Barack Obama: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 1:
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{{Untuk|ayah Presiden Obama, ekonom Kenya|Barack Obama, Sr.}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Barack Obama
| image
| alt = U.S. President Barack Obama is photographed standing in front of the Resolute Desk in the Oval Office of the White House, December 6, 2012.
| office = [[Daftar Presiden Amerika Serikat|Presiden Amerika Serikat]] [[Daftar Presiden Amerika Serikat|ke-44]]
| vicepresident = [[Joe Biden]]
|
| term_end = {{End date|2017|1|20}}
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| term_start2 = {{Start date|2005|1|3}}
| term_end2 = {{Start date|2008|11|16}}
| predecessor2 = [[Peter Fitzgerald (politikus)|Peter Fitzgerald]]
| successor2 = [[Roland Burris]]
| office3 = [[Senat Illinois#Anggota Senat Illinois|Anggota]] [[Senat Illinois]] <br /> dari Distrik ke-13
| term_start3 = 8 Januari 1997
| term_end3 = 4 November 2004
| predecessor3 = [[Alice Palmer (politikus)|Alice Palmer]]
| successor3 = [[Kwame Raoul]]
| birth_name = Barack Hussein Obama II
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|8|4}}<ref name="biography">{{cite quick|web|year=2008|title=President Barack Obama|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=The White House|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama|accessdate=December 12, 2008}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], A.S.<ref name="birth-certificate" />
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Partai Demokrat (Amerika Serikat)|Demokrat]]
| spouse = [[Michelle Obama|Michelle Robinson]] <small>(3 Oktober 1992–sekarang)</small>
| children = [[Malia Obama|Malia]] <small>(l. 1998)</small> <br /> [[Sasha Obama|Sasha]] <small>(l. 2001)</small>
|
| mother = [[Keluarga Barack Obama#Kezia Obama|Kezia Obama]] <br />[[Ann Dunham]]<br />[[Keluarga Barack Obama#Ndesandjo|Ruth Nidesand]]<br />[[Keluarga Barack Obama#Paternal relations|Jael Otieno]]<ref name="Fornek 2007a">{{cite news|author=Fornek, Scott; Good, Greg|date=9 September 2007|title=The Obama family tree|newspaper=Chicago Sun-Times|pages=2B–3B|url=http://thedunhamhouse.com/obamatree.pdf|accessdate=22 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Crilly, Rob|date=22 August 2008|title=Life is good in my Nairobi slum, says Barack Obama's younger brother|newspaper=The Times|location=London|page=37|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/us_elections/article4583353.ece|accessdate=23 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Pflanz, Mike|date=21 August 2008|title=Barack Obama is my inspiration, says lost brother|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/barackobama/2595688/Barack-Obama-is-my-inspiration-says-lost-brother.html|accessdate=23 August 2008|archive-date=2008-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202152554/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/barackobama/2595688/Barack-Obama-is-my-inspiration-says-lost-brother.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The President's Kin|url=http://nymag.com/news/articles/09/11/nymag-obamafamily-091123.pdf|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|date=23 November 2009|accessdate=20 January 2012}}</ref>
| relations =
|
| alma_mater = [[Occidental College]] <br /> [[Universitas Columbia]] <small>([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]])</small> <br /> [[Harvard Law School]] <small>([[Juris Doctor|J.D.]])</small>
| profession = [[Pengacara]] <br /> [[Profesor]] [[hukum konstitusi]] <br /> [[Penggerak masyarakat]] <br /> [[Penulis]]
| religion = [[Kristen]]<ref name="Christian"/>
| blank1 = Penghargaan
| data1 = [[Hadiah Nobel Perdamaian]]
| signature = Barack Obama signature.svg
| signature_alt = Barack Obama
| website = {{URL|http://www.barackobama.com/}}
| footnotes =
| caption = Obama pada tahun 2012
| module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=President Obama on the death of Osama bin Laden.ogg|title=Suara Barack Obama|type=speech|description=Obama pada saat [[kematian Osama bin Laden]]<br />Direkam pada 2 Mei 2011}}
| citizenship = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] -->
}}
{{
'''Barack Hussein Obama II''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg|b|ə|ˈ|r|ɑː|k|_|h|uː|ˈ|s|eɪ|n|_|oʊ|ˈ|b|ɑː|m|ə}}; {{lahirmati||4|8|1961}}) adalah seorang politikus Amerika yang menjabat sebagai [[Presiden Amerika Serikat]] [[Daftar Presiden Amerika Serikat|ke-44]]. Ia merupakan orang [[Afrika Amerika]] pertama yang menempati jabatan tersebut.
