}}</ref> Melbourne bertahan sebagai pusat bisnis dan keuangan utama Australia hingga akhir 1970-an sebelum disalip oleh Sydney.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/12/30/1072546531264.html?from=storyrhs
| title = Tell Melbourne it's over, we won
| work = Sydney Morning Herald
| publisher = Fairfax
| date = 31 December 2003
| accessdate = 18 July 2008
| archive-date = 2012-02-19
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120219022116/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/12/30/1072546531264.html?from=storyrhs
| dead-url = no
}}</ref>
Melbourne mengalami kelesuan ekonomi pada tahun 1989 hingga 1992 setelah beberapa lembaga keuangan di sana bangkrut. Pada tahun 1992, pemerintahan [[Jeff Kennett|Kennett]] yang baru saja terpilih mencoba membangkitkan ekonomi melalui program padat karya besar-besaran dan pencitraan kota sebagai destinasi wisata untuk acara-acara besar dan ajang olahraga.<ref>{{cite web | last = Saward | first = Joe | title = Interview – Judith Griggs | work = Grandprix | publisher = Inside F1 | date = 1 February 1996 | url = http://www.grandprix.com/ft/ft00208.html | accessdate = 14 May 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100117122653/http://www.grandprix.com/ft/ft00208.html | archive-date = 17 January 2010 | dead-url = yes | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Waktu itu, [[Australian Grand Prix]] dipindahkan dari Adelaide ke Melbourne. Proyek-proyek besar di kota ini meliputi gedung baru [[Melbourne Museum]], [[Federation Square]], [[Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre]], [[Crown Melbourne|Crown Casino]], dan [[jalan tol]] [[CityLink]]. Pemerintah juga melepaskan sejumlah sarana dan prasarana ke pihak swasta, termasuk listrik dan transportasi umum, serta memangkas anggaran kesehatan, pendidikan, dan infrastruktur transportasi umum.<ref name="Miles206">Lewis, Miles ''Melbourne the city's history and development'' p203,205–206</ref>
=== Masa kini ===
Sejak pertengahan 1990-an, Melbourne memiliki pertumbuhan penduduk dan lapangan kerja yang tetap. Investasi ke industri dan pasar properti di kota ini terus meningkat. Peremajaan pusat kota dilakukan di [[Southbank, Victoria|Southbank]], [[Port Melbourne]], [[Melbourne Docklands]], dan [[South Wharf, Victoria|South Wharf]]. Menurut [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Melbourne mengalami pertumbuhan penduduk dan ekonomi tertinggi di antara ibu kota negara bagian Australia selama tiga tahun sampai Juni 2004.<!--Update?--><ref>{{cite web | date=24 March 2005 | url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Melbournes-population-booms/2005/03/23/1111525222758.html | title=Melbourne's population booms | work=The Age | location=Australia | accessdate=18 July 2008 | first1=Melissa | last1=Marino | first2=Tim | last2=Colebatch | archive-date=2012-11-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104162809/http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Melbournes-population-booms/2005/03/23/1111525222758.html | dead-url=no }}</ref> Faktor-faktor tersebut mempercepat pertumbuhan penduduk dan perluasan kawasan pinggiran kota sepanjang 2000-an.
Sejak 2006, pertumbuhan kota meluas hingga "jalur hijau" dan melewati [[batas pertumbuhan kota]]. Prediksi pertumbuhan populasi hingga 5 juta orang memaksa pemerintah Victoria meninjau ulang batas pertumbuhan pada tahun 2008 dalam rangka strategi Melbourne @ Five Million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vic.gov.au/planningmelbourne |title=Delivering Melbourne's newest sustainable communities |work=Victoria Online |publisher=State of Victoria |date=21 September 2006 |accessdate=21 June 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604005014/http://www.vic.gov.au/planningmelbourne |archivedate=4 June 2010 }}</ref> Tahun 2009, Melbourne tidak begitu terdampak oleh [[krisis keuangan akhir 2000-an]] bila dibandingkan dengan kota-kota lain di Australia. Jumlah lapangan kerja yang dibuka di Melbourne saat itu lebih banyak daripada kota-kota lain, hampir menyamai jumlah lapangan kerja di Brisbane sekaligus Perth.<ref>The Age, 12 February 2010</ref> Pasar properti Melbourne dipatok dengan harga tinggi.<ref>{{cite news | first = Tom | last = Ormonde | date = 14 November 2009 | url = http://www.theage.com.au/opinion/society-and-culture/housing-the-bubble-that-no-one-dares-burst-20091113-iemr.html | title = Housing the bubble that no one dares burst | accessdate = 21 June 2010 | work = Age | location = Melbourne | archive-date = 2010-02-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100202111801/http://www.theage.com.au/opinion/society-and-culture/housing-the-bubble-that-no-one-dares-burst-20091113-iemr.html | dead-url = no }}</ref> Akibatnya, harga properti dan harga sewa mencapai titik termahal sepanjang sejarah Melbourne.<ref>{{cite web
|date = 16 February 2008
|url = http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2008/02/16/1202760669052.html
|title = Rent crisis forces urgent action
|work = Age
|location = Melbourne
|accessdate = 21 June 2010
|first = Jason
|last = Dowling
|archive-date = 2008-02-17
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080217035049/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2008/02/16/1202760669052.html
|dead-url = no
}}</ref>
{{Wide image|Melbourne from Waterfront City, Docklands Pano, 20.07.06.jpg|700px|Pemandangan Melbourne Docklands dan langit-langit kota dari Waterfront City ke arah [[Melbourne Docklands#Victoria Harbour|Victoria Harbour]].}}
== Geografi ==
{{main|Geografi Melbourne}}
[[Berkas:Greater Melbourne Map 4 - May 2008.png|jmpl|Peta wilayah perkotaan Melbourne dan [[Geelong]]]]
Melbourne terletak di sebelah tenggara daratan utama Australia, tepatnya di negara bagian [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]. Kota ini berdiri di atas pertemuan aliran lava [[Kuarter (kala)|Kuarter]] ke barat, [[batu lumpur]] [[Siluria]] ke timur, dan endapan pasir [[Holosen]] ke tenggara di sepanjang [[Port Phillip]]. Pinggiran kota tenggara berdiri di atas [[patahan Selwyn]] yang membelah [[Mount Martha, Victoria|Mount Martha]] dan [[Cranbourne, Victoria|Cranbourne]].
Melbourne menyebar mengikuti [[Sungai Yarra]] hingga [[Lembah Yarra]] dan [[Barisan Dandenong]] ke timur. Kota ini meluas ke utara melewati lembah semak berbukit di daerah aliran [[anak sungai]] Yarra—[[Moonee Ponds Creek]] (hingga Bandara Tullamarine), [[Merri Creek]], [[Darebin Creek]], dan [[Plenty River]]—sampai koridor kota pinggiran terluar [[Craigieburn, Victoria|Craigieburn]] dan [[Whittlesea, Victoria|Whittlesea]].
Kota ini menyebar ke tenggara melalui [[Dandenong, Victoria|Dandenong]] ke koridor kota [[Pakenham, Victoria|Pakenham]] sampai [[West Gippsland]], lalu ke selatan melalui lembah [[Dandenong Creek]], [[Mornington Peninsula]], dan kota [[Frankston, Victoria|Frankston]] yang mencakup perbukitan [[Olivers Hill, Victoria|Olivers Hill]], Mount Martha, dan [[Arthurs Seat, Victoria|Arthurs Seat]], menyusuri pesisir Port Phillip, dan membentuk satu [[konurbasi]] tunggal sampai kota pinggiran mewah [[Portsea, Victoria|Portsea]] dan [[Point Nepean]]. Di sebelah barat, kota ini meluas mengikuti aliran [[Sungai Maribyrnong]] dan anak-anak sungainya ke utara hingga [[Sunbury, Victoria|Sunbury]] dan kaki bukit [[Shire of Macedon Ranges|Barisan Macedon]], kemudian menutupi dataran vulkanik hingga [[Melton, Victoria|Melton]] di barat dan [[Werribee]] di kaki bukit pegunungan [[granit]] [[You Yangs]] di sebelah barat daya CBD. Sungai Little dan kota kecil Little River menjadi batas antara Melbourne dan Geelong.
[[Berkas:Moondah Beach Mount Eliza.png|jmpl|Moondah Beach, [[Mount Eliza, Victoria|Mount Eliza]] ]]
Pantai-pantai besar di Melbourne terletak di pesisir Teluk Port Phillip, antara lain [[Port Melbourne]], [[Albert Park, Victoria|Albert Park]], [[St Kilda, Victoria|St Kilda]], [[Elwood, Victoria|Elwood]], [[Brighton, Victoria|Brighton]], [[Sandringham, Victoria|Sandringham]], [[Mentone, Victoria|Mentone]], [[Frankston, Victoria|Frankston]], [[Altona, Victoria|Altona]], [[Williamstown, Victoria|Williamstown]], dan Werribee South. Tempat [[gelombang permukaan samudra|berselancar]] terdekat terletak {{convert|85|km|mi|}} di sebelah tenggara CBD Melbourne di [[Rye, Victoria|Rye]], [[Sorrento, Victoria|Sorrento]], dan [[Portsea, Victoria|Portsea]].<ref name="smhbeach">{{cite web | last=Russell | first=Mark | url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/victoria/lifes-a-beach-in-melbourne/2006/01/02/1136050380503.html | title=Life's a beach in Melbourne | date=2 January 2006 | work=Sydney Morning Herald | accessdate=29 September 2008 | archive-date=2009-01-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122060830/http://www.smh.com.au/news/victoria/lifes-a-beach-in-melbourne/2006/01/02/1136050380503.html | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="epabeach">{{cite web|url=http://epanote2.epa.vic.gov.au/EPA/Publications.nsf/2f1c2625731746aa4a256ce90001cbb5/d494227d97812f42ca2574330000f2c6/$FILE/1240.pdf |format=PDF |title=Beach Report 2007–08 |publisher=EPA |accessdate=29 September 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001224523/http://epanote2.epa.vic.gov.au/EPA/Publications.nsf/2f1c2625731746aa4a256ce90001cbb5/d494227d97812f42ca2574330000f2c6/%24FILE/1240.pdf |archivedate=1 October 2008 |df= }}</ref>
=== Iklim ===
{{Main|Iklim Melbourne}}
{{Further|Peristiwa cuaca ekstrem di Melbourne}}
[[Berkas:Brighton Beach, Melbourne 2003 (91593941).jpg|jmpl|kiri|[[Brighton, Victoria|Brighton Beach]] usai hujan badai musim gugur. Melbourne disebut-sebut mengalami "empat musim dalam sehari" karena cuacanya selalu berubah.]]
Melbourne memiliki [[iklim samudra]] sedang ([[klasifikasi iklim Köppen]] ''Cfb'') dengan musim panas hangat hingga panas dan musim dingin sejuk.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tapper|first=Andrew|last2=Tapper|first2=Nigel|title=The weather and climate of Australia and New Zealand|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Melbourne, Australia | isbn=0-19-553393-3 |edition=First|editor=Gray, Kathleen|page=300}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Linacre | first1 = Edward | last2 = Geerts | first2= Bart | title = Climates and Weather Explained | publisher = Routledge | location = London | year = 1997 | page = 379 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=mkZa1KLHCAQC&lpg=PA379&pg=PA379#v=onepage&q= | isbn = 0-415-12519-7}}</ref> Melbourne dikenal karena [[southerly buster|kondisi cuacanya yang berubah-ubah]] karena terletak di perbatasan daratan panas dan perairan selatan yang dingin. Perbedaan suhu sangat mencolok sepanjang musim semi dan panas dan menciptakan [[batas udara dingin]]. Batas udara dingin menyebabkan berbagai macam cuaca ekstrem, mulai dari angin kencang sampai [[badai petir]] dan [[badai es]], penurunan suhu drastis, dan hujan sangat lebat. Musim dingin biasanya cukup stabil, tetapi agak lembap dan cenderung berawan.
