Nazaret: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox
|name =
|native_name = <div style="margin-top: 0.2em; line-height: 1.3em;">{{Hebrew|נָצְרַת}}<br />''Natzrat''<br/>{{lang|ar|النَّاصِرَة}}<br />''an-Nāṣira''</div>
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|image_skyline = Habsora from selezian.jpg
|image_caption = Pemandangan panorama kota Nazaret, dengan [[Basilika Kabar Sukacita]] di tengah-tengahnya
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|image_seal = NAZARET COA.png
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|pushpin_map = Israel north haifa
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|subdivision_type = [[Daftar negara berdaulat|Negara]]
|subdivision_name = {{flagcountry|ISR}}
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|subdivision_type2 = [[Distrik di Israel|Distrik]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Distrik Utara, Israel|Utara]]
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|subdivision_name3 =
|established_title = Didirikan
|established_date = 2200 SM (Pemukiman awal)<br/> 300 M (Kota utama)
|established_title1 = Municipality
|established_date1 = Est. 1885
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|government_type = [[Pemerintahan wali kota–dewan|''Mayor-council'']]
|governing_body = Municipality of Nazareth
|leader_title = Mayor ("walikota")
|leader_name = Ali Sallam
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|area_total_km2 = 14.123
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|elevation_m = 347
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| population_as_of = {{Israel populations|Year}}
| population = {{Israel populations|Nazareth}}
| population_footnotes={{Israel populations|reference}}
|population_demonym = orang Nazaret (''Nazarene'')
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|timezone1 =[[:en:Israel Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 =+2
|timezone1_DST =[[Waktu Musim Panas Israel|IDT]]
|utc_offset1_DST =+3
|postal_code_type =[[:en:Postal codes in Israel|Postal code]]
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|area_code_type =[[:en:Telephone numbers in Israel|Area code]]
|area_code =+972 (Israel)
|website = {{Official URL}}
|footnotes =
}}
'''Nazaret''' ({{lang-he|נָצְרַת}}, ''Natzrat''; {{lang-ar|النَّاصِرَة}}, ''an-Nāṣira''; {{lang-arc|ܢܨܪܬ}}, ''Naṣrath'') adalah sebuah kota kuno di utara [[Israel]]. Saat ini, kota ini merupakan kota [[Arab-Israel]] terbesar di Israel dan dikenal sebagai "ibu kota Arab di Israel".<ref name=Irani>{{cite journal|title=Review of "Beyond the Basilica: Christians and Muslims in Nazareth"|author=Laurie King-Irani|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume= 25| issue = 3|date=Spring 1996|pages=103–105|jstor=2538265|doi=10.1525/jps.1996.25.3.00p0131i}}</ref>
Nazaret merupakan [[ibu kota]] dan kota terbesar di [[Distrik Utara, Israel]]. Pada tahun {{Israel populations|Year}}, jumlah penduduknya adalah {{Israel populations|Nazareth}}{{Israel populations|reference}} jiwa, yang terutama adalah [[warga Arab di Israel]], di antaranya 69% beragama [[Islam]] dan 30,9% beragama [[Kristen]].<ref name=Irani/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/local_authorities2005/pdf/207_7300.pdf |title=2005 |publisher=Cbs.gov.il |accessdate=2012-11-16}}</ref><ref name=Dumperp274>{{Cite book|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: a historical encyclopedia|first1=Michael|last1=Dumper|first2=Bruce E.|last2=Stanley|first3=Janet L.|last3=Abu-Lughod|edition=Illustrated|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2006|ISBN=9781576079195|pages=273–274|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA274&dq=%22arab+capital+of+israel%22#v=onepage&q=%22arab%20capital%20of%20israel%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Birthing the nation: strategies of Palestinian women in Israel|last=Kanaaneh|first=Rhoda Ann|publisher=University of California Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-520-22379-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T2JmeRYaXJIC&pg=PA117|page=117|quote=All-Arab cities such as Nazareth, the largest Palestinian city in Israel}}; {{citation|title=Flight into the maelstrom: Soviet immigration to Israel and Middle East peace|last=Quigley|first=John|<!--author-link=John Quigley (academic)-->|publisher=Garnet & Ithaca Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-86372-219-6|page=190|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AwVw59HmVdEC&pg=RA1-PA190|quote=The other major Jewish population centre in Galilee was Upper Nazareth, established next to Nazareth, the principal Palestinian city in Arab-populated Galilee.}}</ref> [[Nazerat Illit]] ("Nazaret Atas"), menyatakan sebagai kota terpisah pada bulan Juni 1974, dibangun di tepi kota Nazaret Tua, dan mempunyai penduduk [[orang Yahudi]] sebanyak 40.312 jiwa pada tahun 2014.<ref name="cbs populations">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2010/table3.pdf|publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics|title=Table 3 – Population of Localities Numbering Above 2,000 Residents and Other Rural Population|date=2010-06-30|accessdate=2010-10-31}}</ref>
Dalam bagian [[Perjanjian Baru]] di [[Alkitab]] [[Kristen]], kota ini dicatat sebagai tempat tinggal [[Yesus]] pada masa mudanya,<ref name=Jeffrey>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of biblical tradition in English literature |last=Jeffrey|first= David L. |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-85244-224-1 |pages=538–40 |publisher= Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |url=https://books.google.com/?id=7R0IGTSvIVIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> dan karenanya menjadi sebuah pusat [[peziarahan Kristen]], dengan banyak tempat-tempat bersejarah memperingati peristiwa-peristiwa alkitabiah.
