Orang Fula: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
k r2.6.4) (bot Menambah: lbe:Фульбе халкь |
k Etnik |
||
| (45 revisi perantara oleh 15 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1:
{{Infobox Ethnic group
|group=Fula {{br}}(Fulani atau Fulɓe)
|image=[[Berkas:East - Fulbe.jpg|225px]] {{br}}Wanita Fula di [[Provinsi Timur, Kamerun|Provinsi Timur]] [[Kamerun]]
| population = {{circa}} 25 juta jiwa<ref name=Crowe/><ref name="Danver2015p31"/>
| popplace = [[Afrika Barat]] dan [[Afrika bagian tengah|Afrika Tengah]]
| region1 = {{flag|Nigeria}}
| pop1 = 15.400.000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/fuv|title=Ethnologue, Languages of the world, Fulfulde, Nigerian spoken (2015)|language=en|access-date=30 Agustus 2020|archive-date=2018-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927204509/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/fuv|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/nigeria.htm|title=Démolinguistiques du Nigeria, Peuls/Fulani, 0% (2017)|language=fr|access-date=30 Agustus 2020|archive-date=2018-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922022613/http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/nigeria.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref>
| region2 = {{flag|Guinea}}
| pop2 = 5.070.160<ref name="CIA Guinea">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gv.html|title=The World Factbook (Guinea)|publisher=CIA|language=en|date=|access-date=30 Agustus 2020|archive-date=2015-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919074825/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook//geos/gv.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
| region3 = {{flag|Senegal}}
| pop3 = 3.182.300<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/senegal.htm |title=Ethnic groups of Senegal |publisher=Université Laval,QC, Canada |language=fr |date= |access-date=30 Agustus 2020 |archive-date=2016-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429071300/http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/senegal.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref>
| region4 = {{flag|Mali}}
| pop4 = 2.870.000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html|title=The World Factbook (Mali)|publisher=CIA|language=en|date=|access-date=30 Agustus 2020|archive-date=2015-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110042640/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
| region5 = {{flag|Kamerun}}
| pop5 = 2.344.000<ref name="Kays2011">{{cite book|first=Stanley J. |last=Kays |title=Cultivated Vegetables of the World: A Multilingual Onomasticon |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2011 |page=747 |isbn=978-9086867202}}</ref>
| region6 = {{flag|Niger}}
| pop6 = 2.046.330<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ng.html|title=The World Factbook (Niger)|publisher=CIA|language=en|date=|access-date=30 Agustus 2020|archive-date=2020-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424124158/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ng.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
| region7 = {{flag|Burkina Faso}}
| pop7 = 1.920.050<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uv.html|title=The World Factbook (Burkina Faso)|publisher=CIA|language=en|date=|access-date=30 Agustus 2020|archive-date=2019-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906203318/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uv.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
| region8 = {{flag|Mauritania}}
| pop8 = 916.113<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bibliomonde.com/donnee/mauritanie-population-393.html|title=La population de la Mauritanie, Haalpulaar'en : Les Tukulors (16,5%) + Les Peuls/Fulbe (4,8%). Total Fula proportion: 21,3%|language=fr|access-date=30 Agustus 2020|archive-date=2018-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929080437/http://www.bibliomonde.com/donnee/mauritanie-population-393.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
| region10 = {{flag|Benin}}
| pop10 = 750.000<ref name="Kays2011"/>
| region11 = {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}