Port Phillip biasanya lebih hangat daripada perairan dan/atau daratan sekitarnya, terutama pada saat musim semi dan gugur. Suhu ini menghasilkan "efek teluk" yang sama seperti "[[salju efek danau|efek danau]]" di iklim dingin, ketika hujan lebih lebat di [[atas angin dan bawah angin|bawah angin]] teluk. Hujan yang relatif lebat bisa turun di tempat yang sama dalam waktu yang lama (biasanya daerah pinggiran timur), sedangkan Melbourne dan daerah sekitarnya tetap kering. Berkat [[bayangan hujan]] di [[Barisan Otway]], seluruh Melbourne bisa dikatakan lebih kering daripada Victoria selatan pada umumnya. Di kota dan sekitarnya, curah hujan sangat bervariasi, mulai dari {{convert|425|mm|in|0}} di [[Little River, Victoria|Little River]] sampai {{convert|1250|mm|in|0}} di batas timur kota di [[Gembrook, Victoria|Gembrook]]. Cuaca cerah di Melbourne berlangsung selama 48,6 hari setiap tahun. Suhu embun saat musim panas berkisar antara {{convert|9.5|C|F}} hingga {{convert|11.7|C|F}}.<ref name="Bureau">{{BoM Aust stats|site_ref=cw_086071|site_name=Melbourne Regional Office|accessdate=30 October 2016}}</ref>
Melbourne juga rawan mengalami hujan konvektif terbatas yang terbentuk ketika udara dingin melintasi Victoria, apalagi setelah cuaca cerah pada siang hari. Hujannya sangat lebat dan biasanya disertai hujan es, angin kencang, dan penurunan suhu secara drastis, tetapi berlangsung sangat cepat. Cuaca sesudahnya relatif tenang dan cerah dan suhunya kembali seperti biasa. Hujan seperti ini terjadi dalam kurun beberapa menit dan bisa berulang beberapa kali dalam satu hari. Melbourne pun dijuluki kota yang memiliki "empat musim sehari".<ref name=autogenerated1>{{BoM Aust stats|site_ref=cw_086071|site_name=Melbourne Regional Office|accessdate=9 November 2010}}</ref> Julukan ini sudah [[budaya populer|populer]] di kalangan warga kota.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=269&pg=2325 |title=Welcome to Melbourne |publisher=City of Melbourne |accessdate=18 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719171215/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=269&pg=2325 |archivedate=19 July 2008 |df= }}</ref> Suhu terendah sepanjang sejarah kota ini adalah {{convert|-2.8|C|F}} pada tanggal 21 Juli 1869.<ref name="snow">{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=123&p_display_type=dailyDataFile&p_startYear=1869&p_c=-1481637067&p_stn_num=86071 |title=Bureau of Meteorology – Climate Data Online |accessdate=6 January 2015 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924045246/http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=123&p_display_type=dailyDataFile&p_startYear=1869&p_c=-1481637067&p_stn_num=86071 |dead-url=no }}</ref> Suhu terpanas sepanjang sejarah kota ini adalah {{convert|46.4|C|F}} pada [[kebakaran semak Sabtu Hitam|7 Februari 2009]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_086071_All.shtml |title=Monthly climate statistics |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |accessdate=30 March 2012 |archive-date=2019-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031175240/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_086071_All.shtml |dead-url=no }}</ref> Meski salju sering turun di dataran tinggi di pinggiran terluar Melbourne, salju tidak pernah turun di kawasan CBD sejak 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp4.html|archive-url=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp4.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=17 March 2009|title=BOM - Australian Climate Extremes|website=pandora.nla.gov.au}}</ref>
Suhu laut rata-rata berkisar antara {{convert|14.6|C|F}} pada September hingga {{convert|18.8|C|F}} pada Februari;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/melbourne.htm|title=Melbourne Sea Temperature|website=World Sea Temperatures|access-date=2019-02-07|archive-date=2017-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705114725/https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/melbourne.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref> kisaran suhu laut rata-rata di [[Port Melbourne]] juga sama.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/port-melbourne.htm|title=Port Melbourne Sea Temperature|website=World Sea Temperatures|access-date=2019-02-07|archive-date=2017-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908064129/https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/port-melbourne.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref>
{{Weather box
| location = Melbourne Regional Office
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 45.6
| Feb record high C = 46.4
| Mar record high C = 41.7
| Apr record high C = 34.9
| May record high C = 28.7
| Jun record high C = 22.4
| Jul record high C = 23.3
| Aug record high C = 26.5
| Sep record high C = 31.4
| Oct record high C = 36.9
| Nov record high C = 40.9
| Dec record high C = 43.7
| Jan avg record high C = 39.2
| Feb avg record high C = 37.9
| Mar avg record high C = 34.7
| Apr avg record high C = 29.0
| May avg record high C = 22.8
| Jun avg record high C = 18.2
| Jul avg record high C = 17.6
| Aug avg record high C = 20.5
| Sep avg record high C = 24.8
| Oct avg record high C = 29.5
| Nov avg record high C = 34.0
| Dec avg record high C = 36.9
| year avg record high C = 40.5
| Jan high C = 26.3
| Feb high C = 26.6
| Mar high C = 24.4
| Apr high C = 21.0
| May high C = 17.5
| Jun high C = 14.8
| Jul high C = 14.2
| Aug high C = 15.7
| Sep high C = 17.7
| Oct high C = 20.1
| Nov high C = 22.6
| Dec high C = 24.4
| year high C = 20.4
| Jan mean C = 21.0
| Feb mean C = 21.3
| Mar mean C = 19.5
| Apr mean C = 16.4
| May mean C = 13.7
| Jun mean C = 11.4
| Jul mean C = 10.7
| Aug mean C = 11.8
| Sep mean C = 13.5
| Oct mean C = 15.4
| Nov mean C = 17.6
| Dec mean C = 19.3
| year mean C = 16.0
| Jan low C = 15.6
| Feb low C = 16.0
| Mar low C = 14.5
| Apr low C = 11.8
| May low C = 9.8
| Jun low C = 7.9
| Jul low C = 7.1
| Aug low C = 7.8
| Sep low C = 9.2
| Oct low C = 10.6
| Nov low C = 12.6
| Dec low C = 14.1
| year low C = 11.4
| Jan avg record low C = 9.5
| Feb avg record low C = 9.6
| Mar avg record low C = 7.7
| Apr avg record low C = 5.3
| May avg record low C = 3.2
| Jun avg record low C = 1.5
| Jul avg record low C = 0.9
| Aug avg record low C = 1.5
| Sep avg record low C = 2.8
| Oct avg record low C = 4.2
| Nov avg record low C = 6.3
| Dec avg record low C = 8.3
| year avg record low C = 0.2
| Jan record low C = 5.5
| Feb record low C = 4.5
| Mar record low C = 2.8
| Apr record low C = 1.5
| May record low C = −1.1
| Jun record low C = −2.2
| Jul record low C = −2.8
| Aug record low C = −2.1
| Sep record low C = −0.5
| Oct record low C = 0.1
| Nov record low C = 2.5
| Dec record low C = 4.4
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 45.1
| Feb rain mm = 39.9
| Mar rain mm = 40.7
| Apr rain mm = 50.2
| May rain mm = 46.5
| Jun rain mm = 46.5
| Jul rain mm = 44.7
| Aug rain mm = 50.5
| Sep rain mm = 52.9
| Oct rain mm = 58.5
| Nov rain mm = 63.1
| Dec rain mm = 64.1
| year rain mm = 602.6
| Jan rain days = 8.7
| Feb rain days = 6.6
| Mar rain days = 9.3
| Apr rain days = 10.5
| May rain days = 12.2
| Jun rain days = 13.5
| Jul rain days = 14.4
| Aug rain days = 15.3
| Sep rain days = 14.0
| Oct rain days = 13.3
| Nov rain days = 11.3
| Dec rain days = 10.0
| year rain days = 139.1
| unit rain days = 0.2mm
| Jan afthumidity = 47
| Feb afthumidity = 47
| Mar afthumidity = 49
| Apr afthumidity = 51
| May afthumidity = 58
| Jun afthumidity = 62
| Jul afthumidity = 60
| Aug afthumidity = 54
| Sep afthumidity = 51
| Oct afthumidity = 48
| Nov afthumidity = 48
| Dec afthumidity = 47
| year humidity = 52
| Jan sun = 266.6
| Feb sun = 228.8
| Mar sun = 223.2
| Apr sun = 186.0
| May sun = 142.6
| Jun sun = 120.0
| Jul sun = 136.4
| Aug sun = 164.3
| Sep sun = 183.0
| Oct sun = 223.2
| Nov sun = 225.0
| Dec sun = 263.5
| year sun =
| source = [[Bureau of Meteorology]].<ref name="ABOM">{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=086071&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1981-2010&tablesizebutt=normal |title=Climate statistics for MELBOURNE REGIONAL OFFICE |work=Climate statistics for Australian locations |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=October 26, 2018 |archive-date=2021-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215050231/http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=086071&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1981-2010&tablesizebutt=normal |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/wData/wdata?p_nccObsCode=40&p_display_type=dataFile&p_stn_num=086071|title=Highest Temperature - 086071|publisher=Bureau of Meteorology|access-date=October 26, 2018|archive-date=2020-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422205829/http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/wData/wdata?p_nccObsCode=40&p_display_type=dataFile&p_stn_num=086071|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/wData/wdata?p_nccObsCode=43&p_display_type=dataFile&p_stn_num=086071|title=Lowest Temperature - 086071|publisher=Bureau of Meteorology|access-date=October 26, 2018|archive-date=2020-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423032616/http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/wData/wdata?p_nccObsCode=43&p_display_type=dataFile&p_stn_num=086071|dead-url=no}}</ref>
|date=October 2018}}
=== Isu lingkungan ===
{{See also|Isu lingkungan di Australia}}
[[Berkas:Arthur Streeton - Golden summer, Eaglemont - Google Art Project.jpg|jmpl|''[[Golden Summer, Eaglemont]]'', dilukis tahun 1889 oleh seniman [[Mazhab Heidelberg]], [[Arthur Streeton]], menampilkan desa pinggiran [[Heidelberg, Victoria|Heidelberg]] di tengah [[kekeringan di Australia|kekeringan]] [[El Niño]]. Daerah ini sekarang terurbanisasi mengikuti penyebaran kota Melbourne.]]
Seperti daerah perkotaan pada umumnya, Melbourne menghadapi banyak permasalahan lingkungan. Beberapa di antaranya disebabkan oleh [[sebaran kota]] yang besar dan tingginya kebutuhan infrastruktur dan prasarana. Salah satu isu yang dihadapi adalah dampak [[kekeringan di Australia|kekeringan]] terhadap pasokan air. Kekeringan rutin dan suhu musim panas yang selalu tinggi mengurangi pasokan air Melbourne. Perubahan iklim berpotensi memperparah dampaknya dalam jangka panjang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.melbournewater.com.au/content/water/water_storages/water_storages.asp?bhcp=1 |title=Water Storages: Water Report |publisher=Melbourne Water |date=26 June 2009 |accessdate=21 June 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027040839/http://www.melbournewater.com.au/content/water/water_storages/water_storages.asp?bhcp=1 |archivedate=27 October 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Ketika [[kekeringan Australia 2000-an|kekeringan tahun 2000-an]], pemerintahan [[Steve Bracks|Bracks]] memberlakukan [[pembatasan air di Australia|pembatasan air]] dan kebijakan-kebijakan lain seperti daur ulang air, insentif tangki air di rumah, sistem [[air limbah]], kampanye kesadaran konsumsi air, dan inisiatif penghematan dan pemakaian ulang air. Karena pasokan air terus turun, pemerintah mengambil keputusan selanjutnya; pada Juni 2007, pemerintahan Bracks mengumumkan pembangunan [[pabrik desalinasi Wonthaggi]] senilai $3,1 miliar<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/desal-plant-to-be-publicprivate-deal/2007/09/19/1189881595089.html
|title = Desal plant to be public-private deal
|work = Age
|publisher = Fairfax
|location = Melbourne
|date = 20 September 2007
|accessdate = 18 July 2008
|first = David
|last = Rood
|archive-date = 2008-03-06
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080306195324/http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/desal-plant-to-be-publicprivate-deal/2007/09/19/1189881595089.html
|dead-url = no
}}</ref> dan [[North–South Pipeline|North-South Pipeline]] dari [[Lembah Goulburn]] di sebelah utara Victoria ke Melbourne. Kedua proyek ini tidak dipakai saat kekeringan tahun 2010 dan dicap sebagai proyek '[[gajah putih]]'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-07-17/victorias-desalination-plant-to-take-33-extra-years-to-pay/6626706|title=Victoria's desalination plant to take 33 extra years to pay off under Melbourne Water plan|last=|first=|date=17 July 2015|website=|publisher=ABC|access-date=12 January 2017|archive-date=2017-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924100607/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-07-17/victorias-desalination-plant-to-take-33-extra-years-to-pay/6626706|dead-url=no}}</ref>
Menanggapi perubahan iklim, pada tahun 2002, [[City of Melbourne]] menetapkan target pengurangan [[emisi karbon]] hingga nol persen pada 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=218&pa=4025&pa2=1612&pg=1618 |title=Re-directing to Home Page |publisher=Melbourne Water |accessdate=21 June 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011234637/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=218&pa=4025&pa2=1612&pg=1618 |archivedate=11 October 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Moreland City Council mencanangkan program Zero Moreland. Tidak semua kota pinggiran metropolitan menerapkan kebijakan serupa; pada tahun 2009, [[City of Glen Eira]] memutuskan untuk tidak menerapkan kebijakan bebas karbon.<ref>{{cite web|last=Riordan |first=Paul |url=http://caulfield-glen-eira-leader.whereilive.com.au/news/story/against-green-tide/ |title=Glen Eira against green tide |publisher=News |accessdate=21 June 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009140903/http://caulfield-glen-eira-leader.whereilive.com.au/news/story/against-green-tide/ |archivedate=9 October 2009 }}</ref> Melbourne memiliki salah satu sebaran kota terbesar di dunia karena maraknya permukiman berkepadatan rendah sehingga pinggiran kotanya menyebar sangat luas. Permukiman-permukiman ini memiliki [[ketergantungan mobil]] yang tinggi dan kekurangan transportasi umum, kecuali di pinggiran terdalam.<ref name="Urbanfootprint">{{cite book | first1 = R | last1 = Cardew | first2 = P | last2 = Fanning | first3 = J | last3 = George| title = Urban Footprints and Stormwater Management: A Council Survey | pages = 16–25|year=1998 | publisher = Australian Institute of Urban Studies}}</ref> Sebagian besar tumbuhan di dalam kota merupakan spesies non-endemik, rata-rata berasal dari Eropa, termasuk [[spesies invasif]] dan rumput merambat liar.<ref name="weeds">{{cite web|url=http://www.weeds.org.au/target.htm|title=Target Species for Biological Control|publisher=Australian Weeds Committee|accessdate=29 September 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015082441/http://www.weeds.org.au/target.htm|archivedate=15 October 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Hama kota yang tumbuh subur di kota ini adalah [[kerak ungu]],<ref>{{cite web | first=Jeremy | last=Thompson | url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2002/s595922.htm | title=Scientists declare war on Indian mynah | work=7.30 Report | date=1 July 2002 | publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | accessdate=18 July 2008 | archive-date=2008-06-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612014843/http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2002/s595922.htm | dead-url=no }}</ref> [[merpati liar]],<ref name="Pidgeonproblem">{{cite web|url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/opm/bc/CTEE/meetings/CSCaCD_51_20040907.pdf |format=PDF |title=Update on Pigeon Management Issue |last=Bradbury |first=Garth |date=7 September 2004 |publisher=City of Melbourne |accessdate=22 October 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001224521/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/opm/bc/CTEE/meetings/CSCaCD_51_20040907.pdf |archivedate=1 October 2008 }}</ref> [[tikus got]],<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/victoria-a-rats-nest/story-fna7dq6e-1225756926897
| title = Victoria a Rat's Nest
| work = Herald Sun | publisher = News | date = 1 August 2009 | accessdate = 7 July 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Benson |first=Eugene |url=http://www.mymooneevalley.com.au/news/local/news/general/rodent-rampage/1573452.aspx |title=Rodent Rampage |publisher=Fairfax |date=21 July 2009 |accessdate=21 June 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016080054/http://www.mymooneevalley.com.au/news/local/news/general/rodent-rampage/1573452.aspx |archivedate=16 October 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[tawon Jerman|tawon Eropa]],<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.csiro.au/resources/ps1sm.html
|title=The picnickers nightmare: European wasp
|publisher=CSIRO
|accessdate=18 July 2008
|archive-date=2008-07-19
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719030637/http://www.csiro.au/resources/ps1sm.html
|dead-url=yes
}}</ref> [[starling Eropa]], dan [[serigala merah]].<ref>Marks, C.A. & Bloomfield, T.E. (1999) Distribution and density estimates for urban foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Melbourne: implications for rabies control</ref> Sejumlah kota pinggiran terluar, terutama kota-kota yang terletak dekat [[Lembah Yarra]] dan perbukitan di sebelah timur laut dan timur, sudah lama tidak mengalami kebakaran regeneratif sehingga kawasan semak kota tidak cukup subur. Departemen Keberlanjutan dan Lingkungan berupaya menyelesaikan masalah ini dengan memicu kebakaran rutin dengan sengaja.<ref name="environ">{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/publications/series/paper8/paper9.html |title=Fire and Biodiversity: The Effects and Effectiveness of Fire Management |publisher=Australian Government — Department of environment |accessdate=29 September 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802050752/http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/publications/series/paper8/paper9.html |archivedate=2 August 2008 }}</ref><ref name="stateoffire">{{cite book | last1 = Murray | first1 = Robert | first2 = Kate | last2 = White | first3 = P | last3 = Kock | title = State of Fire: A History of Volunteer Firefighting and the Country Fire Authority in Victoria | publisher = Hargreen |year=1995|pages=339 pages|isbn=0-949905-63-1}}</ref> Polusi udara diatur oleh [[Environment Protection Authority Victoria|EPA Victoria]] dan beberapa dewan kota setempat. Menurut standar global, [[kualitas udara]] Melbourne dianggap baik.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.vic.gov.au/your-environment/air/melbournes-air-quality|title=Melbourne's air quality measure|work=epa.vic.gov.au|date=21 November 2014|accessdate=3 February 2015|archive-date=2015-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203060640/http://www.epa.vic.gov.au/your-environment/air/melbournes-air-quality|dead-url=no}}</ref> Musim panas dan gugur menghasilkan kabut asap pekat setiap tahunnya di wilayah kota.<ref name="Age3"/><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.dar.csiro.au/information/urbanpollution.html
|title=Urban and regional air pollution
|author=CSIRO: Marine and atmospheric research
|publisher = CSIRO | accessdate=18 July 2008
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223170558/http://www.dar.csiro.au/information/urbanpollution.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 23 February 2008}}</ref>
Isu lingkungan terbaru di Melbourne adalah [[Port Phillip Channel Deepening Project]], proyek pengerukan Teluk Port Phillip yang dicanangkan oleh pemerintah Victoria untuk memperdalam kanal pelabuhan Melbourne. Proyek ini memancing kontroversi dan terikat aturan ketat untuk mencegah dampak tumpahan [[logam berat]] dan sedimen industri lainnya terhadap kawasan pantai dan spesies liar di laut.<ref name="epabeach"/><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/02/05/2155149.htm
|title=Garrett approves Port Phillip Bay dredging
|work=ABC News
|date=5 February 2008
|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation
|accessdate=18 July 2008
|archive-date=2008-05-15
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515121020/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/02/05/2155149.htm
|dead-url=no
}}</ref> Masalah polusi utama lainnya di Melbourne adalah kandungan bakteri, termasuk [[Escherichia coli|''E. coli'']], di [[Sungai Yarra]] dan anak-anak sungainya akibat buruknya sistem septik<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,23784623-2862,00.html