[[Berkas:Miryam.jpg|250px|jmpl|ka|Sumber Maria - Sebuah sumber kuno dari masa Santa Perawan Maria yang merupakan simbol kota Nazaret]]
== Etimologi ==
=== Kata Ibrani ''Netzer'' ===
Nama '''Nazaret''' diyakini berasal dari akar kata Ibrani "<big>נצר</big>" ('''{{Strong|netzer|05342}}'''; ="Tunas" atau "taruk yang tumbuh"). Huruf "z" pada "Nazaret" dalam bahasa Ibrani ditulis dengan huruf "צ" ([[tsade (huruf Ibrani)|''tsade'' [TS atau TZ]]]), seperti pada "netzer" (= bahasa Indonesia "tunas; taruk"), bukanlah huruf "ז" ([[zayin (huruf Ibrani)|''zayin'' [Z]]]) yang membentuk kata "nazar" (= bahasa Indonesia "kaul"). Hal ini dikuatkan dengan penyebutan kota Nazaret dalam teks rabbinik Yahudi dari abad ke-4 M, misalnya "''Midrash Qoheleth''", yang menggunakan ejaan "N-TS-R" (menguatkan rujukan [[Matius 2#Ayat 23|Matius 2:23]] kepada [[Yesaya 11#Ayat 1|Yesaya 11:1]]). Penemuan sebuah tulisan Ibrani di [[Kaisarea]] pada tahun 1962 juga menguatkan ejaan "N-TS-R". Meskipun tulisan dari Kaisarea ini bertarikh ~ 300 M, isinya memuat catatan penugasan sebuah keluarga imam ke kota Nazaret pada tahun ~ 150 M, yang menunjukkan bahwa pengejaan nama kota ini jauh lebih tua dari catatan itu sendiri.<ref>Michael. Avi-Yonah, “A List of Priestly Courses from Caesarea.” Israel Exploration Journal 12 (1962):137-139.</ref>
=== Nama Arab ''an-Nāṣira'' ===
Nama kota Nazaret yang dalam bahasa Arab adalah ''an-Nāṣira'', sedangkan [[Yesus]] ({{lang-ar|يَسُوع}}, ''Yasū`'') juga disebut ''an-Nāṣirī'', mencerminkan tradisi Arab untuk memberi [[Nisbah|atribusi]] nama menurut dari mana seorang tokoh terkemuka itu berasal baik sebagai istilah geografi atau kesukuan. Dalam [[Qur'an]], orang Kristen dirujuk sebagai ''naṣārā'', artinya "para pengikut an-Nāṣirī", atau "mereka yang mengikuti Yesus orang Nazaret".<ref name=Antounp50>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9cn1gwQXfgkC&pg=PA50&dq=nasira+nazareth#v=onepage&q=nasira%20nazareth&f=false|title=Syria: society, culture, and polity|first1=Richard T.|last1=Antoun|first2=Donald|last2=Quataert|editors=Richard T. Antoun|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1991|ISBN=9780791407134}}</ref>
== Tradisi Kristen ==
[[Yesus]] [[Kristus]] dibesarkan di Nazaret, sehingga dikenal dengan sebutan "Yesus orang Nazaret" (lihat [[INRI]]). Kata Ibrani "<big>נצר</big>" ('''{{Strong|netzer|05342}}''' ="Tunas" atau "taruk yang tumbuh") mungkin merupakan akar kata dari nama '''Nazaret'''. Yesus disebut sebagai "orang Nazaret" ([[Matius 2:23]]; {{lang-el|Ναζωραῖος}}, ''{{Strong|Nazōraios|3480}}''; {{lang-he|נצרי}}, ''netzeri'') yang bisa berarti "orang dari Nazaret" atau "sang Tunas". Dia akan timbul sebagai [[Pohon Isai|Tunas dari tunggul Isai]], yaitu ayah Daud,<ref name=fulllife>The Full Life Study Bible. Life Publishers International. 1992. Teks Penuntun edisi Bahasa Indonesia. Penerbit Gandum Mas. 1993, 1994.</ref> sebagaimana dinubuatkan oleh nabi [[Yesaya]] dalam [[Kitab Yesaya|kitabnya]] [[Yesaya 11:1|pasal 11:1]]:
:''"Suatu tunas akan keluar dari tunggul Isai, dan <u>taruk yang akan tumbuh</u> dari pangkalnya akan berbuah."''<ref>{{Ysy|11|1}}</ref>
Dengan demikian sebutan di atas kayu salib [[INRI]], yang biasanya diartikan: "Yesus orang Nazaret raja orang Yahudi" dapat pula diartikan: "Yesus sang Tunas raja orang Yahudi".