Lahir di [[Honolulu, Hawaii]], Obama merupakan lulusan [[Universitas Columbia]] dan [[Harvard Law School]], tempat ia menjadi presiden ''[[Harvard Law Review]]''. Ia dulunya seorang penggerak masyarakat di Chicago sebelum mendapat gelar hukumnya. Ia bekerja sebagai jaksa [[hak sipil|hak-hak sipil]] di Chicago dan mengajar [[hukum konstitusi]] di [[University of Chicago Law School]] sejak 1992 sampai 2004. Ia tiga kali mewakili Distrik ke-13 di [[Senat Illinois]] mulai tahun 1997 hingga 2004, namun tidak lolos ke tahap [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Amerika Serikat]] tahun 2000.
Pada tahun 2004, Obama mendapat perhatian nasional saat berkampanye mewakili [[Illinois]] di [[Senat Amerika Serikat]] melalui kemenangannya pada pemilu pendahuluan [[Partai Demokrat (Amerika Serikat)|Partai Demokrat]] bulan Maret, pidatonya di [[Konvensi Nasional Demokrat 2004|Konvensi Nasional Demokrat]] bulan Juli, dan pemilihannya sebagai Senat pada bulan November. Ia memulai kampanye presidennya tahun 2007, dan pada tahun 2008, setelah kampanye pendahuluan melawan [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]], Obama memenangkan mayoritas suara delegasi dalam pemilu pendahuluan partai Demokrat untuk dijadikan calon presiden. Ia kemudian mengalahkan calon dari [[Partai Republik (Amerika Serikat)|Partai Republik]] [[John McCain]] dalam [[pemilihan umum presiden Amerika Serikat 2008|pemilihan umum presiden]] tahun 2008, dan dilantik sebagai presiden pada tanggal 20 Januari 2009. Sembilan bulan kemudian, Obama dinyatakan sebagai pemenang [[Hadiah Nobel Perdamaian 2009]].<!-- see [[WP:EGG]] before attempting to hide this link! --> Ia [[pemilihan umum presiden Amerika Serikat 2012|terpilih lagi sebagai presiden]] pada November 2012, mengalahkan [[Mitt Romney]] dari Partai Republik, dan dilantik untuk kedua kalinya pada tanggal 20 Januari 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/22/us/politics/obama-inauguration-draws-hundreds-of-thousands.html|title=Obama Cites Nation’s Ideals in Call to Act|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|first=Michael|last=Shear|date=January 21, 2013|accessdate=January 21, 2013}}</ref>
Pada masa jabatan pertamanya, Obama mengesahkan undang-undang [[Stimulus (ekonomi)|stimulus ekonomi]] sebagai tanggapan terhadap [[resesi 2007–2009 di Amerika Serikat]] dalam bentuk [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]] dan [[Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010]]. Inisiatif besar dalam negeri lainnya pada masa pemerintahannya adalah [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]]; [[Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act]]; [[Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010]]; [[Budget Control Act of 2011]]; dan [[American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012]]. Di bidang kebijakan luar negeri, Obama mengakhiri keterlibatan militer A.S. dalam [[Perang Irak]], menambah jumlah tentara di [[Perang di Afganistan|Afganistan]], menandatangani perjanjian pengendalian senjata [[New START]] bersama [[Rusia]], memerintahkan [[intervensi militer di Libya 2011|intervensi militer A.S. di Libya]], dan melaksanakan operasi militer yang berujung pada [[kematian Osama bin Laden]]. Pada bulan mei 2012, ia menjadi presiden A.S. pertama yang mendukung pengesahan pernikahan sesama jenis secara terbuka.