|title = E coli running riot in Yarra River
|date = 31 May 2008
|work = Herald Sun
|location = Australia
|publisher = News
|accessdate = 18 July 2008
|first = Ashley
|last = Gardiner
|archive-date = 2012-12-03
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20121203034454/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/bugs-running-riot-in-yarra-river/story-e6frf7kx-1111116492995
|dead-url = no
}}</ref> dan [[sampah sembarang|sampah]]. Hampir 350.000 puntung rokok dibuang ke saluran pipa air hujan setiap hari.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aius.org.au/indicators/sectiontype.cfm?ThemeID=11&SectionTypeID=2 |title=AIUS Indicators |work=Environmental indicators for Metropolitan Melbourne |author=Australian Institute of Urban Studies and City of Melbourne |publisher=Australian Institute of Urban Studies |accessdate=18 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113175957/http://www.aius.org.au/indicators/sectiontype.cfm?ThemeID=11&SectionTypeID=2 |archivedate=13 November 2007 }}</ref> Pemerintah mencanangkan sejumlah program untuk meminimalkan polusi pantai dan sungai.<ref name="epabeach"/><ref name="litter1">{{cite web|url=http://www.litter.vic.gov.au/resources/documents/Victoria%27s_Litter_Strategy_Sep95.pdf |format=PDF |title=Victoria's Litter reduction Strategy |publisher=State Government of Victoria |accessdate=29 September 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080722054406/http://www.litter.vic.gov.au/resources/documents/Victoria%27s_Litter_Strategy_Sep95.pdf |archivedate=22 July 2008 |df= }}</ref> Pada Februari 2010, pemerintah meluncurkan ''[[The Transition Decade]]'', program keberlanjutan masyarakat, ekonomi, dan lingkungan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beyondzeroemissions.org/transition-decade-launch-ten-year-transition-safe-climate-and-sustainable-future |title=Transition decade launch |publisher=Beyond Zero Emissions |date=19 January 2010 |accessdate=21 June 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212131005/http://beyondzeroemissions.org/transition-decade-launch-ten-year-transition-safe-climate-and-sustainable-future |archivedate=12 February 2010 |df= }}</ref>
== Struktur kota ==
{{See also|Melbourne City Centre|Daftar bangunan bersejarah di Melbourne|Jalan komersial di Melbourne|Taman dan kebun di Melbourne|Daftar bangunan tertinggi di Melbourne}}
[[Berkas:Flying over Melbourne 2.jpg|jmpl|ka|Pemandangan CBD dan pinggiran kota terdalam dari udara]]
[[Hoddle Grid]], tata jalanan kota berselang ±{{convert|1|by|1/2|mi|km}}, membentuk inti [[distrik bisnis pusat]] (CBD) Melbourne. Sungai Yarra membatasi tata jalan ini di sebelah selatan. Pembangunan perkantoran, kawasan komersial, dan kawasan publik di [[Southbank, Victoria|Southbank]] dan [[Melbourne Docklands|Docklands]] membuat kedua distrik ini seolah seperti CBD kedua, tetapi bukan bagian dari CBD. [[arkade (arsitektur)|Jalanan komersial]] seperti [[Block Arcade, Melbourne|Block Arcade]] and [[Royal Arcade, Melbourne|Royal Arcade]] adalah efek samping tata jalan CBD.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.theage.com.au/news/Opinion/Melbournes-love-affair-with-lanes/2004/12/31/1104344983928.html
|title = Melbourne's love affair with lanes <!-- Opinion -->
|newspaper = The Age
|location = Australia
|date = <!-- 10 August -->10 August 2005
|first = Suzy
|last = Freeman-Greene
|accessdate = 18 July 2008
|archive-date = 2012-06-26
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120626122506/http://www.theage.com.au/news/Opinion/Melbournes-love-affair-with-lanes/2004/12/31/1104344983928.html
|dead-url = no
}}</ref><ref><!-- cite book--> Essential but unplanned: the story of Melbourne's lanes. Weston Bate. City of Melbourne: State Library of Victoria, 1994</ref>
Berbeda dengan kota-kota lain di Australia, CBD Melbourne tidak punya batas ketinggian. Karena itu, CBD Melbourne merupakan permukiman terpadat di Australia dengan kepadatan 19.500 jiwa/km².<ref>Carey, Adam (17 June 2018). [https://www.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/population-pressure-a-fast-growing-concern-for-victorian-voters-20180614-p4zlh5.html "Population pressure a fast-growing concern for Victorian voters"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128075333/https://www.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/population-pressure-a-fast-growing-concern-for-victorian-voters-20180614-p4zlh5.html |date=2018-11-28 }}, ''The Age''. Retrieved 28 November 2018.</ref> Jumlah pencakar langit di Melbourne [[daftar bangunan tertinggi di Australia#Kota berpencakar langit terbanyak|lebih banyak daripada kota lainnya di Australia]]. [[Eureka Tower]] di Southbank adalah bangunan tertinggi di kota ini.<ref name="Eureka1">{{cite web
|url=http://www.eurekatower.com.au/main.cfm|title=Eureka Tower|publisher=Eureka Tower Official
|accessdate=29 September 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718162147/http://www.eurekatower.com.au/main.cfm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 18 July 2008}}</ref>
CBD dan daerah sekitarnya juga memiliki banyak bangunan bersejarah seperti [[Royal Exhibition Building]], [[Melbourne Town Hall]], dan [[Parliament House, Melbourne|Parliament House]].<ref name="Walking Melbourne">{{cite web|url=http://www.walkingmelbourne.com/|title=Walking Melbourne, Heritage, Architecture, Skyscraper and Buildings Database|publisher=Walking Melbourne|accessdate=28 September 2008|archive-date=2008-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205051055/http://www.walkingmelbourne.com/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="MTG">{{cite web|url=http://www.melbourneaustralia.org/arts-architecture.html |title=Melbourne Architecture |publisher=Melbourne Travel Guide |accessdate=28 September 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915024055/http://www.melbourneaustralia.org/arts-architecture.html |archivedate=15 September 2008 }}</ref> Meski disebut pusat kota (''city centre''), daerah ini bukan pusat demografis Melbourne. Karena kota ini menyebar ke tenggara, pusat demografisnya terletak di [[Glen Iris, Victoria|Glen Iris]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/08/04/1028157880515.html
|title=Glen Iris still the heart of city's sprawl
|newspaper=The Age
|location=Melbourne
|date=<!-- 5 August -->5 August 2002
|accessdate=18 July 2008
|archive-date=2012-11-04
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104202900/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/08/04/1028157880515.html
|dead-url=no
}}</ref>
Melbourne seperti ibu kota negara bagian lainnya di Australia. Pada pergantian abad ke-20, kota ini meluas mengikuti prinsip 'seperempat are rumah dan kebun' untuk setiap keluarga, biasa disebut [[Impian Australia]]. Seiring populernya mobil pribadi pasca-1945, prinsip ini menghasilkan struktur kota ramah mobil yang kini bertahan di kawasan pinggiran tengah dan luar. Sebagian besar [[wilayah metropolitan]] Melbourne terdiri atas permukiman berkepadatan rendah, sedangkan permukiman di dekat pusat kota berkepadatan menengah dan mengutamakan angkutan umum. Kawasan pusat kota, Docklands, St. Kilda Road, dan Southbank memiliki kepadatan tinggi.
Melbourne sering disebut kota kebun Australia. Negara bagian Victoria dulu dijuluki negara bagian kebun (''the garden state'').<ref name="Age3">{{cite news
|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2008/03/10/1205125821732.html
|title=Victoria: the garden state or greenhouse capital?
|newspaper=The Age
|location=Melbourne
|accessdate=29 September 2008
|date=11 March 2008
|first1=Clay
|last1=Lucas
|first2=Royce
|last2=Millar
|archive-date=2008-09-20
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920213131/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2008/03/10/1205125821732.html
|dead-url=no
}}</ref><ref name="wilmap">{{cite web|url=http://www.wilmap.com.au/vic.html|title=Victoria|publisher=wilmap.com.au|accessdate=29 September 2008|archive-date=2008-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112034738/http://www.wilmap.com.au/vic.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="goway">{{cite web|url=http://www.goway.com/downunder/australia/victoria/|title=Victoria Australia, aka "The Garden State"|publisher=goway.com|accessdate=29 September 2008|archive-date=2009-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501065213/http://www.goway.com/downunder/australia/victoria/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Ada banyak [[taman dan kebun di Melbourne]].<ref name="COM">{{cite web|url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=25&pg=617|title=City of Melbourne — Parks and Gardens|publisher=City of Melbourne|accessdate=28 September 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040830151740/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=25&pg=617|archivedate=30 August 2004|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Beberapa di antaranya terletak di [[Melbourne Central Business District|CBD]] dan memiliki beragam spesies tumbuhan biasa dan langka, alam buatan, jalur pejalan kaki, dan jalan raya berjajarkan pepohonan. Taman-taman di Melbourne memiliki reputasi sebagai taman publik terbaik di antara kota-kota besar di Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weekendnotes.com/melbournes-best-gardens/|title=Melbourne's Best Gardens|work=weekendnotes.com|accessdate=20 February 2015|archive-date=2012-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910070819/http://www.weekendnotes.com/melbournes-best-gardens/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Taman juga dibangun di kota-kota pinggiran Melbourne seperti [[City of Stonnington|Stonnington]], [[City of Boroondara|Boroondara]], dan [[City of Port Phillip|Port Phillip]], sebelah tenggara CBD. Beberapa [[taman nasional]] ditetapkan di sekeliling perkotaan Melbourne, antara lain [[Taman Nasional Mornington Peninsula]], [[Taman Nasional Laut Port Phillip Heads]], dan [[Point Nepean, Victoria|Taman Nasional Point Nepean]] di sebelah tenggara, [[Taman Nasional Organ Pipes]] di sebelah utara, dan [[Taman Nasional Dandenong Ranges]] di sebelah timur. Sejumlah taman negara bagian juga ditetapkan tepat di luar batas kota Melbourne.<ref name="parkweb">{{cite web|url=http://www.parkweb.vic.gov.au/1aboutus.cfm |title=About Parks Victoria |publisher=parkweb.vic.gov.au |accessdate=29 September 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725040209/http://www.parkweb.vic.gov.au/1aboutus.cfm |archivedate=25 July 2008 }}</ref><ref>Wild Places of Greater Melbourne. R Taylor, 9780957747104, CSIRO Publishing, January 1999, 224pp, PB</ref> Kawasan perkotaan Melbourne dibagi menjadi ratusan kota pinggiran (untuk keperluan penetapan alamat dan pos) dan diberi status wilayah pemerintah daerah (''local government area''/LGA),<ref name="vicnet">{{cite web|url=http://www.vicnet.net.au/government/localgovt/ |title=Vicnet Directory — Local Government |publisher=Vicnet |accessdate=29 September 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928014734/http://www.vicnet.net.au/government/localgovt/ |archivedate=28 September 2008 }}</ref> 31 di antaranya terletak di dalam wilayah metropolitan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.liveinvictoria.vic.gov.au/living-in-victoria/melbourne-and-regional-victoria/melbourne |title=Metropolitan Melbourne – Live in Victoria |publisher=Liveinvictoria.vic.gov.au |date=12 August 2009 |accessdate=21 June 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124155435/http://www.liveinvictoria.vic.gov.au/living-in-victoria/melbourne-and-regional-victoria/melbourne |archivedate=24 January 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
=== Perumahan ===
{{Main|Perumahan di Victoria, Australia}}
[[Berkas:Victorian terrace on canterbury road, Middle Park.jpg|jmpl|ka|Rumah baris "Melbourne Style" banyak dijumpai di pinggiran kota dalam dan sering mengalami gentrifikasi.]]
Perumahan umum di Melbourne tidak banyak dan permintaan rumah kontrakan terus meningkat. Seiring waktu, harga kontrakan semakin tidak terjangkau bagi sebagian warga.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://news.domain.com.au/domain/real-estate-news/city-shortage-pushes-up-rents-20110418-1dksd.html | title = City shortage pushes up rents | date = 17 April 2011 | first = Andrew | last = Wilson | work = Domain | publisher = Fairfax | accessdate = 7 July 2012 | archive-date = 2012-05-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120514003239/http://news.domain.com.au/domain/real-estate-news/city-shortage-pushes-up-rents-20110418-1dksd.html | dead-url = no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/the-rental-pressure-cooker-20100402-rjvb.html |location=Australia |work=The Age |title=rental pressure cooker |date=3 April 2010 |publisher=Fairfax |access-date=2019-02-07 |archive-date=2010-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708052251/http://www.theage.com.au/national/the-rental-pressure-cooker-20100402-rjvb.html |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.theage.com.au/business/melbourne-housing-now-severely-unaffordable-20110123-1a17l.html?comments=141
|location = Australia
|work = The Age
|title = Melbourne housing now 'severely unaffordable'
|date = 24 January 2011
|publisher = Fairfax
|access-date = 2019-02-07
|archive-date = 2011-01-30
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110130170855/http://www.theage.com.au/business/melbourne-housing-now-severely-unaffordable-20110123-1a17l.html?comments=141
|dead-url = no
}}</ref> Perumahan umum disediakan oleh [[Housing Commission of Victoria]], badan yang beroperasi di bawah kerangka kerja Commonwealth-State Housing Agreement yang memandatkan pemerintah federal dan negara bagian untuk mendanai proyek perumahan.
Melbourne mengalami pertumbuhan penduduk tinggi yang turut meingkatkan kebutuhan tempat tinggal. Lonjakan pembangunan rumah menaikkan harga dan biaya sewa rumah serta ketersediaan semua jenis rumah. [[Kapling (tanah)|Pengaplingan tanah]] marak terjadi di pinggiran terluar Melbourne melalui berbagai paket rumah dan lahan yang ditawarkan pengembang. Kebijakan tata kota selama ini mendorong pembangunan [[permukiman berkepadatan menengah]] dan [[permukiman berkepadatan tinggi|tinggi]] di daerah-daerah lama dengan akses [[transportasi umum]] dan prasarana lainnya. Sepuluh tahun sejak kebijakan tersebut diberlakukan, [[tanah terbengkalai]] di pinggiran kota lingkar tengah dan luar Melbourne mulai dimanfaatkan kembali secara massal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://urbanmelbourne.info/projectdatabase|title=Project Database|publisher=|access-date=2019-02-07|archive-date=2013-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624013032/http://urbanmelbourne.info/projectdatabase|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
== Arsitektur ==
{{Further|Arsitektur Melbourne|Daftar bangunan terbesar di Melbourne}}
[[Berkas:Melbourne Collins Street Architecture.jpg|jmpl|kiri|Pencakar langit modern dimundurkan dari pinggir jalan untuk melestarikan bangunan zaman Victoria yang berjajar di [[Collins Street, Melbourne|Collins Street]].]]
Kota ini dikenal karena memiliki percampuran arsitektur modern dengan bangunan-bangunan abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20.<ref>Peter Fischer and Susan Marsden, ''Vintage Melbourne: beautiful buildings from Melbourne city centre'', East Street Publications, Bowden South Australia 2007</ref> Beberapa bangunan bersejarah yang arsitekturnya khas adalah [[Royal Exhibition Building]] (terdaftar sebagai [[Situs Warisan Dunia]]) yang dibangun selama dua tahun menjelang [[Melbourne International Exhibition (1880)|Melbourne International Exhibition]] tahun 1880; A.C. Goode House, bangunan [[arsitektur Gothik|Neo-Gothik]] di Collins Street yang dirancang oleh Wright, Reed & Beaver (1891); Old Stock Exchange (1888) bergaya Gothik Venesia karya [[William Pitt (arsitek)|William Pitt]]; Gothic Bank (1883) karya [[William Wardell]] yang memiliki interior terbaik di Melbourne; [[Parliament House, Melbourne|Parliament House]]; [[St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne|St Paul's Cathedral]] (1891); dan [[Flinders Street Station]] (1909) karya Ivan Lazarus, stasiun kereta komuter tersibuk di dunia pada pertengahan 1920-an.<ref name="nla.gov.au">[http://www.nla.gov.au/pict/list/vicgovrail.html Melbourne and scenes in Victoria 1925–1926 from Victorian Government Railways] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112112012/http://www.nla.gov.au/pict/list/vicgovrail.html |date=2008-01-12 }} From the National Library of Australia</ref>
[[Berkas:Eureka Tower covered in low clouds at night.jpg|jmpl|lurus|[[Eureka Tower]], gedung tertinggi di Melbourne, menembus awan pada malam hari]]
Di kota ini juga terdapat [[Shrine of Remembrance]], tugu untuk mengenang warga Victoria yang bertempur pada [[Perang Dunia I]] dan sekarang dipersembahkan untuk seluruh warga Australia yang terlibat dalam perang tersebut. Gedung [[arsitektur gaya Ratu Anne|bergaya Ratu Anne]] yang sudah diruntuhkan, [[APA Building, Melbourne|APA Australian Building]] (1889), gedung tertinggi ke-3 di dunia waktu itu,<ref name="WalkingMelbourne">{{cite web|title=Walking Melbourne|url=http://www.walkingmelbourne.com/building3_apa-building-the-australian-building.html|accessdate=9 January 2012|archive-date=2012-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222052447/http://www.walkingmelbourne.com/building3_apa-building-the-australian-building.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> konon katanya berdiri menjelang persaingan pencakar langit di [[New York City]] dan [[Chicago]].<ref name="Walking Melbourne"/> Gedung ini diruntuhkan tahun 1980 dan digantikan oleh bangunan lebih kecil berlantai empat.<ref>{{cite book|title=Lost Melbourne|first1=Heather|last1=Chapman|first2=Jill|last2=Stillman|year=2016|publisher=Pavilion Books|isbn=9-78-191049674-9}}</ref> Bangunan-bangunan besar yang dibangun sebelum perang dunia juga bernasib sama, termasuk Federal Coffee Palace (atau The Federal Hotel) bergaya Victoria yang berdiri di Collins Street sampai tahun 1971.<ref>{{cite book|title=A City Lost and Found: Whelan the Wrecker's Melbourne|first1=Robyn|last1=Annear|year=2014|publisher=Black Inc|isbn=9-78-192223141-3}}</ref>
Pada tahun 2018, kota ini memiliki 667 bangunan tinggi, 187 pencakar langit, 28 proyek dan 60 rencana pencakar langit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/city/melbourne-australia |title=Emporis Skyline Ranking |publisher=Emporis Corporation. All rights reserved |accessdate=2 December 2012 |archive-date=2012-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105051703/http://www.emporis.com/city/melbourne-australia |dead-url=no }}</ref> making the city's skyline the tallest in Australia. CBD didominasi oleh gedung-gedung perkantoran modern, termasuk [[Rialto Towers]] (1986) yang dibangun di atas tanah beberapa bangunan klasik bergaya Victoria, dua di antaranya—Rialto Building (1889) karya [[William Pitt (arsitek)|William Pitt]] dan Winfield Building (1890) karya Charles D'Ebro dan Richard Speight—masih berdiri smapai saat ini. Salah satu gedung apartemen tinggi di kota ini adalah [[Eureka Tower]] (2006), [[daftar bangunan hunian tertinggi di dunia|bangunan hunian tertinggi ke-13 di dunia]] per Januari 2014.<ref name=TallestRes>{{cite web|url=http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/List/tallest-residential-100-buildings |title=100 Tallest Residential Buildings in the World |work=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat |access-date=3 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210210241/http://skyscrapercenter.com/List/tallest-residential-100-buildings |archivedate=10 December 2012 }}</ref>
Permukiman kota ini tidak memiliki gaya arsitektur tunggal, melainkan campuran rumah, rumah kota, kondominium, dan gedung apartemen di kawasan metropolitan (khususnya di daerah sebaran kota). Rumah terpisah dengan pekarangan luas adalah jenis rumah yang paling banyak dijumpai di luar pusat kota Melbourne. Rumah baris Victoria, rumah kota, dan puri bergaya [[gaya Italia|Italia]], [[kebangkitan Tudor]], dan [[arsitektur George|Neo-George]] mudah ditemui di beberapa permukiman seperti [[Toorak, Victoria|Toorak]].