== Rujukan di luar Alkitab ==
[[Berkas:Meister der Kahriye-Cami-Kirche in Istanbul 001.jpg|kiri|jmpl|250px|Nazaret sebagaimana digambarkan dalam suatu mosaik [[Bizantium]] ([[Gereja Chora]], [[Konstantinopel]])]]
Bentuk kata ''Nazara'' juga ditemukan pada rujukan non-alkitabiah tertua untuk kota ini, suatu kutipan oleh [[Sextus Julius Africanus]] bertarikh sekitar 221 M<ref>Eusebius ''Ecclesiastical History,'' 1, vii,14, cited in Carruth, ibid. p.415.</ref><!-- (lihat "Middle Roman to Byzantine Periods" below). The Church Father [[Origen]] (c. 185 to 254 AD) knows the forms ''Nazará'' and ''Nazarét''.<ref>''Comment. In Joan.'' Tomus X (Migne, ''Patrologia Graeca'' 80:308–309.</ref> Later, [[Eusebius]] in his ''Onomasticon'' (translated by [[St. Jerome]]) also refers to the settlement as ''Nazara''.<ref>{{cite CE1913 |last=Meistermann |first=Barnabas |wstitle=Nazareth |volume=10}}</ref> The ''nașirutha'' of the scriptures of the [[Mandaeism|Mandeans]] refers to "priestly craft", not to Nazareth, which they identified with [[Qom]].<ref>E. S. Drower, ''The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran,'' Oxford University Press, 1937 reprint Gorgias Press, 2002 p.6</ref>
The first non-Christian reference to Nazareth is an inscription on a marble fragment from a [[synagogue]] found in [[Caesarea Maritima]] in 1962.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Avi-Yonah | first1 = M. | year = 1962 | title = A List of Priestly Courses from Caesarea | url = | journal = Israel Exploration Journal | volume = 12 | issue = | pages = 137–139 }}</ref> This fragment gives the town's name in Hebrew as נצרת (n-ṣ-r-t). The inscription dates to c. AD 300 and chronicles the assignment of priests that took place at some time after the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]], AD 132-35.<ref>R. Horsley, ''Archaeology, History and Society in Galilee.'' Trinity Press International, 1996, p. 110.</ref> (See "Middle Roman to Byzantine Periods" below.) An 8th-century AD Hebrew inscription, which was the earliest known Hebrew reference to Nazareth prior to the discovery of the inscription above, uses the same form.<ref name=Carruthp415/>
===Nazarenes, Nasranis, ''Notzrim,'' Christians===
{{main article|Nazarene (title)}}
Around 331, Eusebius records that from the name Nazareth Christ was called a Nazoraean, and that in earlier centuries Christians, were once called Nazarenes.<ref>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies: Volume 65, Issue 1 University of London. School of Oriental and African Studies – 2002 "... around 331, Eusebius says of the place name Nazareth that ' from this name the Christ was called a Nazoraean, and in ancient times we, who are now called Christians, were once called [[Nazarene (sect)|Nazarenes]] ';6 thus he attributes this designation ..."</ref> [[Tertullian]] (Against Marcion 4:8) records that "for this reason the Jews call us 'Nazarenes'." In the New Testament Christians are called "Christians" three times by Paul in Romans, and "Nazarenes" once by [[Tertullus]], a Jewish lawyer. The Rabbinic and modern Hebrew name for Christians, ''notzrim,'' is also thought to derive from Nazareth, and be connected with Tertullus' charge against Paul of being a member of the sect of the [[Nazarene (title)|Nazarenes]], ''Nazoraioi'', "men of Nazareth" in Acts. Against this some medieval Jewish polemical texts connect ''notzrim'' with the ''netsarim'' "watchmen" of Ephraim in Jeremiah 31:6. In Syriac Aramaic ''Nasrath'' (ܢܨܪܬ) is used for Nazareth, while "Nazarenes" (Acts 24:5) and "of Nazareth" are both ''Nasrani'' or ''Nasraya'' (ܕܢܨܪܝܐ) an adjectival form.<ref>Bruce Manning Metzger The early versions of the New Testament p86 – 1977 "Peshitta Matt, and Luke ... nasraya, 'of Nazareth'."</ref><ref>[[William Jennings (Syriacist)|William Jennings]] ''Lexicon to the Syriac New Testament'' 1926 p143</ref><ref>[[Robert Payne Smith]] ''Compendious Syriac Dictionary'' 1903 p349</ref> ''[[Nasrani (Arabic term for Christian)|Nasrani]]'' is used in the Quran for Christians, and in [[Modern Standard Arabic]] may refer more widely to Western people.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nasara|url=http://www.mazyanbizaf.com/mbs002|website=Mazyan Bizaf Show}}</ref> [[Saint Thomas Christians]], an ancient community of [[Jewish Christians]] in [[India]] who trace their origins to evangelistic activity of [[Thomas the Apostle]] in the 1st century, are known by the name [[Nasrani]]s even today.<ref name=Zupanov>{{cite book|last=Županov|first= Ines G.|authorlink=Ines G. Županov| year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nix4M4dy7nQC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Missionary Tropics: The Catholic Frontier in India (16th–17th centuries)|page=99 and note|publisher=University of Michigan|isbn=0-472-11490-5}}</ref><ref name="BMalieckal">Bindu Malieckal (2005) Muslims, Matriliny, and A Midsummer Night's Dream: European Encounters with the Mappilas of Malabar, India; The Muslim World Volume 95 Issue 2 page 300</ref>
==History==
===Ancient times===