| pop11 = 410.560<ref name =Censo2009>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat-guinebissau.com/publicacao/caracteristicas_socio_cultural.pdf|title=Recenseamento Geral da População e Habitação 2009 Características Socioculturais|language=pt|access-date=30 Agustus 2020|website=Instituto Nacional de Estatística Guiné-Bissau|df=dmy|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105140643/http://www.stat-guinebissau.com/publicacao/caracteristicas_socio_cultural.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
| region12 = {{flag|Gambia}}
| pop12 = 420.206<ref name="2013Census">{{cite web |url=https://www.gbos.gov.gm/uploads/census/2013/Spatial-distribution-report_%20Final.pdf |title=2013 Population and Housing Census: Spatial Distribution |publisher=The Republic of The Gambia |last=National Population Commission Secretariat |langugae=en|date=April 30, 2005 |website=Gambia Bureau of Statistics |language=en|access-date=30 Agustus 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103134831/https://www.gbos.gov.gm/uploads/census/2013/Spatial-distribution-report_%20Final.pdf |archive-date=3 January 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| region13 = {{flag|Pantai Gading}}
| pop13 = 479.000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/cotiv.htm|title=Les langues et ethnies du Côté d'ivoire, Peuls/Fulani, 2,0% (2017)|language=fr|access-date=30 Agustus 2020|archive-date=2022-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325235852/https://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/cotiv.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref>
| region14 = {{flag|Chad}}
| pop14 = 352.580<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://paystoumai.over-blog.com/pages/Demographie_du_Tchad-739056.html|title=Répartition de la population par lieu de résidence selon le groupe ethnique. Les Peul 2,4%. 1993 Population and Housing Census|language=fr|access-date=30 Agustus 2020|archive-date=2022-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331112335/http://paystoumai.over-blog.com/pages/Demographie_du_Tchad-739056.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cblt.org/fr/node/122|title=Répartition de la population par milieu de résidence selon le groupe ethnique, BCR, Ministère du plan et de la coopération, RGPH/93 Les Peuls (Fulanis) 2,44%|language=en|access-date=30 Agustus 2020|archive-date=2018-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930154634/http://www.cblt.org/fr/node/122|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
| region15 = {{flag|Afrika Tengah}}
| pop15 = 287.187<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.petitfute.com/p111-republique-centrafricaine/guide-touristique/c46371-population-et-langues.html|title=République Centrafricaine: Population et langues, Peuhl-Mbororo (5%)|language=fr|access-date=30 Agustus 2020|archive-date=2022-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318210915/https://www.petitfute.com/p111-republique-centrafricaine/guide-touristique/c46371-population-et-langues.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>
| region16 = {{flag|Sierra Leone}}
| pop16 = 266.581<ref name =Census2015>{{cite web|url=https://sierraleone.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/National%20Analytical%20Report.pdf|title=Sierra Leone 2015 Population and Housing Census National Analytical Report|language=en|accessdate=30 Agustus 2020|website=Statistics Sierra Leone|df=dmy|archive-date=2019-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307174308/https://sierraleone.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/National%20Analytical%20Report.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>
| region17 = {{flag|Sudan}}
| pop17 = 211.000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/11774/SU|title=Fulani Sudanese, 211K|language=en|access-date=30 Agustus 2020|archive-date=2022-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412003039/https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/11774/SU|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/soudan.htm|title=Données démolinguistiques Soudanais (2011), Foulani Soudanais, 0,5%|language=fr|access-date=30 Agustus 2020|archive-date=2022-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322113145/https://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/soudan.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref>
| region18 = {{flag|Togo}}
| pop18 = 111.000<ref>{{Cite web|url =https://joshuaproject.net/countries/TO|title =Joshua Project - 111.000 Fulfulde Borgu speakers in Togo|language =en|access-date =30 Agustus 2020|archive-date =2022-01-11|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20220111092957/https://joshuaproject.net/countries/TO|dead-url =no}}</ref>