== Budaya ==
{{Main|Budaya Melbourne}}
[[Berkas:Melbourne Princess Theatre Feb 2013.jpg|jmpl|kiri|[[Princess Theatre (Melbourne)|Princess Theatre]], bagian dari [[East End Theatre District]], didirikan tahun 1854.]]
Melbourne adalah pusat budaya internasional dan ibu kota budaya Australia karena sering menjadi tuan rumah kegiatan dan festival besar. Kota ini memiliki industri drama, musikal, komedi, musik, seni, arsitektur, sastra, film, dan televisi yang mapan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.meldmagazine.com.au/2016/07/melbourne-cultural-capital-australia/|title=What makes Melbourne the cultural capital of Australia?|date=2016-07-12|work=Meld Magazine - Australia's international student news website|access-date=2018-03-26|language=en-AU|archive-date=2020-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312075049/https://www.meldmagazine.com.au/2016/07/melbourne-cultural-capital-australia/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Iklim, lokasi pinggir laut, dan kehidupan malamnya menjadikan Melbourne salah satu kota paling meriah di Australia. Selama tujuh tahun berturut-turut (2011 sampai 2017), kota ini memuncaki survei [[kota ternyaman di dunia]] versi ''[[The Economist Intelligence Unit]]'' berkat kekayaan budayanya.<ref name=ABC_20170816/> Kota ini menyelenggarakan berbagai kegiatan dan festival budaya setiap tahunnya, termasuk [[Moomba]] (festival masyarakat terbesar di Australia), [[Melbourne International Arts Festival]], [[Melbourne International Film Festival]], [[Melbourne International Comedy Festival]], dan [[Melbourne Fringe Festival]]. Budaya kota ini menjadi daya tarik wisata; 2,7 juta pelancong internasional dan 8,9 juta pelancong domestik datang ke Melbourne pada tahun 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.business.vic.gov.au/tourism-industry-resources/research/international-research|title=International research|last=sector=Government|first=; corporateName=Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources; address=121 Exhibition St, MELBOURNE 3000;|website=www.business.vic.gov.au|language=en|access-date=2018-03-27|archive-date=2020-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408002748/https://www.business.vic.gov.au/tourism-industry-resources/research/international-research|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.business.vic.gov.au/tourism-industry-resources/research/domestic-and-regional-research|title=Domestic and regional research|last=sector=Government|first=; corporateName=Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources; address=121 Exhibition St, MELBOURNE 3000;|website=www.business.vic.gov.au|language=en|access-date=2018-03-27|archive-date=2018-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084709/http://www.business.vic.gov.au/tourism-industry-resources/research/domestic-and-regional-research|dead-url=no}}</ref>
[[Berkas:CentrePlace-rain.jpg|jmpl|lurus|Jalanan komersial di pusat kota merupakan tempat wisata yang dikenal karena keragaman bar, [[seni jalanan di Melbourne|seni jalanan]], dan budaya minum kopinya.]]
Sejarah sastra Melbourne yang kaya dan beragam diakui pada tahun 2008 ketika [[Melbourne City of Literature]] menjadi UNESCO [[City of Literature]] ke-2. [[State Library of Victoria]] merupakan salah satu lembaga kebudayaan tertua di Australia dan salah satu perpustakaan umum di kota ini. Melbourne juga memiliki toko-toko bugu paling beragam dan sektor penerbitan terbesar di Australia.<ref name="CityofLiterature">{{cite web|url=http://www.cityofliterature.com/cities-of-literature/cities-of-literature/melbourne/|title=Cities of Literature|work=cityofliterature.com|accessdate=20 February 2015|archive-date=2015-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218080101/http://www.cityofliterature.com/cities-of-literature/cities-of-literature/melbourne/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Kota ini adalah tuan rumah festival-festival penulis besar, termasuk [[Melbourne Writers Festival]]. Sejumlah anugerah sastra seperti [[Melbourne Prize for Literature]] dan [[Victorian Premier's Literary Awards]] diikuti oleh kalangan penulis setempat. Novel-novel ternama yang berlatar di Melbourne adalah ''[[The Mystery of a Hansom Cab]]'' karya [[Fergus Hume]], [[Monkey Grip (novel)|''Monkey Grip'']] karya [[Helen Garner]], dan ''[[The Slap (novel)|The Slap]]'' karya [[Christos Tsiolkas]]. Penulis dan penyair kenamaan dari Melbourne meliputi [[Thomas Browne]], [[C. J. Dennis]], [[Germaine Greer]], dan [[Peter Carey (novelis)|Peter Carey]].
Teater pertama di Melbourne, The Pavilion, dibuka tahun 1841, beberapa tahun setelah kota ini didirikan. [[East End Theatre District]] adalah tempat berdirinya teater-teater bersejarah zaman Victoria, termasuk [[Athenaeum, Melbourne|Athenaeum Theatre]], [[Her Majesty's Theatre, Melbourne|Her Majesty's Theatre]], [[Princess Theatre, Melbourne|Princess Theatre]], dan [[Regent Theatre, Melbourne|Regent Theatre]]. [[Melbourne Arts Precinct]] di Southbank merupakan tempat bernaungnya [[Arts Centre Melbourne]] yang meliputi [[State Theatre (Melbourne)|State Theatre]], [[Hamer Hall, Melbourne|Hamer Hall]], Playhouse, dan Fairfax Studio. [[Melbourne Recital Centre]] dan [[Southbank Theatre]] (rumah MTC)<ref>{{cite web|title=Southbank Theatre|url=http://www.mtc.com.au/your-visit/southbank-theatre/|website=Melbourne Theatre Company|publisher=Melbourne Theatre Company|accessdate=9 November 2014|date=2014|archive-date=2013-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712105331/http://www.mtc.com.au/your-visit/southbank-theatre/|dead-url=no}}</ref> juga terletak di Southbank. [[Palais Theatre]], tengaran di [[St Kilda Beach, Victoria|pesisir St Kilda]], adalah teater duduk terbesar di Australia dengan kapasitas 3.000 penonton.<ref>Sadler, Denham (14 August 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/aug/14/live-music-in-melbourne-four-of-the-best-places-to-see-a-gig "Live music in Melbourne: four of the best places to see a gig"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801095703/https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/aug/14/live-music-in-melbourne-four-of-the-best-places-to-see-a-gig |date=2020-08-01 }}, ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 13 November 2018.</ref> [[Sidney Myer Music Bowl]] dibangun tahun 1955 di [[Kings Domain]]. Konser musik berpenonton terbanyak di Australia (200.000 penonton), konser [[The Seekers]] tahun 1967, diadakan di tempat itu.<ref>[http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/sidney-myer-music-bowl National Heritage Places - Sidney Myer Music Bowl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501175905/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/sidney-myer-music-bowl |date=2020-05-01 }}, Department of Environment and Energy. Retrieved 13 November 2018.</ref>
[[Berkas:National gallery victoria international.jpg|jmpl|kiri|[[National Gallery of Victoria]] adalah [[daftar museum seni yang paling sering dikunjungi di dunia|museum seni yang paling sering dikunjungi]] di belahan bumi selatan.]]
Didirikan tahun 1861, [[National Gallery of Victoria]] merupakan museum seni umum tertua dan terbesar di Australia dan [[daftar museum seni yang paling sering dikunjungi di dunia|museum yang paling sering dikunjungi]] di belahan bumi selatan (ke-19 di dunia).<ref>[http://artsreview.com.au/national-gallery-of-victoria-cracks-the-global-top-20/ "National Gallery of Victoria cracks the Global Top 20"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106133052/http://artsreview.com.au/national-gallery-of-victoria-cracks-the-global-top-20/ |date=2019-11-06 }}, ''Arts Review''. Retrieved 9 November 2018.</ref> [[Mazhab Heidelberg|Aliran seni Heidelberg]] atau [[Impresionisme Australia]] berkembang di desa pinggiran Melbourne pada 1880-an. [[Heide Museum of Modern Art]] berdiri khusus untuk [[Angry Penguins]], lingkar seni asal Melbourne yang memelopori modernisme Australia pada tahun 1940-an. Di kota ini juga terdapat [[Australian Centre for Contemporary Art]]. Melbourne diakui sebagai salah satu [[seni jalanan di Melbourne|pusat seni jalanan]] terbesar di dunia.<ref>Allen, Jessica. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722185455/http://uk.ibtimes.com/contents/20100604/worldbest-cities-viewing-street-art.htm The World's Best Cities for Viewing Street Art], International Business Times (2010). Retrieved 16 October 2010.{{Dead link|date=January 2014}}</ref> Para pembaca ''[[Lonely Planet]]'' mengakui seni jalanan Melbourne sebagai tempat wisata terpopuler di Australia.<ref name="Graff">Topsfield, Jewel. [http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2008/10/01/1222651140951.html Brumby slams Tourism Victoria over graffiti promotion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918111934/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2008/10/01/1222651140951.html |date=2015-09-18 }}, ''The Age'' (2008). Retrieved 16 October 2010.</ref>
Grup balet nasional [[Australian Ballet Company|Australian Ballet]] serta grup balet negara bagian [[Melbourne Symphony Orchestra]], [[Melbourne Theatre Company]] (MTC), dan [[Victorian Opera (Melbourne)|Victorian Opera]] berpusat di Melbourne. Kota ini juga merupakan rumah kedua bagi [[Opera Australia]] setelah dilebur dengan [[Victoria State Opera]] tahun 1996.
''[[The Story of the Kelly Gang]]'', [[film cerita]] pertama di dunia, direkam di Melbourne tahun 1906.<ref name="Bushranger1">[http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/01/18/oz_western.html More Australian than Aristotelian: The Australian Bushranger Film, 1904–1914. By William Routt] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224214514/http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/01/18/oz_western.html |date=24 December 2010 }}</ref> Sutradara-sutradara asal Melbourne memproduksi film bertema ''[[bushranger]]'' (perampok liar) sebelum dilarang oleh pemerintah Victoria tahun 1912 karena diduga mempromosikan kejahatan. Larangan ini turut mematikan salah satu industri paling produktif pada zaman [[film bisu]].<ref name="Bushranger1"/> Film terkenal yang direkam dan berlatar di Melbourne di tengah mandeknya perfilman Australia adalah ''[[On the Beach (film 1959)|On the Beach]]'' (1959). Pada tahun 1970-an, aliran [[Australian New Wave]] dan [[Ozploitation]] berkembang berkat film ''[[Stork (film)|Stork]]'' dan ''[[Alvin Purple]]'' yang dibuat di Melbourne. ''[[Picnic at Hanging Rock (film)|Picnic at Hanging Rock]]'' dan ''[[Mad Max]]'', direkam di dalam dan sekitar Melbourne, dipuji di seluruh dunia. Kompleks studio film dan televisi terbesar di Melbourne, [[Docklands, Victoria#Docklands Studios Melbourne|Docklands Studios Melbourne]], dibangun tahun 2004. Studio ini memproduksi film-film dalam dan luar negeri.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dsmelbourne.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=32|title=Docklands Studios - Bringing Screen Ideas to Life|website=Docklands Studios|access-date=2019-02-08|archive-date=2021-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220114127/https://www.dsmelbourne.com/?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=32|dead-url=no}}</ref> Melbourne juga merupakan markas [[Village Roadshow Pictures]], rumah produksi film terbesar di Australia. Beberapa pemeran terkenal dari Melbourne adalah [[Cate Blanchett]], [[Rachel Griffiths]], [[Chris Hemsworth]],<ref name=fft>{{cite web |url=http://filmfestivaltraveler.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1779:chris-hemsworth-not-a-thor-loser&catid=53:interviews&Itemid=73 |title=Chris Hemsworth: Not a Thor Loser |first=Frank |last=Lovece |authorlink=Frank Lovece |publisher=FilmFestivalTraveler.com |date=29 September 2011 |accessdate=7 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/62I5pcXDy?url=http://filmfestivaltraveler.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1779:chris-hemsworth-not-a-thor-loser&catid=53:interviews&Itemid=73 |archivedate=8 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> [[Guy Pearce]], [[Geoffrey Rush]], dan [[Eric Bana]].
Melbourne digadang-gadang sebagai "ibu kota konser musik dunia" karena jumlah konser musik per kapitanya lebih tinggi daripada kota-kota lain.<ref>Donoughue, Paul (12 April 2018). [https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-12/melbourne-is-the-live-music-capital-of-the-world-census-shows/9643684 "Melbourne is the live music capital of the world, study says"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818135804/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-12/melbourne-is-the-live-music-capital-of-the-world-census-shows/9643684 |date=2020-08-18 }}, ABC News. Retrieved 13 November 2018.</ref>
== Ekonomi ==
{{See also|Kategori:Perusahaan yang berpusat di Melbourne|Pariwisata di Melbourne}}
[[Berkas:Melbourne Central Coop's Shot Tower.jpg|jmpl|lurus|kiri|[[Coop's Shot Tower]] abad ke-19 di dalam [[Melbourne Central Shopping Centre|Melbourne Central]], salah satu pusat belanja terbesar di kota ini.]]