Archaeological researchers have revealed that a funerary and cult center at [[Kfar HaHoresh]], about two miles ({{convert|2|mi|abbr=out|disp=output only}}) from current Nazareth, dates back roughly 9000 years to the [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic B]] era.<ref>
Goring-Morris, A.N. "The quick and the dead: the social context of Aceramic Neolithic mortuary practices as seen from Kfar HaHoresh." In: I. Kuijt (ed.), ''Social Configurations of the Near Eastern Neolithic: Community Identity, Hierarchical Organization, and Ritual ''(1997).</ref> The remains of some 65 individuals were found, buried under huge horizontal headstone structures, some of which consisted of up to 3 tons of locally produced white plaster. Decorated human skulls uncovered there have led archaeologists to identify Kfar HaHoresh as a major cult centre in that era.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pre-Christian Rituals at Nazareth |date=November–December 2003 |publisher=Archaeology: A Publication of the Archaeological Institute of America |url=http://www.archaeology.org/0311/newsbriefs/nazareth.html}}</ref>
In 1620 the Catholic Church purchased an area in the Nazareth basin measuring approximately {{convert|100|x|150|m|2|abbr=on|lk=out}} on the side of the hill known as the Nebi Sa'in. The Franciscan priest [[Bellarmino Bagatti]], "Director of Christian Archaeology", carried out extensive excavation of this "Venerated Area" from 1955 to 1965. Fr. Bagatti uncovered pottery dating from the [[Middle Bronze Age]] (2200 to 1500 BC) and ceramics, silos and grinding mills from the [[Iron Age]] (1500 to 586 BC) which indicated substantial settlement in the Nazareth basin at that time. However, lack of archaeological evidence for Nazareth from [[Assyria]]n, [[Babylonia]]n, [[History of Iran|Persian]], [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] or Early [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] times, at least in the major excavations between 1955 and 1990, shows that the settlement apparently came to an abrupt end about 720 BC, when the [[Assyrian captivity of Israel|Assyrians]] destroyed many towns in the area.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}
=== Zaman Kekaisaran Romawi ===
[[File:Nazarene Fountain Reputed to be Mary & Jesus'.jpg|thumb|200px|Historic photo of [[Mary's Well]]]]
According to the [[Gospel of Luke]], Nazareth was the home village of Mary as well as the site of the [[Annunciation]] (when the angel [[Gabriel]] informed Mary that she would give birth to Jesus). According to the [[Gospel of Matthew]], Joseph and Mary resettled in Nazareth after returning from the [[flight to Egypt|flight from Bethlehem to Egypt]]. According to the Bible, Jesus grew up in Nazareth from some point in his childhood. However, some modern scholars also regard Nazareth as the birthplace of Jesus.<ref>[[John P. Meier]], ''A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus: The Roots of the Problem and the Person,''Vol. 1, Doubleday 1991, p.216; [[Bart D. Ehrman]], ''Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium'', Oxford University Press, 1999, p.97; [[E. P. Sanders]], ''The Historical Figure of Jesus'', Penguin 1993, p.85.</ref>
[[File:Nazareth the magical city 111.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Basilica of the Annunciation]]]]
James F. Strange, an American archaeologist, notes: "Nazareth is not mentioned in ancient Jewish sources earlier than the third century CE. This likely reflects its lack of prominence both in Galilee and in Judaea."<ref>Article "Nazareth" in the ''Anchor Bible Dictionary.'' New York: Doubleday, 1992.</ref> Strange originally calculated the population of Nazareth at the time of Christ as "roughly 1,600 to 2,000 people" but, in a subsequent publication, revised this figure down to "a maximum of about 480."<ref>E. Meyers & J. Strange,'' Archaeology, the Rabbis, & Early Christianity'' Nashville: Abingdon, 1981; Article "Nazareth" in the ''Anchor Bible Dictionary.'' New York: Doubleday, 1992.</ref> In 2009, Israeli archaeologist Yardenna Alexandre excavated archaeological remains in Nazareth that date to the time of Jesus in the early Roman period. Alexandre told reporters, "The discovery is of the utmost importance since it reveals for the very first time a house from the Jewish village of Nazareth."<ref>[http://israel21c.org/news/house-from-jesus-time-excavated/ House from Jesus' time excavated] (December 23, 2009) in [http://www.israel21c.org/ ''Israel 21c Innovation News Service''] Retrieved 2010-01-05</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_eng.aspx?sec_id=25&subj_id=240&id=1638|title=For the Very First Time: A Residential Building from the Time of Jesus was Exposed in the Heart of Nazareth (12/21/09)|last=|first=|date=|website=Israel Antiquities Authority|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
Other sources state that during Jesus' time, Nazareth had a population of 400 and one public bath, which was important for civic and religious purposes.<ref>Korb, Scott. ''Life in Year One.'' New York: Riverhead books, 2010. print, 109. {{ISBN|978-1-59448-899-3}}.</ref> However of the artifacts uncovered from the area of the bathhouse and dated by historians, or by using radiocarbon dating, none are known to predate the 2nd century AD.{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}