| langs = [[Bahasa Fula|Fula]] • [[Bahasa Prancis|Prancis]] • [[Bahasa Inggris|Inggris]] • [[Bahasa Arab|Arab]]
| rels = '''Mayoritas'''<br />(+90%) [[Islam]]<ref name="Agama" /><br />'''Minoritas'''<br /> [[Agama tradisional Afrika]]/lainnya<ref name="Agama" />
| related = [[Wolof]] dan [[Serer]]
}}
Suku '''Fula''' atau '''Fulani''' atau '''Fulɓe''' ([[bahasa Fula]]: ''Fulɓe''; {{lang-fr|Peul|links=no}}; [[bahasa Hausa]]: ''Fulani or Hilani''; {{lang-pt|Fula|links=no}}; {{lang-wo|''Pël''}}; [[bahasa Bambara]]: ''Fulaw'') adalah salah satu suku bangsa terbesar yang tersebar luas melintasi [[Sahel]], mulai dari pantai [[Samudera Atlantik|Atlantik]] hingga ke [[Laut Merah]], khususnya di [[Afrika Barat]].<ref name="Juang2008p492"/>
Mendiami banyak negara, suku ini tersebar terutama di Afrika Barat dan bagian utara [[Afrika bagian tengah|Afrika Tengah]], juga di [[Sudan Selatan]], [[Sudan]], dan pesisir timur [[Laut Merah]]. Perkiraan jumlah suku Fula tidak diketahui pasti, karena definisi yang saling bentrok mengenai etnis Fula; berbagai perkiraan menyebutkan angkanya antara 35<ref name=Crowe>{{cite book|author=Felicity Crowe|title=Modern Muslim Societies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4Eye4ilLVkC&pg=PA262|year=2010|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-7927-7|page=262}}</ref><ref name="Danver2015p31">{{cite book|author=Steven L. Danver|title=Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-46400-6|pages=31–32}}</ref> hingga 45 juta jiwa di seluruh dunia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://homepage.univie.ac.at/martina.gajdos/Fulbe.html|title=Fulbe|website=homepage.univie.ac.at|language=de|access-date=30 Agustus 2020|archive-date=2021-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124020817/https://homepage.univie.ac.at/martina.gajdos/Fulbe.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Kecuali di [[Guinea]],<ref name="CIA Guinea" /> Fula merupakan etnis minoritas di setiap negara yang mereka huni.
== Distribusi geografis ==
[[File:A distribution map of Fula people in Africa.jpg|thumb|Peta sebaran suku Fula. Hijau tua: kelompok etnis utama; Sedang: signifikan; Ringan: minoritas.<ref name="Juang2008p492">{{cite book|author=Richard M. Juang|title=Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC&pg=PA492|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-441-7|page=492}}</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html Mali: People & Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110042640/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html |date=2015-11-10 }}, [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uv.html Burkina Faso: People & Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906203318/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uv.html |date=2019-09-06 }}, [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gv.html Guinea: People & Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919074825/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook//geos/gv.html |date=2015-09-19 }}, [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sg.html Senegal: People & Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831041253/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sg.html |date=2020-08-31 }}, [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ng.html Niger: People & Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424124158/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ng.html |date=2020-04-24 }}, CIA Factbook (2015)</ref>]] Kecuali Guinea, yang di mana Fula merupakan kelompok etnis terbesar,<ref>{{CIA World Factbook link|gv|Guinea}}</ref> Fula di Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, dan Niger, adalah kelompok etnis yang signifikan, dan Fula menjadi minoritas di setiap negara lain yang mereka huni.
Suku Fula tersebar luas melintasi Sahel, dari pantai [[Samudera Atlantik|Atlantik]] hingga ke [[Laut Merah]], khususnya di Afrika Barat. Mereka tersebar di [[Mauritania]], [[Ghana]], [[Senegal]], [[Guinea]], [[Gambia]], [[Mali]], [[Nigeria]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Benin]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Kamerun]], [[Pantai Gading]], [[Niger]], [[Cad]], [[Togo]], [[Sudan Selatan]], [[Republik Afrika Tengah]], [[Liberia]], dan sepanjang timur Laut Merah di [[Sudan]] dan [[Mesir]].