Melbourne memiliki ekonomi yang sangat beragam dengan fokus utama di sektor keuangan, manufaktur, riset, TI, pendidikan, logistik, transportasi, dan pariwisata. Melbourne adalah tempat berdirinya markas perusahaan-perusahaan terbesar Australia, termasuk lima dari sepuluh perusahaan terbesar (berdasarkan pendapatan) dan lima dari tujuh perusahaan terbesar (berdasarkan [[kapitalisasi pasar]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afr.com/rich-list|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829143027/http://www.brw.com.au/lists/detail/?listId=5|deadurl=y|title=Topic | Rich List|archivedate=29 Agt 2007|website=Australian Financial Review}}</ref> yaitu [[Australia and New Zealand Banking Group|ANZ]], [[BHP Billiton]], [[National Australia Bank]], [[CSL Limited|CSL]], dan [[Telstra]]. Badan perwakilan dan wadah pemikir seperti [[Business Council of Australia]] dan [[Australian Council of Trade Unions]] berpusat di kota ini. Kantor pusat anak-anak perusahaan [[Wesfarmers]] seperti [[Coles Supermarkets|Coles]] (termasuk [[Liquorland]]), [[Bunnings]], [[Target Australia|Target]], [[Kmart Australia|K-Mart]], dan [[Officeworks]] berdiri di pinggiran Melbourne. Kota ini memiliki [[Port of Melbourne|pelabuhan]] tersibuk kedua di Australia setelah [[Port Botany]] di Sydney.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.portauthoritynsw.com.au/news-and-publications/news/port-botany-australias-biggest-container-port/ |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2019-02-08 |archive-date=2018-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128164457/https://www.portauthoritynsw.com.au/news-and-publications/news/port-botany-australias-biggest-container-port/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Bandar Udara Melbourne]] menjadi gerbang bagi wisatawan domestik dan internasional dan merupakan bandara tersibuk kedua di Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://planmelbourne.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/294809/057-Melbourne-Airport-Part-F.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009145547/http://planmelbourne.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/294809/057-Melbourne-Airport-Part-F.pdf|deadurl=y|title=planmelbourne.vic.gov.au|archivedate=9 Okt 2016}}</ref>
Melbourne juga merupakan pusat keuangan penting. Dalam [[Global Financial Centres Index]] 2017, Melbourne disebut sebagai pusat keuangan paling bersaing ke-21 di dunia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000617/http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2017-06-11|title=The Global Financial Centres Index 21|date=March 2017|publisher=Long Finance}}</ref> Dua dari [[Empat Besar (bank)|empat bank besar]], [[National Australia Bank|NAB]] dan [[Australia and New Zealand Banking Group|ANZ]], bermarkas di Melbourne. Kota ini membangun reputasi sebagai tempat peredaran dana [[superanuasi di Australia|superanuasi]] (pensiun) terbesar di Australia (40%). 65% dana [[superanuasi industri]], termasuk [[Future Fund]] milik pemerintah federal sebesar AU$109 miliar dolar disimpan di kota ini. Kota ini menempati peringkat ke-41 dari 50 pusat keuangan terbaik di dunia menurut MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index (2008),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf |title=Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index |date=2008 |format=PDF |access-date=10 October 2008 |archive-date=2008-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624211344/http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref> menyusul Sydney di peringkat ke-12. Melbourne adalah pusat industri terbesar kedua di Australia.<ref>{{cite web |author=Matt Wade |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html |title=Sydney takes manufacturing capital crown from Melbourne |publisher=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=8 February 2014 |accessdate=30 March 2014 |archive-date=2014-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406184950/http://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-takes-manufacturing-capital-crown-from-melbourne-20140207-327c3.html |dead-url=no }}</ref> Sejumlah merek industri besar seperti [[Boeing]], produsen truk [[Kenworth]] dan [[Iveco]], [[Cadbury]], [[Bombardier Transportation]], dan [[Jayco]] mendirikan cabang di sini. Berbagai sektor manufaktur, mulai dari petrokimia dan farmasi hingga konveksi, kertas, dan makanan, hadir di kota ini.<ref name="sov">{{cite web|url=http://dsdbi.vic.gov.au/our-department/strategies-and-initiatives/a-more-competitive-manufacturing-industry|title=Business Victoria – Manufacturing|date=26 May 2008|publisher=State of Victoria, Australia|accessdate=22 October 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103103103/http://dsdbi.vic.gov.au/our-department/strategies-and-initiatives/a-more-competitive-manufacturing-industry|archivedate=3 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Kota pinggiran [[Scoresby, Victoria|Scoresby]] di sebelah tenggara merupakan tempat berdirinya markas [[Nintendo Australia]]. Melbourne juga menjadi penghubung penelitian dan pengembangan [[Ford Australia]] serta studio desain global [[General Motors]] dan pusat teknik [[Toyota]].
[[Berkas:Crown Casino Complex Melbourne 20180723-002.jpg|jmpl|[[Crown Melbourne|Crown Casino and Entertainment Complex]] menyumbang AU$2 miliar setiap tahun ke roda ekonomi Victoria.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessday.com.au/business/crown-records-profit-growth-up-130-20100826-13st5.html |title=Crown casino records profit growth, up 130% |website=Business Day |date=26 August 2010 |access-date=10 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307143548/http://www.businessday.com.au/business/crown-records-profit-growth-up-130-20100826-13st5.html |archive-date=7 March 2012}}</ref>]]
[[CSL Limited|CSL]], satu dari lima perusahaan bioteknologi terdepan dunia, dan [[Sigma Pharmaceuticals]] mendirikan kantor pusat di Melbourne. Keduanya adalah perusahaan farmasi terbesar di Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.invest.vic.gov.au/biotechnology-life-sciences |title=Invest Victoria – Biotechnology and Life Sciences |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705045504/http://www.invest.vic.gov.au/biotechnology-life-sciences |archivedate=5 July 2013 }}</ref> Melbourne memiliki industri [[teknologi informasi dan komunikasi|TIK]] mapan yang mempekerjakan lebih dari 60.000 orang (sepertiga angkatan kerja TIK Australia) dengan pemasukan AU$19,8 miliar dan pendapatan ekspor AU615 juta. Selain itu, pariwisata juga berperan penting dalam ekonomi Melbourne. Sekira 7,6 juta pengunjung domestik dan 1,88 pengunjung internasional melancong ke kota ini pada tahun 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dpc.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/bc348d5912436a9cca256cfc0082d800/55b1f13cef7b139cca256ed80081ebd6!OpenDocument |title=Media Release: Melbourne Airport passenger figures strongest on record |author=Minister for Tourism |date=21 July 2004 |website=Department of Premier and Cabinet |access-date=18 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502173159/http://www.dpc.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/bc348d5912436a9cca256cfc0082d800/55b1f13cef7b139cca256ed80081ebd6%21OpenDocument |archivedate=2 May 2008 |df= }}</ref> Melbourne perlahan menjadi destinasi konferensi domestik dan internasional. Pada Februari 2006, pemerintah memulai proyek pusat pertemuan internasional senilai AU$$1 miliar dengan kapasitas 5.000 orang, Hilton Hotel, dan distrik komersial di sebelah [[Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre]] yang menyatukan proyek di pinggir [[Sungai Yarra]] dengan [[Southbank, Victoria|daerah Southbank]] dan [[Melbourne Docklands|Docklands]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Rachel |last=Kleinman |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/councillors-furious-about-convention-centre-deal/2006/04/30/1146335610761.html |title=Councillors furious about convention centre deal |newspaper=The Age |location=Melbourne |date=1 May 2006 |access-date=2019-02-08 |archive-date=2011-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911232815/http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/councillors-furious-about-convention-centre-deal/2006/04/30/1146335610761.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
Economist Intelligence Unit menempatkan Melbourne di peringkat keempat dalam daftar kota termahal di dunia menurut indeks biaya hidup global tahun 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/04/travel/cost-of-living-2013/|title=What are the most expensive cities to live in?|accessdate=16 February 2014|archive-date=2014-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222135018/http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/04/travel/cost-of-living-2013/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Biaya hidup di Melbourne, khususnya harga properti, lebih tinggi daripada Sydney.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ratecity.com.au/home-loans/mortgage-news/melbourne-versus-sydney-how-the-costs-of-living-stack-up|title=Melbourne versus Sydney: How the costs of living stack up!|work=RateCity.com.au|access-date=2018-09-18|language=en-AU|archive-date=2018-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918091055/https://www.ratecity.com.au/home-loans/mortgage-news/melbourne-versus-sydney-how-the-costs-of-living-stack-up|dead-url=no}}</ref> Tempat wisata yang paling banyak dikunjungi di kota ini adalah [[Federation Square]], [[Queen Victoria Market]], [[Crown Melbourne|Crown Casino]], [[Southbank, Victoria|Southbank]], [[Melbourne Zoo]], [[Melbourne Aquarium]], [[Docklands, Victoria|Docklands]], [[National Gallery of Victoria]], [[Melbourne Museum]], Melbourne Observation Deck, [[The Arts Centre|Arts Centre Melbourne]], dan [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.onlymelbourne.com.au/melbourne_details.php?id=4481#.UgqoBEg6htI |title=Victoria's Top 20 Attractions |publisher=Only Melbourne |date=27 September 2013 |accessdate=30 March 2014 |archive-date=2014-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409061420/http://www.onlymelbourne.com.au/melbourne_details.php?id=4481#.UgqoBEg6htI |dead-url=no }}</ref>
Melbourne digelari kota ternyaman di dunia selama enam tahun berturut-turut (2011-2017) oleh Economist Intelligence Unit.<ref name=ABC_20170816/>
== Demografi ==
{{Main|Demografi Melbourne}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Sensus Australia 2016]]<ref name=Pop2011>{{cite website | title = Birthplace: Greater Melbourne | publisher = profile.id.com.au | url = https://profile.id.com.au/australia/birthplace?WebID=260 | date = 2016 | accessdate = 13 November 2018 | archive-date = 2017-08-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170825134826/http://profile.id.com.au/australia/birthplace?WebID=260 | dead-url = no }}</ref>
|-
! Tempat lahir || Populasi
|-
|{{flagicon|Australia}} [[bangsa Australian|Australia]]|| 2.684.072
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[orang Britania Australia|Britania Raya]]|| 162.954
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[orang India Australia|India]]|| 161.078
|-
| {{flagicon|China}} [[orang Tionghoa Australia|Daratan Tiongkok]]|| 155.998
|-
|{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[orang Vietnam Australia|Vietnam]]|| 79.054
|-
| {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[orang Selandia Baru Australia|Selandia Baru]]|| 78.906
|-
| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[orang Italia Australia|Italia]]|| 63.332
|-
|{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[orang Sri Lanka Australia|Sri Lanka]]|| 54.030
|-
|{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[orang Malaysia Australia|Malaysia]]|| 47.642
|-
| {{flagicon|Greece}} [[orang Yunani Australia|Yunani]]|| 45.618
|-
| {{flagicon|Philippines}} [[orang Filipina Australia|Filipina]]|| 45.157
|-
| {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[orang Afrika Selatan Australia|Afrika Selatan]]|| 24.168
|-
| {{flagicon|Hong Kong}} [[orang Hong Kong Australia|Hong Kong]]|| 20.840
|}
[[Berkas:China Town.JPG|jmpl|lurus|kiri|[[Chinatown, Melbourne|Pecinan]] Melbourne didirikan ketika demam emas dan merupakan permukiman Tionghoa tertua di [[dunia Barat]].]]
Di Melbourne Raya (Wilayah Statistik Ibu Kota Raya), 63,3% penduduk lahir di Australia. Negara kelahiran yang paling banyak adalah Britania Raya (3,4%), India (2,7%), Tiongkok (kecuali [[wilayah administratif khusus]] dan Taiwan) (2,3%), [[Italia]] (1,7%), dan [[Selandia Baru]] (1,7%). Tahun 2011, bangsa keturunan terbanyak di Melbourne Raya (Wilayah Statistik Ibu Kota Raya) adalah [[orang Inggris Australia|Inggris]] (21,1%), [[bangsa Australia|Australia]] (20,7%), [[orang Irlandia Australia|Irlandia]] (6,9%), [[orang Skotlandia Australia|Skotlandia]] (5,7%), dan [[masyarakat Italia Melbourne|Italia]] (5,5%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/2GMEL |title=2011 Census QuickStats: People — demographics & education |publisher=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |date= |accessdate=30 March 2014 |archive-date=2014-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326143420/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/2GMEL |dead-url=no }}</ref>
Melbourne memiliki populasi [[masyarakat Yunani Melbourne|penutur bahasa Yunani]] terbesar di luar Eropa, setara dengan populasi kota-kota besar di Yunani seperti [[Larissa]] dan [[Volos]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/gov/regional-policy/50242959.pdf |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2019-02-08 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924135215/http://www.oecd.org/gov/regional-policy/50242959.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref> [[Thessaloniki]] adalah kota kembar Melbourne di Yunani. Marga [[Nguyen]] dari Vietnam merupakan marga terbanyak kedua yang tercantum di buku telepon Melbourne setelah [[Smith (marga)|Smith]].<ref>[http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/AboutMelbourne/History/Pages/multiculturalhistory.aspx Melbourne's multicultural history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908122939/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/AboutMelbourne/History/Pages/multiculturalhistory.aspx |date=2015-09-08 }}, City of Melbourne. Retrieved 14 November 2010.</ref> Kota ini juga memiliki banyak penduduk kelahiran India, Sri Lanka, dan Malaysia serta imigran Afrika Selatan dan Sudan. Keragaman budaya kota ini terlihat dari banyaknya restoran yang menyajikan masakan internasional. Lebih dari dua per tiga warga Melbourne menuturkan bahasa Inggris di rumah (68.1%). Bahasa-bahasa Tiongkok, khususnya [[bahasa Kanton|Kanton]] dan [[bahasa Mandarin|Mandarin]], menyusul di peringkat kedua (3.6%), bahasa Yunani ketiga, bahasa Italia keempat, dan bahasa Vietnam kelima, masing-masing lebih dari 100.000 penutur.<ref name="qs">{{cite web |work=2006 Census |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?&action=401&tabname=Summary&areacode=205&issue=2006&producttype=QuickStats&textversion=true&navmapdisplayed=true&&breadcrumb=PLD |title=QuickStats: Melbourne (Statistical Division) |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |access-date=18 July 2008 |archive-date=2013-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010145716/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?&action=401&tabname=Summary&areacode=205&issue=2006&producttype=QuickStats&textversion=true&navmapdisplayed=true&&breadcrumb=PLD& |dead-url=no }}</ref> Meski angka migrasi lintas negara bagian Victoria naik-turun, jumlah penduduk divisi statistik Melbourne naik sekitar 70.000 jiwa per tahun sejak 2005. Melbourne kini memiliki pangsa imigran internasional terbesar (48.000), disusul oleh Sydney. Arus migrasi lintas negara bagian dari Sydney dan ibu kota lainnya juga besar karena harga rumah dan biaya hidup di Melbourne terjangkau.<ref name="Oleary">{{cite journal |last=O'Leary |first=John |title=Resurgence of Marvellous Melbourne |journal=People and Place |publisher=Monash University |volume=7, 1 |page=38 |url=http://elecpress.monash.edu.au/pnp/free/pnpv7n1/v7n1_6oleary.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2019-02-08 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929023425/http://elecpress.monash.edu.au/pnp/free/pnpv7n1/v7n1_6oleary.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, [[Shire of Melton|Melton]], [[City of Wyndham|Wyndham]] dan [[City of Casey|Casey]], bagian dari divisi statistik Melbourne, mengalami tingkat pertumbuhan tertinggi di antara semua [[Pemerintahan daerah di Australia|daerah pemerintah daerah]] di Australia. Jumlah penduduk Melbourne diperkirakan melebihi Sydney pada tahun 2028.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.theage.com.au/national/growth-pains-on-the-citys-fringe-20120731-23d73.html
|title = Growth pains on the city's fringe
|work = The Age
|date = 1 August 2012
|accessdate = 24 August 2012
|archive-date = 2012-09-02
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120902122109/http://www.theage.com.au/national/growth-pains-on-the-citys-fringe-20120731-23d73.html
|dead-url = no
}}</ref> Dalam dua skenario, [[Australian Bureau of Statistics|ABS]] memperkirakan bahwa Sydney akan tetap lebih besar daripada Melbourne setelah tahun 2056, walaupun selisihnya kurang dari 3% (saat ini selisihnya 12%). Menurut skenario pertama, populasi Melbourne berpotensi melebihi Sydney pada 2037<ref>{{cite web |author=staff writers |url=http://www.news.com.au/business/melbourne-will-be-australias-biggest-city-by-2037/story-e6frfm1i-1225858572349 |title=Business – Melbourne will be Australia's biggest city by 2037 |publisher=News.com.au |date=27 April 2010 |accessdate=30 March 2014 |archive-date=2013-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203015846/http://www.news.com.au/business/melbourne-will-be-australias-biggest-city-by-2037/story-e6frfm1i-1225858572349 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> atau 2039 karena berkurangnya migrasi dalam negeri ke Sydney.<ref name="popprojections">{{cite web | url = http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3222.02006%20to%202101?OpenDocument | title = Population Projections, Australia, 2006 to 2101 | publisher = Australian Bureau of Statistics | accessdate = 4 September 2008 | archive-date = 2008-09-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080930065020/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3222.02006%20to%202101?OpenDocument | dead-url = no }}</ref> Penelitian lain mengklaim bahwa populasi Melbourne akan melebihi Sydney pada tahun 2040.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2013/s3765418.htm |title=Melbourne to overtake Sydney by 2040 |publisher=abc.net.au |date=23 May 2013 |accessdate=30 March 2014 |archive-date=2014-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326173905/http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2013/s3765418.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref>
Setelah kepadatan penduduk terus menurun sejak Perang Dunia II, kota ini mengalami peningkatan kepadatan di pinggiran terdalam dan [[Western Suburbs (Melbourne)|barat]] berkat program-program pemerintah Victoria, [[Postcode 3000]] dan [[Melbourne 2030]], yang bertujuan memperlambat perluasan kota.<ref name="Melbourne2030">{{cite web|url=http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/introduction/02_summary.html |title=Melbourne 2030 – in summary |publisher=Victorian Government, Department of Sustainability and Environment |accessdate=5 October 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907065147/http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/introduction/02_summary.html |archivedate=7 September 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=288&pg=1362 |title=City of Melbourne: Strategic Planning — Postcode 3000 |publisher=City of Melbourne |accessdate=5 October 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912084620/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=288&pg=1362 |archivedate=12 September 2008 |df= }}</ref> Menurut [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] pada Juni 2013, pusat kota Melbourne memiliki kepadatan penduduk tertinggi, 12.400 jiwa/km<sup>2</sup>. Kota pinggiran terdalam sekitarnya mengalami kenaikan kepadatan penduduk antara tahun 2012 dan 2013: [[Carlton, Victoria|Carlton]] (9.000 jiwa/km<sup>2</sup>) dan [[Fitzroy, Victoria|Fitzroy]] (7.900 jiwa/km<sup>2</sup>).<ref>{{cite web |title=Population Density |publisher=ABS |accessdate=2 February 2015 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Products/3218.0~2012-13~Main+Features~Victoria?OpenDocument#PARALINK2 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=2021-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220114126/https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Products/3218.0~2012-13~Main+Features~Victoria?OpenDocument#PARALINK2 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
==
{{Main|Pendidikan di Melbourne}}
[[Berkas:Parkville - University of Melbourne (Ormond College).jpg|jmpl|lurus|[[Ormond College]], bagian dari [[University of Melbourne]]]]
[[Berkas:Clayton - Monash University.jpg|jmpl|[[Monash University]]]]
Beberapa sekolah paling bergengsi di Australia terletak di Melbourne. Enam dari dua puluh SMA top di Australia menurut Better Education ranking berdiri di Melbourne.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bettereducation.com.au/SchoolRanking.aspx|title=School Ranking|work=www.bettereducation.com.au|accessdate=14 March 2015|archive-date=2011-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711234116/http://bettereducation.com.au/SchoolRanking.aspx|dead-url=no}}</ref> Jumlah pelajar internasional yang belajar di kota ini juga bertambah. Selain itu, Melbourne disebut sebagai kota universitas terbaik keempat di dunia pada tahun 2008 setelah London, Boston, dan Tokyo menurut jajak pendapat [[the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{cite web|date=30 May 2008 |title=World's top university cities revealed |url=http://www.rmit.net.au/browse;ID=q3l220b3wzs5 |work=RMIT News |publisher=RMIT University |accessdate=18 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719164651/http://www.rmit.net.au/browse%3BID%3Dq3l220b3wzs5 |archivedate=19 July 2008 |df= }}</ref> Di Melbourne terdapat tujuh universitas negeri, yaitu [[Universitas Melbourne]], [[Universitas Monash]], [[La Trobe University]], [[Universitas RMIT|Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT University)]], [[Deakin University]], [[Swinburne University of Technology]], dan [[Universitas Victoria]].