The Gospel of Luke says; "[And they led Jesus] to the brow of the hill on which their city was built, that they might throw him down headlong".{{Bibleref2c|Lk.|4:29}} From the ninth century CE and probably earlier, tradition associated Christ's evasion of the attempt on his life to the 'Hill of the Leap' (''Jabal al-Qafza'') overlooking the [[Jezreel Valley|Jezreel Plain]], some {{convert|3|km|0|abbr=on}} south of Nazareth.<ref>Denys Pringle, ''The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem,'' vol.11, L-Z Cambridge University Press, 1998 p.45. Luke's account is repeated, with added details, in the [[Diatessaron]]. See Petersen, 'The Diatessaron and the Fourfold Gospel,' in Charles Horton (ed.)''The Earliest Gospels: The Origins and Transmission of the Earliest Christian Gospels,'' Continuum International Publishing Group, 2004 pp.50–68, 65–66.</ref>
[[File:Nazareth Church Crusaders1.jpg|thumb|200px|Crusader-era carving in Nazareth]]
A tablet at the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, dating to 50 CE, was sent from Nazareth to Paris in 1878. It contains an inscription known as the "Ordinance of Caesar" that outlines the penalty of death for those who violate tombs or graves. However, it is suspected that this inscription came to Nazareth from somewhere else (possibly [[Sepphoris]]). Bagatti writes: "we are not certain that it was found in Nazareth, even though it came from Nazareth to Paris. At Nazareth there lived various vendors of antiquities who got ancient material from several places."<ref>Bagatti, B. ''Excavations in Nazareth,'' vol. 1 (1969), p. 249.</ref> C. Kopp is more definite: "It must be accepted with certainty that [the Ordinance of Caesar]… was brought to the Nazareth market by outside merchants."<ref>C. Kopp, "Beiträge zur Geschichte Nazareths." ''Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society'', vol. 18 (1938), p. 206, n.1.</ref> [[Princeton University]] archaeologist Jack Finnegan describes additional archaeological evidence related to settlement in the Nazareth basin during the [[Bronze Age|Bronze]] and [[Iron Age]]s, and states that "Nazareth was a strongly [[Jew]]ish settlement in the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] period."<ref>Jack Finnegan, ''The Archaeology of the New Testament'', [[Princeton University]] Press: Princeton, 1992, pp. 44–46.</ref>
[[File:Nazareth the holy land 1842.jpg|200px|thumbnail|200px|Nazareth, 1842]]
[[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]] in his ''[[Panarion]]'' (c. 375 CE) numbers Nazareth among the cities devoid of a non-Jewish population.<ref>[[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]], [[Panarion|Panárion]] 30.11.10, cited Andrew S. Jacobs,''Remains of the Jews: The Holy Land and Christian Empire in Late Antiquity,'' Stanford University Press, p.50 n.124, p.127.</ref> Epiphanius, writing of [[Joseph of Tiberias]], a wealthy Roman Jew who converted to Christianity in the time of [[Constantine I (emperor)|Constantine]], says he claimed to have received an imperial rescript to build Christian churches in Jewish towns and villages where no gentiles or Samaritans dwell, naming [[Tiberias]], [[Diocaesarea]], [[Sepphoris]], Nazareth and [[Capernaum]].<ref>Frank Williams,''The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis,'' Book I (Sects 1–46)'' E. J. BRILL (1897), rev.ed. 2009, p.140.</ref> From this scarce notice, it has been concluded that a small church which encompassed a cave complex might have been located in Nazareth in the early 4th century,"<ref>Taylor, J. ''Christians and the Holy Places''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993, p. 265.</ref> although the town was Jewish until the 7th century CE.<ref>Taylor 229, 266; Kopp 1938:215.</ref>
Although it is mentioned in the New Testament gospels, there are no extant non-biblical references to Nazareth until around 200 CE, when [[Sextus Julius Africanus]], cited by Eusebius (''Church History'' 1.7.14), speaks of Nazara as a village in Judea and locates it near an as-yet unidentified "Cochaba".<ref>"A few of the careful, however, having obtained private records of their own, either by remembering the names or by getting them in some other way from the registers, pride themselves on preserving the memory of their noble extraction. Among these are those already mentioned, called Desposyni, on account of their connection with the family of the Saviour. Coming from Nazara and Cochaba, villages of Judea, into other parts of the world, they drew the aforesaid genealogy from memory and from the book of daily records as faithfully as possible." (Eusebius, [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.vi.vii.html ''Church History'', Book I, Chapter VII],§ 14)</ref> In the same passage Africanus writes of ''[[desposyni|desposunoi]]'' – relatives of Jesus – who he claims ''kept the records of their descent with great care''. A few authors have argued that the absence of 1st and 2nd century CE textual references to Nazareth suggests that the town may not have been inhabited in Jesus' day.<ref>T. Cheyne, "Nazareth". ''[[Encyclopedia Biblica]].'' London: Adam and Charles Black, 1899, Col. 3360.