== Masa muda dan karier ==
{{main|Keluarga Barack Obama|Masa muda dan karier Barack Obama}}
Obama lahir pada tanggal 4 Agustus 1961 di Kapi{{okina}}olani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital (sekarang [[Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children|Kapi{{okina}}olani Medical Center for Women and Children]]) di Honolulu, Hawaii,<ref name="birth-certificate" /><ref name="maraniss">{{cite quick |news|author=Maraniss, David|date=August 24, 2008|title=Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A22|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html|accessdate=October 28, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite quick |news|author=Nakaso, Dan|date=December 22, 2008 |title=Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years|newspaper=The Honolulu Advertiser|page=B1|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/22/ln/hawaii812220320.html|accessdate=January 22, 2011}}</ref> dan menjadi Presiden pertama yang lahir di Hawaii.<ref>{{cite quick |web|author=Rudin, Ken|date=December 23, 2009|title=Today's Junkie segment On TOTN: a political review Of 2009|work=Talk of the Nation (Political Junkie blog)|publisher=NPR|url=http://www.npr.org/blogs/politicaljunkie/2009/12/todays_junkie_segment_on_totn_5.html|accessdate=April 18, 2010|quote=We began with the historic inauguration on January 20—yes, the first president ever born in Hawaii}}</ref> Ibunya, [[Ann Dunham|Stanley Ann Dunham]], lahir di [[Wichita, Kansas]], dan merupakan keturunan bangsa Inggris.<ref>Obama (1995, 2004), p. 12.</ref> Ayahnya, [[Barack Obama, Sr.]], adalah seorang anggota suku [[suku Luo dari Kenya dan Tanzania|Luo]] dari [[Nyang’oma Kogelo|Nyang’oma Kogelo, Kenya]]. Orang tua Obama bertemu pada tahun 1960 di kelas bahasa Rusia di [[University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa]], tempat ayahnya kuliah sebagai penerima beasiswa asing.<ref name="Jones 2007">{{cite quick |news|author=Jones, Tim|date=March 27, 2007|title=Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|page=1 (Tempo)|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-0703270151mar27-archive,0,5853572,full.story|archiveurl=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-0703270151mar27-archive,0,5853572,full.story|accessdate=May 18, 2012|archivedate=February 21, 2009}}</ref><ref name="Obama 1995, 2004, pp. 9–10">Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10.
* Scott (2011), pp. 80–86.
* Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118.
* Maraniss (2012), p. 154–160.</ref> Keduanya menikah di [[Wailuku, Hawaii|Wailuku]], [[Maui]], pada tanggal 2 Februari 1961,<ref name="Ripley 2008">{{cite quick |news|author=Ripley, Amanda|date=April 9, 2008|title=The story of Barack Obama's mother|work=Time|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1729524,00.html|accessdate=April 9, 2007}}</ref><ref>Scott (2011), p. 86.
* Jacobs (2011), pp. 125–127.
* Maraniss (2012), p. 160–163.</ref> dan terpisah ketika ibu Obama pindah bersama putranya yang baru lahir ke [[Seattle]], [[Washington (negara bagian)|Washington]], pada akhir Agustus 1961 agar bisa berkuliah di [[University of Washington]] selama satu tahun. Sementara itu, Obama, Sr. menyelesaikan program S1 [[ekonomi]]nya di Hawaii pada Juni 1962, kemudian mengikuti program S2 di [[Harvard University]] dengan beasiswa. Orang tua Obama bercerai pada bulan Maret 1964.<ref>Scott (2011), pp. 87–93.
* Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118, 125–127, 133–161.
* Maraniss (2012), pp. 170–183, 188–189.</ref> Obama Sr. pulang ke Kenya tahun 1964, lalu menikah kembali; ia hanya sekali menjenguk Barack di Hawaii, yaitu pada tahun 1971.<ref>Scott (2011), pp. 142–144.
* Jacobs (2011), pp. 161–177, 227–230.
* Maraniss (2012), pp. 190–194, 201–209, 227–230.</ref> Ia meninggal dunia akibat kecelakaan lalu lintas tahun 1982.<ref>{{cite quick |news|author=Ochieng, Philip|date=November 1, 2004|title=From home squared to the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found|newspaper=The EastAfrican|url=http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html|archivedate=September 27, 2007|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070927223905/http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html|accessdate=June 25, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Merida, Kevin|date=December 14, 2007|title=The ghost of a father|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A12|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2007/12/13/ST2007121301893.html|accessdate=June 25, 2008}}
* Jacobs (2011), pp. 251–255.
* Maraniss (2012), pp. 411–417.</ref>
Pada tahun 1963, Dunham bertemu [[Lolo Soetoro]], seorang mahasiswa [[East–West Center]] asal Indonesia yang mengambil program S2 dalam bidang geografi di University of Hawaii. Mereka menikah di [[Molokai]] pada tanggal 15 Maret 1965.<ref>Scott (2011), pp. 97–103.
* Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 225–230.</ref> Setelah dua tahun perpanjangan [[visa J-1]]-nya, Lolo pulang ke [[Indonesia]] tahun 1966, diikuti istri dan putra tirinya 16 bulan kemudian pada tahun 1967. Mereka awalnya menetap di Menteng Dalam, [[Tebet, Jakarta Selatan|Tebet]], [[Jakarta]] Selatan, kemudian pindah ke permukiman elit di [[Menteng]], Jakarta Pusat, pada tahun 1970.<ref>Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 209–223, 230–244.</ref> Sejak usia 6 sampai 10 tahun, Obama bersekolah di Sekolah Katolik St. Fransiskus dari Assisi selama dua tahun dan [[SDN Menteng 01|Sekolah Dasar Besuki]] selama satu setengah tahun, ditambah pendidikan rumahan dengan bantuan [[Calvert School]].<ref>Maraniss (2012), pp. 216, 221, 230, 234–244.</ref>
[[Berkas:Ann Dunham with father and children.jpg|jmpl|kiri|250px|alt=A young boy (preteen), a younger girl (toddler), a woman (about age thirty) and a man (in his mid-fifties) sit on a lawn wearing contemporary c.-1970 attire. The adults wear sunglasses and the boy wears sandals.|Obama bersama separuh adiknya, [[Maya Soetoro-Ng]], ibunya, [[Ann Dunham]] dan kakeknya, [[Stanley Armour Dunham|Stanley Dunham]], di [[Honolulu]], Hawaii]]
Pada tahun 1971, Obama kembali ke Honolulu untuk tinggal bersama orang tua ibunya, [[Madelyn Dunham|Madelyn]] dan [[Stanley Armour Dunham|Stanley Dunham]], dan dengan bantuan beasiswa ia mengenyam pendidikan di [[Punahou School]], sebuah [[sekolah persiapan universitas|sekolah persiapan perguruan tinggi]], mulai kelas lima sampai lulus tahun 1979.<ref>{{cite quick |news|author=Serafin, Peter|date=March 21, 2004|title=Punahou grad stirs up Illinois politics|newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin|url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2004/03/21/news/story4.html|accessdate=March 20, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |news |author=Scott, Janny |date=March 14, 2008 |title=A free-spirited wanderer who set Obama's path |work=The New York Times |page=A1 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/14/us/politics/14obama.html?pagewanted=all |accessdate=November 18, 2011}}
* Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 3 and 4.
* Scott (2012), pp. 131–134.