Universitas-universitas Melbourne memiliki kampus di seluruh Australia, beberapa di antaranya memiliki kampus di luar negeri. Swinburne University memiliki kampus di [[Malaysia]], sedangkan Monash memiliki pusat penelitian di [[Prato, Italia]]. University of Melbourne, universitas tertua kedua di Australia,<ref>{{cite web|title=WEHI: Our research partners |publisher=University of Melbourne |url=http://www.wehi.edu.au/about_us/partners_and_affiliates/the_university_of_melbourne |work=Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research |accessdate=13 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927122559/http://www.wehi.edu.au/about_us/partners_and_affiliates/the_university_of_melbourne |archivedate=27 September 2011 }}</ref> adalah universitas Australia dengan peringkat tertinggi dalam indeks internasional [[Times Higher Education|THES]] tahun 2016. Tahun 2018, University of Melbourne diberi gelar universitas terbaik ke-32 di dunia oleh Times Higher Education Supplement, naik dari peringkat tahun 2016 dan 2017;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-melbourne|title=University of Melbourne|website=Times Higher Education (THE)|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-20|archive-date=2021-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227023853/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-melbourne|dead-url=no}}</ref> Monash University menempati peringkat ke-80.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/monash-university|title=Monash University|website=Times Higher Education (THE)|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-20|archive-date=2021-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321134228/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/monash-university|dead-url=no}}</ref> Keduanya merupakan bagian dari [[Group of Eight (universitas Australia)|Group of Eight]], koalisi perguruan tinggi termaju di Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.go8.edu.au/|title=Group of Eight Australia|work=go8.edu.au|accessdate=20 February 2015|archive-date=2015-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226020032/http://go8.edu.au/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
Pada tahun 2017, [[RMIT University]] menempati peringkat ke-17 terbaik dunia di bidang seni & desain dan peringkat ke-28 terbaik dunia di bidang arsitektur.<ref name="QS Rankings by subject 2013">{{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/node/4537/ranking-details/university-subject-rankings/2013|title=RMIT University Rankings|publisher=|access-date=2019-02-11|archive-date=2015-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019155403/http://www.topuniversities.com/node/4537/ranking-details/university-subject-rankings/2013|dead-url=no}}</ref> [[Swinburne University of Technology]] yang berkampus di Hawthorn menempati peringkat ke-76 terbaik dunia secara keseluruhan dan ke-100 terbaik dunia di bidang fisika dalam indeks Academic Ranking of World Universities/{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} Swinburne menjadi satu-satunya universitas non-Group of Eight yang masuk 100 besar universitas terbaik di bidang sains.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} [[Deakin University]] memiliki dua kampus besar di Melbourne dan Geelong dan merupakan universitas terbesar ketiga di Victoria. Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, jumlah [[pelajar internasional]] di universitas-universitas Melbourne naik pesat karena kursi untuk mahasiswa yang membayar penuh ditambah.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://uninews.unimelb.edu.au/articleid_3967.html
|title=University of Melbourne's international student offers rise as its demand leaps
|work=Uni News
|publisher=University of Melbourne
|date=12 January 2007
|accessdate=18 July 2008
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730104958/http://uninews.unimelb.edu.au/articleid_3967.html
|archivedate=30 July 2008
|df=
}}</ref> Pendidikan di Melbourne diatur oleh [[Department of Education and Early Childhood Development]] (DEECD) Victoria. Departemen ini bertugas memberi saran kebijakan dan perencanaan untuk penyelenggaraan program pendidikan.<ref>[http://www.education.vic.gov.au/about/default.htm Department of Education and Early Childhood Development: About Us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529131835/http://www.education.vic.gov.au/about/default.htm |date=2012-05-29 }} Accessed: 2 May 2010</ref>
Di Melbourne juga terdapat beberapa perguruan agama, antara lain Presbyterian Theological College, Reformed Theological College, Ridley College, dan Melbourne School of Theology.
== Media ==
{{Main|Media di Melbourne}}
Tiga puluh saluran televisi gratis digital mengudara di Melbourne:
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
# [[ABV (stasiun TV)|ABC]]
# [[ABC HD (Australia)|ABC HD]] (siaran [[televisi berdefinisi tinggi|HD]])
# [[ABC Comedy|ABC Comedy/KIDS]]
# [[ABC ME]]
# [[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]
# [[SBS (saluran TV Australia)|SBS]]
# [[SBS HD]] (siaran HD)
# [[SBS Viceland]]
# [[SBS Viceland HD]] (siaran HD)
# [[Food Network (Australia)|Food Network]]
# [[National Indigenous Television|NITV]]
# [[HSV (stasiun TV)|Seven]]
# [[7HD]] (siaran HD)
# [[7Two]]
# [[7mate]]
# [[7flix]]
# [[Racing.com]]
# [[GTV (Australia)|Nine]]
# [[9HD]] (siaran HD)
# [[9Gem]]
# [[9Go!]]
# [[9Life]]
# [[Extra (saluran TV Australia)|Extra]]
# [[ATV (Australia)|Ten]]
# [[Ten HD]] (siaran HD)
# [[One (saluran TV Australia)|One]]
# [[Eleven (saluran TV)|Eleven]]
# [[TVSN]]
# [[Spree TV]]
# [[C31 Melbourne]] (stasiun TV masyarakat)
# [[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS]]
# [[ABC (saluran TV Australia)|ABC]]
# [[Southern Cross Nine]], [[9HD]], [[9Gem]], [[9Go!]], [[9Life]] (afiliasi Nine Network)
# [[Prime7]], [[Prime7 HD]], [[7flix]], [[7mate]], [[7TWO]] (afiliasi Seven Network)
# [[WIN Television|WIN]], [[WIN HD]], [[Gold (saluran TV Britania)|GOLD]], [[TVSN]] (afiliasi Network Ten)
{{div col end}}
[[Berkas:Pin Oak Court Filming.jpg|jmpl|ka|Pin Oak Court, [[Vermont South, Victoria|Vermont South]], lokasi syuting yang disulap menjadi [[Ramsay Street]] di ''[[Neighbours]]'', sinetron terpanjang di Australia]]
Tiga surat kabar harian beredar di Melbourne, yaitu ''[[Herald Sun]]'' (tabloid), ''[[The Age]]'' (dulu ''broadsheet'', sekarang ''compact''), dan ''[[The Australian]]'' (''broadsheet'' nasional). Enam stasiun televisi gratis mengudara di Melbourne Raya dan Geelong, yaitu [[ABC Television|ABC]] Victoria, ([[ABV (stasiun TV)|ABV]]), [[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS]] Victoria (SBS), [[Seven Network|Seven]] Melbourne ([[HSV (stasiun TV)|HSV]]), [[Nine Network|Nine]] Melbourne ([[GTV (Australia)|GTV]]), [[Network Ten|Ten]] Melbourne ([[ATV (Australia)|ATV]]), dan [[C31 Melbourne]] (MGV). Setiap stasiun (kecuali C31) menyiarkan saluran utama dan beberapa multisaluran. C31 disiarkan dari menara pemancar di Mount Dandenong dan South Yarra. Perusahaan media campuran digital-cetak seperti Broadsheet dan ThreeThousand juga beroperasi di Melbourne.
Acara-acara televisi diproduksi di Melbourne, terutama ''[[Neighbours]]'', ''[[Kath & Kim (seri TV Australia)|Kath & Kim]]'', ''[[The Secret Life of Us]]'', ''[[Winners and Losers]]'', ''[[Offspring (seri TV)|Offspring]]'', ''[[Underbelly (seri TV)|Underbelly]]'', ''[[House Husbands]]'', ''[[Wentworth (seri TV)|Wentworth]]'', dan ''[[Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries]]'', serta program-program berita nasional seperti ''[[The Project (program TV Australia)|The Project]]'', ''[[Insiders (program TV Australia)|Insiders]]'', dan ''[[ABC News Breakfast]]''. Melbourne juga dikenal sebagai pusat acara permainan Australia. Acara permainan seperti ''[[Million Dollar Minute]]'', ''[[The Chase Australia]]'', ''[[Millionaire Hot Seat]]'', dan ''[[Family Feud (acara permainan Australia 2014)|Family Feud]]'' diproduksi di Melbourne. Acara realitas seperti ''[[Dancing with the Stars (seri TV Australia)|Dancing with the Stars]]'', ''[[MasterChef Australia|MasterChef]]'', ''[[The Block (seri TV Australia)|The Block]]'', dan ''[[The Real Housewives of Melbourne]]'' direkam di dalam dan sekitar kota Melbourne.
[[Televisi berbayar]] di Melbourne disiarkan melalui operator kabel dan satelit. [[Foxtel]], [[Optus Television|Optus]], dan [[Fetch TV|Fetch]] adalah penyedia layanan televisi berbayar utama. [[Sky News Australia|Sky News]] dan [[Fox Sports (Australia)|Fox Sports]] memiliki studio di Melbourne.
[[Daftar stasiun radio di Australia#Melbourne|Banyak]] stasiun radio AM dan FM yang mengudara di Melbourne, termasuk stasiun milik pemerintah ([[ABC Radio (Australia)|ABC]] dan [[SBS Radio|SBS]]) dan [[radio masyarakat#Australia|masyarakat]]. Berbagai stasiun [[penyiaran komersial|komersial]] dimiliki oleh jaringan radio: [[DMG Radio|DMG]] mengoperasikan [[Nova 100]] dan [[Smooth 91.5|Smooth]]; [[Australian Radio Network|ARN]] mengoperasikan [[Gold 104.3]] dan [[KIIS 101.1]]; dan [[Southern Cross Austereo]] mengoperasikan [[Fox FM (Melbourne)|Fox]] dan [[3MMM|Triple M]]. Radio kota-kota kecil di Victoria juga bisa didengar di Melbourne, misalnya [[93.9 Bay FM]] di Geelong. Radio alternatif pemuda di kota ini adalah ABC [[Triple J]] dan [[3SYN|SYN]]. Triple J, [[3PBS|PBS]], dan [[3RRR|Triple R]] memutar lagu-lagu yang kurang terkenal. [[3JOY|JOY 94.9]] menyasar pendengar gay, lesbian, biseksual, dan transgender. [[3MBS]] dan [[ABC Classic FM]] ditujukan untuk penggemar musik klasik. [[Light FM]] merupakan radio Kristen kontemporer. Stasiun radio AM di Melbourne meliputi [[774 ABC Melbourne|774]], [[Radio National]], dan [[ABC NewsRadio|News Radio]] yang berafiliasi dengan ABC serta [[3AW]] dan [[Magic 1278|Magic]] yang berafiliasi dengan [[Fairfax Media|Fairfax]]. [[SEN 1116]] menyasar penggemar olahraga. Melbourne memiliki banyak stasiun radio yang dioperasikan masyarakat dengan berbagai kepentingan, misalnya [[3CR (Melbourne)|3CR]] dam [[3KND]] yang ditujukan untuk pendengar pribumi. Beberapa kota pinggiran memiliki stasiun radio masyarakat untuk pendengar lokal.<ref name=cbaa>{{cite web | title = Victoria Members – Community Broadcasting Association of Australia | publisher = CBAA | url = http://www.cbaa.org.au/Who_We_Are/Victoria-Members | accessdate = 28 August 2010 | archive-date = 2011-02-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110219183454/http://cbaa.org.au/Who_We_Are/Victoria-Members | dead-url = yes }}</ref><!-- dead link<ref name="yahoo">{{cite web |url=http://www.geocities.com/radio1600/
| title=Melbourne Radio Stations Australia > Melbourne
| publisher=Yahoo — geocities | accessdate=2 October 2008}}</ref> -->
== Agama ==
[[Berkas:St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne, AU.jpg|jmpl|kiri|[[St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne|St Paul's Cathedral]].]]