* R. Eisenman, '' James the Brother of Jesus.'' New York: Penguin Books, 1997, p. 952.</ref> Proponents of this hypothesis have buttressed their case with linguistic, literary and archaeological interpretations,<ref>W. B. Smith, "Meaning of the Epithet Nazorean (Nazarene),"''The Monist'' 1904:26.
* T. Cheyne, ''Encyclopedia Biblica'',"Nazareth" (1899).</ref> though one writer called that view "archaeologically unsupportable".<ref>
Ken Dark, "book review of ''The Myth of Nazareth: The Invented Town of Jesus''", ''STRATA: Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society'', vol. 26 (2008), pp. 140–146; cf. Stephen J. Pfann & Yehudah Rapuano, "On the Nazareth Village Farm Report: A Reply to Salm", ''STRATA: Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society'', vol. 26 (2008), pp. 105–112.
</ref>
-->
Suatu inskripsi [[bahasa Ibrani]] yang ditemukan di [[Kaisarea Maritima|Kaisarea]] bertarikh akhir abad ke-3 atau awal abad ke-4 M menyebutkan Nazaret sebagai rumah keluarga [[kohen|imam (''kohen'')]] Hapizzez setelah [[Pemberontakan Bar Kokhba]] (132–135 M).<ref>Keluarga ini rupanya telah pindah ke Nazaret setelah [[Perang Yahudi-Romawi Pertama|Pemberontakan Yahudi pertama]] ([[70]] M), meskipun ada yang berspekulasi bahwa relokasi ini mungkin "jauh pada abad ke-2 (atau bahkan abad ke-3) [M]." '' History and Society in Galilee'', 1996, p. 110. Pada tahun 131 M, Kaisar Romawi [[Hadrian]] melarang orang Yahudi untuk tinggal di [[Yerusalem]], memaksa penduduk Yahudi untuk pindah ke tempat lain.</ref> Dari tiga fragmen yang diketemukan, inskripsi ini tampaknya memuat [[Pembagian rombongan Imam Israel|daftar 24 rombongan imam]] (lihat [[1 Tawarikh 24|Kitab 1 Tawarikh 24]][[1 Tawarikh 24#Ayat 7–19|:7-19]]; [[Nehemia 11:12]]), di mana setiap grup (atau keluarga) ditugaskan menurut urutannya dengan nama setiap kota atau desa di [[Galilea]] di mana mereka tinggal. Nazaret tidak ditulis dengan huruf "z" melainkan dengan huruf Ibrani [[tsade]] (jadi "Natsaret").<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Avi-Yonah | first1 = M. | year = 1962 | title = A List of Priestly Courses from Caesarea | url = | journal = Israel Exploration Journal | volume = 12 | issue = | page = 138 }}</ref> [[:en:Eleazar Kalir|Eleazar Kalir]] (seorang penyair Ibrani yang diberi tarikh antara abad ke-6 sampai ke-10 M) menyebut ada suatu lokalitas yang jelas di dalam wilayah Nazaret memuat nama Nazaret נצרת (dalam hal ini divokalisasi sebagai "Nitzrat"), yang merupakan rumah dari keturunan keluarga [[Kohen]] ke-18 Happitzetz (הפצץ), selama paling sedikit beberapa abad setelah pemberontakan [[Simon bar Kokhba|Bar Kochva]].
== Nazaret modern ==
Nazaret terletak di antara celah selatan di
Mayoritas penduduk Nazaret adalah Arab Israel, sekita 35-40% adalah [[Kristen]] dan sisanya [[Islam|Muslim]]. Pemerintah Israel membuat sebuah kota baru sejak 1950-an disebut [[Natzrat Illit]] ('''נצרת עילית''' "Nazareth Atas", (Ibrani Baku) '''Náẓərat ʿIllit''') dan mengisinya dengan komunitas [[Yahudi]].