* Maraniss (2012), pp. 264–269.</ref> Obama tinggal dengan ibu dan adiknya di Hawaii selama tiga tahun mulai 1972 sampai 1975, sementara ibunya menjalani program S2 [[antropologi]] di University of Hawaii.<ref>Scott (2011), pp. 139–157.
* Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281.</ref> Ibu dan adiknya pulang ke Indonesia tahun 1975 untuk melaksanakan kerja lapangan antropologi, sementara Obama memilih untuk tetap tinggal di Hawaii bersama kakek neneknya agar bisa bersekolah di Punahou.<ref>Scott (2011), pp. 157–194.
* Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281, 324–326.</ref> Ibunya menghabiskan hampir dua dasawarsa di Indonesia, bercerai dengan Lolo tahun 1980 dan mendapatkan gelar PhD tahun 1992, sebelum meninggal dunia tahun 1995 di Hawaii pasca-pengobatan [[kanker ovarium]] dan [[kanker rahim]].<ref>Scott (2011), pp. 214, 294, 317–346.</ref>
Tentang masa kecilnya, Obama mengingat kembali, "Bahwa ayahku tidak seperti orang-orang di sekitarku—ia hitam bagaikan ter, ibuku putih bagaikan susu—nyaris tidak terpikirkan olehku."<ref name="Obama 1995, 2004, pp. 9–10" /> Ia menjelaskan perjuangannya sebagai sosok pemuda dewasa yang ingin menyatukan berbagai sudut pandang sosial terhadap warisan multirasialnya.<ref>{{cite quick |news |author=Serrano, Richard A.|date=March 11, 2007|title=Obama's peers didn't see his angst|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|page=A20|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-obamahawaii11-2007mar11,0,199085,full.story|accessdate=March 13, 2007}}
* Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 4 and 5.</ref> Merenungkan masa kecilnya di Honolulu, Obama menulis: "Kesempatan yang Hawaii tawarkan—untuk menyaksikan berbagai macam budaya dengan suasana yang saling menghargai—menjadi bagian tak terpisahkan dari pandangan duniaku, sekaligus menjadi dasar nilai-nilai yang aku pegang erat."<ref>{{cite quick |news|author=Reyes, B.J.|date=February 8, 2007|title=Punahou left lasting impression on Obama|newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin|url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2007/02/08/news/story02.html|accessdate=February 10, 2007|quote=As a teenager, Obama went to parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were mostly attended by blacks.}}</ref> Obama juga menulis dan berbicara tentang pemakaian alkohol, [[ganja]], dan [[kokain]] saat ia masih muda untuk "menyingkirkan pertanyaan siapa aku dari pikiran saya".<ref>{{cite quick |news|author=Elliott, Philip |agency = Associated Press|date=November 21, 2007|title=Obama gets blunt with N.H. students|newspaper=The Boston Globe|page=8A|url=http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail|accessdate=May 18, 2012}}</ref> Obama sempat menjadi anggota "choom gang", sebuah kelompok pertemanan yang menghabiskan waktu bersama-sama dan sering menghirup marijuana.<ref>{{cite quick |news|author=Karl, Jonathan|work=ABC News|date=May 25, 2012|title=Obama and his pot-smoking "choom gang"|url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/05/obama-and-his-pot-smoking-choom-gang/ |accessdate=May 25, 2012}}
* Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 93–94.