Melbourne dihuni oleh beragam umat beragama, terutama umat [[Kristen]]. Besarnya umat Kristen ditandai oleh keberadaan dua katedral besar di kota ini, yaitu [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne|St Patrick's]] (Katolik Roma) dan [[St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne|St Paul's]] (Anglikan). Keduanya dibangun pada [[zaman Victoria]] dan dianggap sebagai warisan sejarah kota.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walkingmelbourne.com/period_info2.html?period=Victorian|title=Victorian Architectural Period — Melbourne|work=walkingmelbourne.com|accessdate=5 October 2008|archive-date=2009-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325145312/http://www.walkingmelbourne.com/period_info2.html?period=Victorian|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, jumlah orang-orang tanpa agama di Melbourne Raya tumbuh pesat dan menjadi salah satu komunitas niragama terbesar di Australia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census 2016: Why Australians are Losing their Religion|url=http://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2016/08/09/4515206.htm|website=ABC Religion and Ethics|accessdate=27 Mar 2018|archive-date=2018-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317003956/http://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2016/08/09/4515206.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref>
Pada sensus 2016, 31,9% penduduk Melbourne mengaku [[niragama|tidak beragama]], disusul [[Gereja Katolik di Australia|Katolik]] (23,4%), tidak mengisi kolom agama (9,1%), [[Anglikanisme di Australia|Anglikan]] (7,6%), [[Ortodoks Timur]] (4,3%), [[Islam]] (4,2%), [[Buddhisme]] (3,8%), [[Hinduisme]] (2,9%), [[Uniting Church]] (2,3%), [[Presbiterian|Presbiterian dan Reformed]] (1,6%), [[Baptis]] (1,3%), dan [[Yudaisme|Yahudi]] (0,9%).<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=2016 Census Community Profiles - Greater Melbourne|url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/2GMEL?opendocument|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|accessdate=27 Mar 2018|archive-date=2018-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327085038/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/2GMEL?opendocument|dead-url=no}}</ref>
Lebih dari 180.000 Muslim tinggal di Melbourne.<ref name="auto"/> Kehidupan beragama Muslim di Melbourne didukung oleh lebih dari 25 masjid dan musala di kampus universitas, kantor, dan tempat lainnya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM00766b.htm|title=Islam - The Encyclopedia of Melbourne Online|website=www.emelbourne.net.au|access-date=2019-02-11|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924000127/http://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM00766b.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref>
{{As of|2000}}, Melbourne memiliki populasi [[Yahudi Polandia]] terbesar di Australia. Jumlah penyintas [[Holokaus]] yang tinggal di kota ini terbanyak di Australia<ref name="Freda">{{cite web|url=http://www.australianhumanitiesreview.org/archive/Issue-December-2001/freiberg.html|title=Judith Berman, Holocaust Remembrance in Australian Jewish Communities, 1945–2000|last=Freiberg|first=Freda|year=2001|publisher=UWA Press|accessdate=22 October 2008|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/686LDgnIY?url=http://www.australianhumanitiesreview.org/archive/Issue-December-2001/freiberg.html|archive-date=1 June 2012|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> dan terbanyak kedua di dunia setelah [[Israel]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://home.iprimus.com.au/kadimah/k90.htm |title=The Kadimah & Yiddish Melbourne in the 20th Century |work=Jewish Cultural Centre and National Library: "Kadima" |accessdate=9 January 2007 |archive-date=2006-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060904173658/http://home.iprimus.com.au/kadimah/k90.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref> Melbourne memiliki banyak lembaga budaya, agama, dan pendidikan Yahudi, termasuk 40 sinagoge, 7 sekolah agama,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/melbourne-australia |title=Jewish Community of Melbourne, Australia |publisher=The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot |accessdate=5 October 2008 |archive-date=2017-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902021644/http://dbs.bh.org.il/place/melbourne-australia |dead-url=yes }}</ref> dan satu [[Australian Jewish News|koran Yahudi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jewishnews.net.au/news/ |title=News |publisher=The Australian Jewish News |accessdate=28 August 2010 |archive-date=2010-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923231224/http://jewishnews.net.au/news/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>
== Pemerintahan ==
[[Berkas:Victoria Parliament House Melbourne.jpg|jmpl|ka|[[Parliament House, Melbourne|Parliament House]]]]
Pelaksanaan pemerintahan kota Melbourne dibagi antara [[pemerintah Victoria]] dan [[wilayah pemerintah daerah di Victoria#KOtamadya di Melbourne Raya|27 kota dan empat shire]] yang membentuk wilayah metropolitan. Tidak ada kepala pemerintahan seremonial atau politik, tetapi [[Lord Mayor of Melbourne|Lord Mayor of the City of Melbourne]] biasanya ditunjuk sebagai pelaksana tugas wali kota<ref>{{cite news
|last = Dunstan
|first = David
|url = http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/11/11/1100131127769.html?from=storylhs
|title = The evolution of 'Clown Hall'
|newspaper = The Age
|location = Melbourne
|date = 12 November 2004
|accessdate = 8 November 2010
|archive-date = 2008-01-12
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080112192926/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/11/11/1100131127769.html?from=storylhs
|dead-url = no
}}</ref> saat sedang di luar Victoria atau luar negeri.
Dewan daerah menjalankan fungsi pemerintahan seperti yang tertuang dalam Local Government Act (Undang-Undang Pemerintah Daerah) tahun 1989,<ref>[http://www.dms.dpc.vic.gov.au/Domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubLawToday.nsf/0/B171E800B03D6A9ECA256E5B00037B12/$FILE/89-11a030.pdf Local Government Act 1989] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108212735/http://www.dms.dpc.vic.gov.au/Domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubLawToday.nsf/0/B171E800B03D6A9ECA256E5B00037B12/%24FILE/89-11a030.pdf |date=8 November 2006 }}</ref> di antaranya [[tata kota]] dan [[pengolahan limbah]]. Layanan umum lainnya disediakan atau diatur oleh [[pemerintah Victoria|pemerintah negara bagian]] yang berkedudukan di [[Parliament House, Melbourne|Parliament House]], [[Spring Street, Melbourne|Spring Street]]. Pemerintah Victoria menangani berbagai layanan publik seperti transportasi umum, jalan raya, pengaturan lalu lintas, polisi, pendidikan di atas prasekolah, kesehatan, dan perencanaan proyek infrastruktur besar. Pemerintah Victoria berhak membatalkan keputusan pemerintah daerah, termasuk tata kota. Permasalahan warga Melbourne sering diangkat dalam kampanye pemilu tingkat negara bagian.
==
Menurut Mercer Consulting tahun 2012, infrastruktur Melbourne merupakan infrastruktur kota terbaik ke-17 di dunia, menyusul Sydney di peringkat ke-10.<ref>{{Cite web|title = City Mayors: Best cities in the world|url = http://www.citymayors.com/features/quality_survey.html|website = www.citymayors.com|accessdate = 27 July 2015|archive-date = 2010-11-01|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101101121637/http://citymayors.com/features/quality_survey.html|dead-url = no}}</ref>
===
[[Berkas:The Royal Melbourne Hospital.jpg|jmpl|[[Royal Melbourne Hospital]] di [[Parkville, Victoria|Parkville]]]]
Departemen Kesehatan dan Layanan Masyarakat [[Pemerintah Victoria]] mengoperasikan 30 rumah sakit umum di wilayah metropolitan Melbourne dan 13 organisasi penyedia layanan kesehatan.<ref>[http://www.health.vic.gov.au/maps/metro_hs.htm Melbourne public hospitals and Metropolitan Health Services] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121205917/http://www.health.vic.gov.au/maps/metro_hs.htm |date=2015-11-21 }} Victorian Department of Health</ref>
Berbagai lembaga riset kedokteran, [[neurosains]], dan [[bioteknologi]] berdiri di Melbourne, antara lain St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Australian Stem Cell Centre, Burnet Institute, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Victorian Institute of Chemical Sciences, Brain Research Institute, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, dan Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre.
Lembaga lainnya yang juga berdiri di kota ini adalah Howard Florey Institute, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, dan Australian Synchrotron.<ref name="health">{{cite web|url=http://www.health.vic.gov.au/|title=Victorian Government Health Information Web site|publisher=health services, Victoria|accessdate=5 October 2008|archive-date=2012-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529234348/http://www.health.vic.gov.au/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Beberapa lembaga di antaranya berafiliasi dengan universitas dan bermarkas dekat kampus. Royal Melbourne Hospital, Royal Children's Hospital, dan Monash Children's Hospital terletak di Melbourne.
Dari semua ibu kota negara bagian Australia, Melbourne dan Canberra memiliki harapan hidup laki-laki tertinggi (80,0 tahun) dan harapan hidup perempuan tertinggi kedua (84,1 tahun) setelah Perth.<ref>[http://www.health.gov.au/internet/ministers/publishing.nsf/Content/mr-yr08-je-je112.htm Sunshine Coast and WA Country and Perth Women among Longest Life Expectancy in the World], [[Department of Health and Ageing]]. Retrieved 15 October 2010. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107122008/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/ministers/publishing.nsf/Content/mr-yr08-je-je112.htm|date=7 January 2011}}</ref>
=== Transportasi ===
{{Main|Transportasi di Melbourne}} {{Further|Bus di Melbourne|Trem di Melbourne|Bersepeda di Melbourne}}
[[Berkas:Bolte bridge dusk.jpg|jmpl|[[Bolte Bridge]] adalah bagian dari sistem jalan tol [[CityLink]].]]
Layaknya kota-kota lain di Australia, penduduk Melbourne sangat bergantung kepada mobil pribadi,<ref name="newman">[http://www.mtf.org.au/binary.php/resouces_presentation/mtf_launch_presentation_071105_handout_.pdf Most Liveable and Best Connected?] The Economic Benefits of Investing in Public Transport in Melbourne, by Jan Scheurer, Jeff Kenworthy, and [[Peter Newman (Australian)|Peter Newman]] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827051335/http://www.mtf.org.au/binary.php/resouces_presentation/mtf_launch_presentation_071105_handout_.pdf|date=27 August 2006}}</ref> khususnya di kawasan pinggiran terluar yang jumlah mobil pribadinya sangat banyak.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 October 2007 |url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,22561141-2862,00.html |title=Still addicted to cars |work=Herald Sun |location=Australia |accessdate=18 July 2008 |archive-date=2012-12-09 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209072628/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/still-addicted-to-cars/story-e6frf7kx-1111114608864 |dead-url=no }}</ref> 3,6 juta mobil pribadi bergerak di jalanan sepanjang {{convert|22320|km|mi|abbr=on}}. Melbourne pun menjadi salah satu kota dengan panjang jalan per kapita tertinggi di dunia.<ref name="newman"/> Pada awal abad ke-20, mobil pribadi semakin diminati dan mendorong perluasan permukiman pinggir kota sekaligus [[rebakan kota|perebakan kota]].<ref>{{cite news
| date = 14 February 2004
| url = http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/02/11/1076388428001.html
| title = The cars that ate Melbourne
| work = The Age
| location = Australia
| accessdate = 18 July 2008
| archive-date = 2012-11-06
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121106110553/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/02/11/1076388428001.html
| dead-url = no
}}</ref> Pada pertengahan 1950-an, kota ini memiliki kurang dari 200 mobil pribadi per 1.000 jiwa. Tahun 2013, jumlahnya naik menjadi 600 mobil pribadi per 1.000 jiwa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian Social Trends|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Main+Features40July+2013|website=abs.gov.au|accessdate=29 May 2015|archive-date=2015-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609055240/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Main+Features40July+2013|dead-url=no}}</ref> Kini, Melbourne memiliki jaringan jalan bebas hambatan dan jalan arteri massal yang digunakan oleh mobil pribadi, truk, dan transportasi umum seperti bus dan taksi. Jalan bebas hambatan yang menuju kota Melbourne adalah Eastern Freeway, Monash Freeway, dan West Gate Freeway (mencakup West Gate Bridge), sedangkan jalan bebas hambatan lingkar kota Melbourne adalah CityLink (mencakup Bolte Bridge), Eastlink, Western Ring Road, Calder Freeway, Tullamarine Freeway (jalan utama ke bandara), dan Hume Freeway yang menghubungkan Melbourne dan Sydney.<ref name="VicRoads">{{cite web|url=http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/RoadsAndProjects/RoadNetwork/ |title=Victoria's Road Network |publisher=VicRoads |accessdate=5 October 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907072720/http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/RoadsAndProjects/RoadNetwork/ |archivedate=7 September 2008 }}</ref>
Melbourne memiliki sistem transportasi umum terintegrasi yang terdiri atas kereta api, trem, bus, dan taksi. [[Stasiun kereta api Flinders Street|Stasiun Flinders Street]] merupakan stasiun kereta penumpang tersibuk di dunia pada tahun 1927. Jaringan trem Melbourne mengalahkan Sydney sebagai jaringan trem terbesar di dunia pada tahun 1940-an. Waktu itu, 25% komuter menggunakan transportasi umum. Pada tahun 2003, jumlahnya turun menjadi 7,6%.<!--<ref> {{Dead link| date August 2010|date=May 2012}} http://www.150.theage.com.au/view_bestofarticle.asp?straction=update&inttype=1&intid=1823 Trial by public transport: why the system is failing</ref> --><ref>{{cite web | date = 5 November 2005 | first = Dan | last = Silkstone | url = http://www.melbournebuses.com.au/melbourne-buses-articles/2005/11/5/trial-by-public-transport-why-the-system-is-failing/ | title = Trial by public transport: why the system is failing | work = The Age | location = Australia | publisher = Fairfax/Melbourne Buses | accessdate = 28 August 2010 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110706110011/http://www.melbournebuses.com.au/melbourne-buses-articles/2005/11/5/trial-by-public-transport-why-the-system-is-failing/ | archivedate = 6 July 2011 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
The public transport system was privatised in 1999, symbolising the peak of the decline.<ref>{{cite news | first = William | last = Birnbauer | date = 9 April 2006 | url = http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/12bn-sting-in-the-rail/2006/04/08/1143916767672.html | title = $1.2bn sting in the rail | work = The Age | location = Melbourne | accessdate = 18 July 2008 | archive-date = 2012-11-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121104105746/http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/12bn-sting-in-the-rail/2006/04/08/1143916767672.html | dead-url = no }}</ref>
Meski operator transportasi umum dilepas ke swasta dan beberapa pemerintahan mengutamakan pembangunan kota yang ramah mobil,<ref>{{cite news | date = 8 September 2003 | first = Darren | last = Gray | url = http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/09/07/1062901941527.html | title = Bid to end traffic chaos | work = The Age | publisher = Fairfax | location = Melbourne | accessdate = 18 July 2008 | archive-date = 2021-02-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210220114127/https://www.theage.com.au/national/bid-to-end-traffic-chaos-20030908-gdway4.html | dead-url = no }}</ref> jumlah penumpang transportasi umum perlahan meningkat. Jumlah komuter pengguna transportasi umum naik menjadi 14,8%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/committee/rrat_ctte/public_transport/report/c02.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006053021/http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/committee/rrat_ctte/public_transport/report/c02.htm|deadurl=y|title=Parliament of Australia:Senate:Committees:Rural and Regional Affairs and Transport Committee:Investment of Commonwealth and State funds in public passenger transport infrastru...<!-- Bot generated title -->|archivedate=6 Okt 2009}}</ref> Tahun 2006, pemerintah Victoria menargetkan kenaikan pengguna transportasi umum hingga 20% di Melbourne pada 2020.<ref name="TransportFringe">{{Cite news|last1=Tomazin|first1=Farrah|date=14 January 2008|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/public-transport-makes-inroads-but-not-beyond-the-fringe/2008/01/13/1200159277533.html|title=Public transport makes inroads, but not beyond the fringe|work=The Age|publisher=Fairfax|accessdate=8 October 2010|location=Melbourne|archive-date=2011-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911064140/http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/public-transport-makes-inroads-but-not-beyond-the-fringe/2008/01/13/1200159277533.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> Sejak 2006, jumlah pengguna transportasi umum naik lebih dari 20%.<ref name="TransportFringe"/>
[[Berkas:Southern Cross Suburban.JPG|jmpl|kiri|[[Stasiun kereta api Southern Cross]]]]
[[Jaringan kereta api Melbourne]] dibangun pada masa demam emas tahun 1850-an. Kini, jaringan ini memiliki [[daftar stasiun kereta api Melbourne|218 stasiun pinggir kota]] dan 16 jalur yang membentang keluar kota dari jalur [[City Loop]], sistem kereta bawah tanah di CBD. [[Stasiun kereta api Flinders Street|Stasiun Flinders Street]], [[penghubung transportasi|stasiun transit]] tersibuk di Australia, adalah salah satu tempat wisata terkenal di Melbourne.<ref name="nla.gov.au"/> Kota ini terhubung oleh kereta api dengan kota-kota lain di Victoria. Kereta antarnegara bagian berangkat dari [[Stasiun kereta api Southern Cross|stasiun Southern Cross]] di Docklands. Kereta ''[[The Overland]]'' tujuan [[Adelaide]] beroperasi dua kali seminggu, sedangkan kereta [[New South Wales XPT|XPT]] tujuan Sydney berangkat dua kali sehari. Pada tahun 2013–2014, jaringan kereta api Melbourne mengangkut 232 juta penumpang, tertinggi sepanjang sejarah.<ref name="PTVannualreport">{{Cite web
|url = http://ptv.vic.gov.au/assets/PTV/PTV%20docs/AnnualReport/PTVH1216-PTV-Annual-Report-2013_2014_Online.pdf
|work = [[Public Transport Victoria]]
|title = PTV Annual Report 2013-2014
|date = 11 September 2014
|accessdate = 8 November 2015
|archive-date = 2015-04-12
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150412231154/http://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/assets/PTV/PTV%20docs/AnnualReport/PTVH1216-PTV-Annual-Report-2013_2014_Online.pdf
|dead-url = yes
}}</ref> Banyak jalur kereta api, jalur khusus, dan [[balai yasa]] yang juga dimanfaatkan oleh kereta barang.
[[Berkas:Z3.215 + B2.2028 swanston.JPG|jmpl|[[Trem di Melbourne|Jaringan trem Melbourne]] adalah jaringan trem terbesar di dunia dan satu-satunya jaringan trem multijalur di Australia.]]