Sebagian besar dari suku Fula — sepertiga, atau diperkirakan 12 sampai 13 juta<ref name="levinsonfula">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JcDMrQEACAAJ|title=Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East, Volume 9|author=David Levinson|publisher=Gale Group|year=1996|isbn=978-0-8161-1808-3|chapter=Fulani}}</ref> — adalah [[Pastoralisme|pastoralis]], dan kelompok etnis mereka memiliki komunitas penggembala [[nomaden]] terbesar di dunia.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Africa">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC|title=Encyclopedia of Africa|author1=Anthony Appiah|author2=Henry Louis Gates|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-533770-9|page=495|access-date=2020-08-30|archive-date=2023-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210158/https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=levinsonladdi>{{cite book|author=David Levinson|title=Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East, Volume 9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JcDMrQEACAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Gale Group|isbn=978-0-8161-1808-3|chapter=Fulani}}</ref>{{efn|Fulani membentuk kelompok nomaden pastoral terbesar di dunia. Subsuku Bororo'en terkenal karena jumlah kawanan sapinya. Selain kelompok nomaden penuh, ada juga Fulani semi[[Sedentisme|sedentari]] — Fulɓe Laddi — yang juga bertani, meski mereka berdalih bahwa mereka melakukannya karena kebutuhan, bukan karena pilihan.}}
[[File:Eleveurs Peuls.jpg|thumb|280px|[[Penggembala Fulani]] di wilayah gersang [[Gao, Mali|Gao]], [[Mali|Mali Utara]]]]
Sebagai kelompok etnis, mereka terikat oleh [[bahasa Fula]], baik sejarah<ref name="Juang2008p4922">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC&pg=PA492|title=Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History|author=Richard M. Juang|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2008|isbn=978-1-85109-441-7|page=492|access-date=2020-08-30|archive-date=2023-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720102130/https://books.google.com/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC&pg=PA492|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Ndukwe1996p92">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnwGNU6uoBQC|title=Fulani|author=Pat Ikechukwu Ndukwe|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|year=1996|isbn=978-0-8239-1982-6|pages=9–17}}</ref><ref name="Group2013852">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISAuAgAAQBAJ|title=Encyclopedia of African Peoples|author=D Group|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-1-135-96334-7|pages=85–88}}</ref> maupun budaya mereka. Lebih dari 90% Fula adalah [[muslim]].<ref name="Agama">{{Cite web|url=https://www.everyculture.com/Africa-Middle-East/Fulani-Religion-and-Expressive-Culture.html|title=Religion and expressive culture - Fulani|website=www.everyculture.com|language=en|access-date=30 Agustus 2020|archive-date=2021-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915203718/https://www.everyculture.com/Africa-Middle-East/Fulani-Religion-and-Expressive-Culture.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>
== Referensi ==
{{
== Catatan kaki ==
{{notelist}}
== Pranala luar ==
*[http://www.ethnomusicologie.fr/wodaabe-loncke/index.html Geerewol] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208000549/https://ethnomusicologie.fr/wodaabe-loncke/index.html |date=2023-02-08 }}, oleh Sandrine Loncke (Situs web tentang perayaan ritual Woɗaaɓe, dengan rekaman musik beranotasi dan video pendek yang menampilkan rangkaian tarian dan ritualnya. Tambahan untuk [http://www.lcdpu.fr/livre/?GCOI=27000100070850 buku dari pengarang yang sama] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131092616/https://www.lcdpu.fr/livre/?GCOI=27000100070850 |date=2023-01-31 }})
*Arsip musik online yang didedikasikan untuk [http://archives.crem-cnrs.fr/archives/corpus/CNRSMH_Loncke_001/ Fulɓe Jelgooɓe (Burkina Faso)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131092555/https://archives.crem-cnrs.fr/archives/corpus/CNRSMH_Loncke_001/ |date=2023-01-31 }} dan musik juga lagu [http://archives.crem-cnrs.fr/archives/corpus/CNRSMH_Loncke_002/ Fulɓe Woɗaaɓe (Niger)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131092555/https://archives.crem-cnrs.fr/archives/corpus/CNRSMH_Loncke_002/ |date=2023-01-31 }} (Telemeta, CREM-CNRS)
{{Suku-stub}}
[[Kategori:Suku bangsa di Afrika]]
[[Kategori:Suku bangsa di Benin]]
[[Kategori:Kelompok etnik di Gambia]]
[[Kategori:Kelompok etnik di Guinea-Bissau]]
[[Kategori:Kelompok etnik di Mali]]
[[Kategori:Kelompok etnik di Mauritania]]
[[Kategori:Suku bangsa di Nigeria]]
[[Kategori:Kelompok etnik di Senegal]]
[[Kategori:Kelompok etnik di Sierra Leone]]
[[Kategori:Kelompok etnik di Sudan]]
[[Kategori:Kelompok etnik di Sudan Selatan]]
[[Kategori:Suku bangsa di Togo]]
| |||