Wakil rakyat di Nazaret
==
=== Kristen ===
[[Berkas:Church in Nazareth, built on supposed site of Joseph's workshop, 1891.jpg|jmpl|Gereja di Nazaret di atas tempat yang diduga merupakan bengkel pertukangan milik [[Santo Yusuf|Yusuf]], 1891]]
[[Berkas:Nazaret Gabrielskirche BW 8.JPG|jmpl|[[:En:Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation|Gereja Ortodoks Yunani "Annunciation"]]]]
[[Berkas:Christmas in The City of Nazareth.jpg|jmpl|Malam [[Natal]] di Nazaret]]
Nazaret mempunyai lusinan biara dan gereja, kebanyakan di Kota Tua.<ref name=Ringp539>{{cite book|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa|editors=Trudy Ring, Robert M. Salkin, Sharon La Boda|edition=Illustrated, annotated|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1996|ISBN=9781884964039 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2aOpeBnbxvsC&pg=PA541&dq=nasira+nazareth#v=onepage&q=nasira%20nazareth&f=false}}</ref>
:'''Gereja'''
* [[Basilika Kabar Sukacita]] (''Basilica of the Annunciation''): Gereja Katolik terbesar di [[Timur Tengah]]. Dalam tradisi [[Katolik Roma]], menandai tempat di mana penghulu malaikat [[Gabriel]] memberitakan [[Anunsiasi|"Kabar Sukacita" (''Annuciation'')]] kepada [[Maria]] bahwa ia akan melahirkan [[Yesus]], sang Juruselamat manusia ({{Alkitab|Lukas 1:26–31}})
* [[:en:Church of St. Gabriel|Gereja St. Gabriel]] situs alternatif [[Gereja Ortodoks Yunani|Ortodoks Yunani]] untuk Annunciation
* [[:En:Synagogue Church|''Synagogue Church'']] suatu [[Gereja Katolik Yunani Melkit]] pada situs tradisional [[sinagoge]] di mana [[Yesus]] pernah berbicara ([[Lukas 4]])
* [[:en:St. Joseph's Church, Nazareth|St. Joseph's Church]] (Katolik Roma) menandai lokasi tradisional bengkel pertukanan [[Santo Yusuf]]
* [[:en:Mensa Christi Church|""Mensa Christi Church'']], dipelihara oleh ordo agamawi [[Fransiskan]], memperingati lokasi tradisional di mana Yesus makan bersama para rasul.
* [[:en:Basilica of Jesus the Adolescent|''Basilica of Jesus the Adolescent'']], dipelihara oleh ordo agamawi [[Salesian Don Bosco|Salesian]], di atas bukit di sebelah utara kota
* [[:En:Christ Church, Nazareth|''Church of Christ'']]: sebuah [[gereja Anglikan]] di Nazaret
* ''Church of Our Lady of the Fright'' (Katolik Roma) menandai tempat di mana Maria dikatakan pernah melihat Yesus digiring ke atas suatu tebing oleh jemaat sinagoge
:'''"Jesus Trail"'''
* Rute ziarah "[[Jesus Trail]]" menghubungkan banyak situs agamawi di Nazaret dengan suatu jalur jalan kaki sepanjang {{convert|60|km|0|abbr=on}} yang berakhir di [[Kapernaum]]
:'''Lain-lain'''
* International Marian Evangelization Center "Mary of Nazareth" (lihat di sini:<ref>International Marian Evangelization Center "Mary of Nazareth" [www.mariedenazareth.com/en homepage]. Accessed 30 August 2018</ref>), containing among other things the only archaeologically excavated house from first-century CE Nazareth
=== Islam ===
Situs kudus Islam meliputi
* ''Shrine of al-Sheikh Amer''
* ''Shrine of "to the Prophet we go"'' ([[:en:Makam al-Nabi Sain Mosque|Makam Ela-Nabi Sa'in Mosque]])
* ''Shrine of Shihab ad-Din''.
Tempat ibadah umat Islam termasuk
* [[:en:White Mosque (Nazareth)|''White Mosque'']] (Masjid al-Abiad), [[masjid]] tertua di Nazaret, bertempat di ''Harat Alghama'' ("Mosque Quarter") di pusat Pasar Tua (''Old Market'').<ref>Emmett 1995b, pp. 136–138</ref><ref name=Nazareth>{{cite web|title=Nazareth: The Mosque Quarter|publisher=Discover Israel|accessdate=2007-12-01|url=http://www.ddtravel-acc.com/nazareth.htm|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213617/http://www.ddtravel-acc.com/nazareth.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
* ''Peace Mosque'' (Masjid al-Salam).
== Arkeologi ==
=== "Venerated area" dekat Basilica of the Annunciation ===
Penggalian yang dilakukan sebelum tahun 1931 di "daerah kudus" ("''venerated area''") ordo Fransiskan (di lereng bukit yang disebut sebagai ''Jabal Nebi Sa'in'', terentang di utara Basilika Kabar Sukacita) menunjukkan tidak ada tanda-tanda pemukiman Yunani atau Romawi di sana,<ref>R. Tonneau, ''Revue Biblique'' XL (1931), p. 556. Reaffirmed by C. Kopp (op. cit.,1938, p. 188).</ref> tetapi penggalian berikutnya di bawah pimpinan Fr. Bagatti, yang menjabat sebagai [[arkeolog]] utama situs-situs kudus di Nazaret, berhasil menemukan sejumlah besar artifak zaman [[:en:Ancient Rome|Romawi]] dan [[Bizantin]],<ref>B. Bagatti, ''Excavations in Nazareth'', vol. 1 (1969), pp. 272–310.</ref> menjadi saksi tak terbantahkan adanya kehidupan manusia di sana sejak abad ke-2 M dan seterusnya. [[John Dominic Crossan]], seorang sarjana Perjanjian Baru, menafsirkan dari gambar arkeologi Bagatti bahwa desa itu sangat kecil dan tidak lebih dari suatu [[:en:hamlet (place)|hamlet]] yang tidak terlalu menonjol.<ref>John Dominic Crossan, ''The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant'', 1992, p. 18</ref>