[[Trem di Melbourne|Jaringan trem Melbourne]] sudah ada sejak 1880-an ketika harga tanah sedang naik. Pada tahun 2016, jaringan trem ini memiliki rel sepanjang {{convert|250|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}, 487 trem, [[daftar rute trem Melbourne|25 rute]], dan 1.763 [[halte trem]].<ref name="YT Facts & Figures">{{cite web | url=http://www.yarratrams.com.au/about-us/who-we-are/facts-figures/ | work=[[Yarra Trams]] | title=Facts & Figures | accessdate=8 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529000558/http://www.yarratrams.com.au/about-us/who-we-are/facts-figures/ | archive-date=29 May 2014 | dead-url=yes | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Trem Melbourne adalah jaringan trem terbesar di dunia.<ref name=DOT_tram/><ref name="railpage">{{cite web|url=http://www.railpage.org.au/tram/melbhist.html|title=Melbourne's Tram History|publisher=railpage.org.au|accessdate=28 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109080504/http://www.railpage.org.au/tram/melbhist.html|archive-date=9 November 2008|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Pada tahun 2013–2014, jaringan trem Melbourne mengangkut 176,9 juta penumpang.<ref name="PTVannualreport"/> Sekitar 80 persen jalur trem berbagi tempat dengan jalan raya, sedangkan sisanya terpisah dari jalan atau menjadi bagian dari jalur [[kereta ringan]].<ref name="YT Facts & Figures"/> Trem Melbourne diakui sebagai warisan budaya dan tempat wisata. [[Trem Melbourne kelas W|Trem tua]] beroperasi secara gratis di [[City Circle Tram|rute City Circle]] dan menyasar wisatawan yang berkunjung ke Melbourne. [[Colonial Tramcar Restaurant|Trem restoran]] berjalan mengelilingi kota dan sekitarnya pada malam hari.<ref name="Metlink1">{{cite web|url=http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/|title=Metlink — Your guide to public transport in Melbourne and Victoria|publisher=Metlink-Melbourne|accessdate=5 October 2008|archive-date=2008-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802105908/http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/content/download/824/4328/version/4/file/Melbourne.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref> Melbourne saat ini sedang memproduksi 50 trem baru kelas E. Beberapa di antarany sudah beroperasi pada tahun 2014. Trem kelas E memiliki panjang 30 meter dan lebih canggih daripada trem kelas C2 dengan panjang yang sama. Jaringan [[bus]] Melbourne terdiri atas [[Daftar rute bus di Melbourne|±300 rute]] yang melayani kota pinggiran terluar dan daerah-daerah yang tidak dilalui kereta api dan trem.<ref name="Metlink1"/><ref name="Buses">{{cite web|url=http://www.getting-around-melbourne.com.au/melbourne-buses.html|title=Melbourne Buses|publisher=getting-around-melbourne.com.au|accessdate=5 October 2008|archive-date=2008-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917050105/http://www.getting-around-melbourne.com.au/melbourne-buses.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> Jaringan bus kota ini mengangkut 127,6 juta penumpang pada tahun 2013–2014, naik 10,2 persen dari tahun sebelumnya.<ref name="PTVannualreport"/>
Transportasi laut adalah bagian penting dari sistem transportasi Melbourne. [[Port of Melbourne]] merupakan pelabuhan barang dan penumpang terbesar dan tersibuk di Australia. Pelabuhan ini menangani 2 juta kontainer kapal sepanjang tahun 2007 dan menjadi salah satu pelabuhan tersibuk di belahan bumi selatan.<ref name="pom">{{cite web |title=Port of Melbourne Sets Shipping Record |url=http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v3/news.php?id=267171 |date=13 June 2007 |website=Bernama |access-date=18 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929111153/http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v3/news.php?id=267171 |archivedate=29 September 2007 }}</ref> [[Station Pier]] di Port Phillip Bay adalah terminal kapal penumpang utama untuk [[kapal pesiar]] dan kapal feri [[TT-Line Pty. Ltd.|Spirit of Tasmania]] yang menghubungkan Melbourne dengan [[Tasmania]] lewat [[Selat Bass]].<ref name="Tasy">{{cite web|url=http://www.spiritoftasmania.com.au/|title=Spirit of Tasmania — One of Australia's great journeys|publisher=TT-Line Company Pty Ltd|accessdate=5 October 2008|archive-date=2013-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720124734/http://www.spiritoftasmania.com.au/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Feri dan taksi air beroperasi di beberapa pelabuhan kecil di pinggir Sungai Yarra yang tersebar sampai South Yarra dan Port Phillip Bay.
Melbourne dilayani oleh [[Daftar bandar udara di wilayah Melbourne|empat bandara]]. [[Bandar Udara Melbourne]] di [[Tullamarine]] adalah gerbang domestik dan internasional utama sekaligus bandara tersibuk kedua di Australia. Bandara ini merupakan pangkalan maskapai penumpang [[Jetstar Airways]] dan [[Tiger Airways Australia]] dan maskapai kargo [[Australian air Express]] dan [[Toll Priority]] serta penghubung utama [[Qantas]] dan [[Virgin Australia]]. [[Bandar Udara Avalon]], terletak di antara Melbourne dan [[Geelong]], adalah penghubung kedua Jetstar. Bandara ini juga dimanfaatkan sebagai fasilitas kargo dan perawatan pesawat. Bus dan taksi merupakan satu-satunya moda transportasi umum yang menghubungkan kota dengan kedua bandara ini. Ambulans terbang juga tersedia untuk pemindahan pasien ke dalam dan luar negeri.<ref>http://www.vibha.info {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904174352/http://www.vibha.info/ |date=2011-09-04 }} Air ambulance australia</ref> Melbourne juga memiliki bandara [[penerbangan umum]] besar, yaitu [[Bandar Udara Moorabbin]] di sebelah tenggara Melbourne. Bandara ini juga melayani beberapa penerbangan penumpang. [[Bandar Udara Essendon]], dulu bandara utama Melbourne, juga melayani penerbangan penumpang, penerbangan umum, dan beberapa penerbangan kargo.<ref name="EssendonAir">{{cite web|url=http://www.essendonairport.com.au/|title=Essendon Airport|publisher=Essendon Airport Pty Ltd|accessdate=5 October 2008|archive-date=2012-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614043629/http://www.essendonairport.com.au/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
Kota ini meresmikan [[sistem berbagi sepeda]] pada tahun 2010.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/share-scheme-out-of-the-blocks-for-city-cyclists-20100531-wrcy.html | first = Clay | last = Lucas | title = Share scheme out of the blocks for city cyclists | work = Age | publisher = Fairfax | date = 1 June 2010 | accessdate = 20 May 2012 | archive-date = 2017-08-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170827085547/http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/share-scheme-out-of-the-blocks-for-city-cyclists-20100531-wrcy.html | dead-url = no }}</ref> Sepeda berjalan di jalur khusus dan dilengkapi [[fasilitas sepeda terpisah]].
=== Utilitas ===
[[Berkas:Sugarloaf Reservoir Melbourne.jpg|jmpl|upright=1.0|Sugarloaf Reservoir di [[Christmas Hills, Victoria|Christmas Hills]] merupakan salah satu sumber air Melbourne.]]
{{Main|Energi di Victoria (Australia)}}
Penyimpanan dan pasokan air Melbourne dikelola oleh Melbourne Water, badan usaha milik pemerintah Victoria. Organisasi ini juga menangani limbah dan waduk air di sekitar Melbourne serta pabrik desalinasi Wonthaggi dan North–South Pipeline. Air disimpan di beberapa waduk di dalam dan luar Melbourne Raya. Bendungan terbesar, [[Thomson River Dam]] yang terletak di pegunungan Victorian Alps, menampung kurang lebih 60% persediaan air Melbourne.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.melbournewater.com.au/content/water/water_storages/water_storages.asp?bhcp=1 | title = Dam Water Storage Levels | author = | publisher = Melbourne Water | accessdate = 18 July 2008 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080718035023/http://www.melbournewater.com.au/content/water/water_storages/water_storages.asp?bhcp=1 | archivedate = 18 July 2008 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Bendungan-bendungan kecil seperti [[Upper Yarra Dam]], [[Yan Yean Reservoir]], dan [[Cardinia Reservoir]] merupakan pemasok sekunder.
Gas dipasok oleh tiga perusahaan distributor:
* AusNet Services memasok gas dari pinggiran terdalam barat Melbourne ke Victoria barat daya.
* Multinet Gas memasok gas dari pinggiran terdalam timur Melbourne ke Victoria timur (milik SP AusNet usai akuisisi, tetapi tetap beroperasi dengan merek Multinet Gas).
* Australian Gas Networks memasok gas dari pinggiran terdalam utara Melbourne ke Victoria utara dan sebagian besar Victoria tenggara.
Listrik disalurkan oleh lima perusahaan distributor:
* Citipower menyalurkan listrik ke CBD Melbourne dan beberapa kota pinggiran terdalam.
* Powercor menyalurkan listrik ke pinggiran terluar barat dan Victoria barat (Citipower dan Powercor dimiliki oleh perusahaan yang sama)</small>.
* Jemena menyalurkan listrik ke pinggiran terluar barat dan utara.
* United Energy menyalurkan listrik ke pinggiran terdalam timur dan tenggara serta Mornington Peninsula.
* AusNet Services menyalurkan listrik ke pinggiran terluar timur dan Victoria utara dan timur.
Sejumlah perusahana telekomunikasi menyediakan layanan komunikasi darat dan seluler serta [[layanan internet nirkabel]]. Sejak 2016, Melbourne menyediakan fasilitas Wi-Fi umum gratis berkecepatan 250 MB di beberapa daerah.
== Pariwisata ==
[[Berkas:Melbourne Aquarium.jpg|
Beberapa objek [[pariwisata]] yang cukup terkenal di Melbourne adalah:
* [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], yang juga terkenal dengan sebutan MCG.
* [[Albert Park]], tempat berlangsungya kejuaraan [[F1]].
* [[Rialto Towers]], gedung tertinggi ke dua di Melbourne adan di bawahnya terdapat hotel [[InterContinental]].
* [[Eureka Tower]],
* [[Federation Square]]
* [[Stasiun Flinders Street]], [[stasiun]] [[kereta api]] utama di Melbourne yang masih beroperasi sampai saat ini.
Baris 84 ⟶ 753:
* [[Crown Casino|Kasino Crown]]
* [[Museum Melbourne]]
=== Sekitar Melbourne ===
Baris 98 ⟶ 766:
* [[Yarra Ville]]
==
{{
Meski tingkat kejahatan di Melbourne turun 6,2% pada tahun 2017, kota ini masih memiliki tingkat kejahatan tertinggi di Victoria dengan lebih dari
18.280 pelanggaran per 100.000 penduduk.<ref>{{cite web|title='Biggest decline' in Victoria's crime rate in 12 years as car thefts, aggravated burglaries fall, data reveals|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-14/signficant-downward-trend-in-victorian-crime-rate/9257686|website=ABC News|publisher=ABC News|accessdate=26 March 2018|archive-date=2019-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408163618/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-14/signficant-downward-trend-in-victorian-crime-rate/9257686|dead-url=no}}</ref> Namun demikian, Melbourne adalah kota teraman ke-5 di dunia menurut [[The Economist]] Safe Cities Index 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Safe Cities Index 2017|url=http://safecities.economist.com/safe-cities-index-2017|website=Economist|accessdate=27 Mar 2018|archive-date=2018-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320044330/http://safecities.economist.com/safe-cities-index-2017|dead-url=no}}</ref>
== Kota kembar ==
Melbourne memiliki enam kota kembar internasional.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/business/doing-business-globally/sister-cities/Pages/sister-cities-alliances.aspx|title=International connections|publisher=City of Melbourne|accessdate=29 July 2016|archive-date=2016-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822040704/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/business/doing-business-globally/sister-cities/Pages/sister-cities-alliances.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Menurut dewan City of Melbourne, "seluruh kota ini diperkaya oleh pengaruh mereka, mulai dari pertukaran pendidikan, kebudayaan, dan olahraga hingga kesempatan kerja sama bisnis yang tidak tertandingi."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=161&pg=2979 |title=City of Melbourne — International relations — Sister cities |publisher=City of Melbourne |accessdate=4 April 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926111720/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=161&pg=2979 |archivedate=26 September 2008 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.melbourne-boston.org|title=Melbourne and Boston: Sister Cities Association|work=Melbourne-Boston.org|accessdate=18 February 2015|archive-date=2019-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524070852/http://www.melbourne-boston.org/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2003/s907736.htm|title=The World Today – Melbourne makes Milan sister city|work=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC Australia]]|date=22 July 2003|accessdate=18 February 2015|archive-date=2017-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511224547/http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2003/s907736.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref> Kota-kota tersebut adalah:
{{Col-begin|width=}}
{{Col-break}}
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Osaka]], Jepang (1978)
* {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Tianjin]], Tiongkok (1980)
* {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Thessaloniki]], Yunani (1984)
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Boston]], Massachusetts, AS (1985)
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saint Petersburg]], Rusia (1989)
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Milan]], Italia (2003)
{{Col-end}}
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Melway]], direktori jalan dan sumber informasi umum di Melbourne
=== Daftar ===
* [[Daftar ibu kota di Australia]]
* [[Daftar pinggiran kota Melbourne]]
* [[Daftar museum di Melbourne]]
* [[Daftar tokoh dari Melbourne]]
* [[
* [[Pemerintahan daerah di Victoria]]
== Referensi ==
{{reflist|30em}}
== Bacaan lanjutan ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bell |first=Agnes Paton |title=Melbourne: John Batman's Village |publisher=Cassell Australia |location=Melbourne, Vic |year=1965}}
* {{Cite book |last=Boldrewood |first=Rolf |title=Old Melbourne Memories |url=https://archive.org/details/oldmelbournememo00bold |publisher=Macmillan and Co |year=1896}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Borthwick |first1=John Stephen |last2=McGonigal |first2=David |title=Insight Guide: Melbourne |publisher=Prentice Hall Travel |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-13-467713-2}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Briggs |first1=John Joseph |title=The History of Melbourne, in the County of Derby: Including Biographical Notices of the Coke, Melbourne, and Hardinge Families |publisher=Bemrose & Son |year=1852}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Brown-May |first1=Andrew |last2=Swain |first2=Shurlee |title=The Encyclopedia of Melbourne |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Melbourne, Vic |year=2005}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Carroll |first1=Brian |title=Melbourne: An Illustrated History |publisher=Lansdowne |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-7018-0195-3}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Cecil |first1=David |title=Melbourne |publisher=Bobbs-Merrill |year=1954 |series=Grosset's universal library |lccn=54009486 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4\_pHAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Cervero|first1=Robert|authorlink=Robert Cervero|title=The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry|url=https://archive.org/details/transitmetropoli0000cerv|date=1998|publisher=Island Press|location=Washington|isbn=9781559635912}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Collins |first1=Jock |last2=Mondello |first2=Letizia |last3=Breheney |first3=John |last4=Childs |first4=Tim |title=Cosmopolitan Melbourne. Explore the world in one city |publisher=Big Box Publishing |location=Rhodes, New South Wales |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-9579624-0-8}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Coote |first1=Maree |title=The Melbourne Book: A History of Now |publisher=Melbournestyle Books |year=2003 |edition=2009 |isbn=978-0-9757047-4-5}}
* {{Cite book |editor=Jim Davidson |title=The Sydney-Melbourne Book |publisher=Allen and Unwin |location=North Sydney, New South Wales |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-86861-819-7}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Miles Bannatyne |last2=Goad |first2=Philip |last3=Mayne |first3=Alan |title=Melbourne: The City's History and Development |publisher=City of Melbourne |year=1994 |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-949624-71-0}}
* {{Cite book |last1=McClymont |first1=David |last2=Armstrong |first2=Mark |title=Lonely Planet Melbourne |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-86450-124-7 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=1pwGAAAACAAJ&dq=Melbourne}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Newnham |first1=William Henry |title=Melbourne: The Biography of a City |publisher=F. W. Cheshire |year=1956 |lccn=57032585 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHsrAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{Cite book |last1=O'Hanlon |first1=Seamus |last2=Luckins |first2=Tanja (eds) |title=Go! Melbourne. Melbourne in the Sixties |publisher=Melbourne Publishing Group |location=Beaconsfield, Victoria |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-9757802-0-6}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Priestley |first1=Susan |title=South Melbourne: A History |publisher=Melbourne University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-522-84664-5}}
* {{Cite book |editor=Deborah Tout-Smith |title=Melbourne: A city of stories |publisher=Museum Victoria |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-9803813-7-5}}
{{refend}}
== Pranala luar ==
* {{official website|www.melbourne.vic.gov.au|Situs web resmi City of Melbourne}}
* [http://www.visitmelbourne.com/ Situs resmi dewan pariwisata Melbourne]
* [http://www.australia.com/en-us/places/melbourne.html Official Tourism Board Melbourne Page - Tourism Australia]
* [http://www.weather-melbourne.com/ Melbourne Weather: Current conditions and historical data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409052848/http://www.weather-melbourne.com/ |date=2014-04-09 }}
* [https://www.maplover.me/maps/mmbw-1899 Melbourne 1899 Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130162451/https://www.maplover.me/maps/mmbw-1899 |date=2019-01-30 }}
* {{OSM|n|21579127}}
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