=== Rumah Romawi awal ===
Reruntuhan rumah tinggal dari zaman Romawi awal telah ditemukan pada tahun 2009 di dekat Basilika Kabar Sukacitao dan dipertontonkan dalam "International Marian Center of Nazareth". Menurut [[Israel Antiquities Authority]], "Artifak-artifak yang ditemukan di dalam bangunan itu sedikit jumlahnya dan kebanyakan berupa fragmen cawan-cawan tembikar dari periode Romawi Awal (abad ke-1 dan ke-2 M)... Lubang galian lain, yang pintu masuknya rupanya disamarkan, telah digali dan pecahan tembikar dari periode Romawi Awal juga ditemukan di dalamnya." Arkeolog Yardenna Alexandre menambahkan bahwa "berdasarkan ekskavasi-ekskavasi lain yang pernah saya lakukan di desa-desa sekitarnya, lubang ini mungkin digali sebagai persiapan orang Yahudi untuk melindungi diri selama Revolusi Besar melawan orang Romawi pada tahun 67 M".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Early+History+-+Archaeology/Residential_building_time_Jesus_Nazareth_21-Dec-2009.htm |title=Residential building from the time of Jesus exposed in Nazareth 21-Dec-2009 |publisher=Mfa.gov.il |date=2009-12-21 |accessdate=2012-11-16}}</ref>
=== Pekuburan Kokh ===
Semua kuburan setelah [[Zaman Besi]] di cekungan Nazaret (sekitar dua dusin) bercirikan gaya [[:en:kokhim|kokh]] (jamak: ''kokhim'') atau kemudian; gaya ini mungkin pertama kali muncul di [[Galilea]] pada pertengahan abad ke-1 M.<ref>H.P. Kuhnen, "Palaestina in Griechisch-Roemischer Zeit," (Muenchen, C. Beck, 1990, pp. 254–55).</ref> Pekuburan Kokh di wilayah Nazaret telah diekskavasi oleh B. Bagatti, N. Feig, Z. Yavor, dan dicatat oleh Z. Gal.<ref>Gal, Z. Lower Galilee During the Iron Age (American Schools of Oriental Research, Eisenbrauns, 1992) p. 15; Yavor, Z. 1998 "Nazareth", ESI 18. pp. 32 (English), 48; Feig, N. 1990 "Burial Caves at Nazareth", 'Atiqot 10 (Hebrew series). pp. 67–79.</ref>
=== Rumah permandian kuno di Sumur Maria ===
Pada pertengahan tahun 1990-an, seorang penjaga toko menemukan saluran-saluran di bawah tokonya di dekat [[:en:Mary's Well|Sumur Maria]] di Nazaret. Saluran-saluran itu diidentifikasi sebagai [[:en:hypocaust|hypocaust]] suatu rumah permandian.<ref>SHACHAM, Tzvi. 2012. ''Bathhouse from the Crusader Period in Nazareth'' in Kreiner, R & W. Letzner (eds.). SPA. SANITAS PER AQUAM. ''Tagungsband des Internationalen Frontinus-Symposums zur Technik und Kulturgeschichte der antike Thermen''. Aachen, 18–22. Marz 2009: 319–326. BABESCH SUPPL. 21</ref> Ekskavasi pada tahyun 1997–98 menunjukkan bekas-bekas bertarikh zaman Romawi, [[Perang Salib]], [[Kesultanan Mamluk (Kairo)|Mamluk]] dan [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah|Utsmaniyah]].<ref>Alexandre, Yardenna. 2012. Mary's Well, Nazareth. The Late Hellenistic to the Ottoman Periods. Jerusalem, IAA Reports 49.</ref><ref>Alexandre, Y. "Archaeological Excavations at Mary's Well, Nazareth," Israel Antiquities Authority bulletin, May 1, 2006.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Is This Where Jesus Bathed? |date=22 October 2003 |author=Cook, Jonathon |publisher=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,1067930,00.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Under Nazareth, Secrets in Stone |date=17 December 2002 |author=Cook, Jonathan |publisher=International Herald Tribune |url=http://www.jkcook.net/Articles1/0021.htm |access-date=2018-10-10 |archive-date=2012-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216062857/http://www.jkcook.net/Articles1/0021.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Ancient Bath House in Nazareth |date=12 August 2008 |author=Shama-Sostar, Martina |url=http://www.nazarethbathhouse.org}}</ref>
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/Nazareth.html The History of the Ancient Near East]
* [http://www.nazareth.muni.il Nazareth City Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413152359/http://www.nazareth.muni.il/ |date=2009-04-13 }}
* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=141&letter=N ''Jewish Encyclopedia'']: Nazareth
* [http://bibletools.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/Def.show/RTD/Easton/ID/2676 ''Easton's Bible Dictionary'' 1897]: Nazareth
* [http://www.bibletexts.com/glossary/nazareth.htm W.R.F. Browning, ''Oxford Dictionary of the Bible'']: Nazareth
* [http://www.uhl.ac/nazareth.htm Nazareth Village] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227003937/http://www.uhl.ac/nazareth.htm |date=2005-12-27 }}: A model
* [http://www.textexcavation.com/nazarethinscription.html The Nazareth inscription. An edict of Caesar against graverobbing.] TextExcavation. Ben C. Smith.
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