* for analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled"), see:
* {{cite quick |news|author=Seelye, Katharine Q.|date=October 24, 2006|title=Obama offers more variations from the norm|newspaper=The New York Times|page=A21|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63|accessdate=October 29, 2006}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Romano, Lois|date=January 3, 2007|title=Effect of Obama's candor remains to be seen|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/02/AR2007010201359.html|accessdate=January 14, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://video.pbs.org/video/2288869682/|title=FRONTLINE The Choice 2012|publisher=PBS|date=October 9, 2012|accessdate=October 29, 2012}}</ref> Pada acara [[Civil Forum on the Presidency]] tahun 2008, Obama menyatakan penyesalannya karena pernah mengonsumsi obat-obatan terlarang saat SMA.<ref>{{cite quick |news|author=Hornick, Ed|date=August 17, 2008|title=Obama, McCain talk issues at pastor's forum|publisher=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/08/16/warren.forum/|accessdate=May 18, 2012}}</ref>
Setelah SMA, Obama pindah ke Los Angeles tahun 1979 untuk menuntut ilmu di [[Occidental College]]. Pada bulan Februari 1981, ia berpidato di hadapan publik untuk pertama kalinya, meminta Occidental melakukan [[disinvestasi dari Afrika Selatan|divestasi dari Afrika Selatan]] sebagai respon terhadap kebijakan [[apartheid]] di sana.<ref name="Occidental" /> Pada pertengahan 1981, Obama berkunjung ke Indonesia untuk menemui ibu dan adiknya, Maya, kemudian menemui keluarga teman-teman kuliahnya di Pakistan dan India selama tiga minggu.<ref name="Occidental" /> Kemudian pada 1981, ia pindah ke [[Columbia University]] di New York City dan mendapatkan gelar dalam [[ilmu politik]] dengan kekhususan [[hubungan internasional]]<ref>{{cite quick |news|author=Boss-Bicak, Shira|date=January 2005|title=Barack Obama '83|magazine=Columbia College Today|issn=0572-7820|url=http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/jan05/cover.php|accessdate=October 1, 2006}}</ref> dan lulus dengan gelar Bachelor of Arts pada tahun 1983. Ia bekerja selama satu tahun di [[Business International Corporation]],<ref>{{cite quick |web|author=Obama, Barack|year=1998|title=Curriculum vitae|publisher=The University of Chicago Law School|url=http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/obama/cv.html|archivedate=May 9, 2001|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20010509024017/http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/obama/cv.html|accessdate=October 1, 2006}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Issenberg, Sasha|date=August 6, 2008|title=Obama shows hints of his year in global finance; Tied markets to social aid|newspaper=The Boston Globe|page=1A|url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/08/06/obama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance/?page=1|accessdate=August 6, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080809070043/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/08/06/obama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance/?page=1|archivedate= August 9, 2008|deadurl= no}}</ref> kemudian di [[New York Public Interest Research Group]].<ref>{{cite quick |news|author=Scott, Janny|date=July 30, 2007|title=Obama's account of New York often differs from what others say|newspaper=The New York Times|page=B1|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/us/politics/30obama.html?pagewanted=all|accessdate=July 31, 2007}}
* Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 133–140.
* Mendell (2007), pp. 62–63.</ref><ref name="Who's Who 2008">{{cite quick |book|editor=Chassie, Karen |year=2007|title=Who's Who in America, 2008|page=3468|place=New Providence, NJ|publisher=Marquis Who's Who|isbn=978-0-8379-7011-0}}</ref>
=== Penggerak masyarakat Chicago dan Harvard Law School ===
Dua tahun setelah lulus, Obama bekerja sebagai direktur [[Developing Communities Project]] (DCP), sebuah organisasi masyarakat berbasis gereja yang awalnya terdiri dari 8 paroki Katolik [[Roseland, Chicago|Roseland]], [[West Pullman, Chicago|West Pullman]], dan [[Riverdale, Chicago|Riverdale]] di [[South Side, Chicago|South Side]], Chicago. Ia bekerja di sana sebagai penggerak masyarakat pada bulan Juni 1985 sampai Mei 1988.<ref name="Who's Who 2008" /><ref>{{cite quick |journal|author=Lizza, Ryan|date=March 19, 2007|title=The agitator: Barack Obama's unlikely political education|journal=The New Republic|volume=236|issue=12|pages=22–26, 28–29|issn=0028-6583|url=http://www.tnr.com/article/the-agitator-barack-obamas-unlikely-political-education|accessdate=August 21, 2007}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Secter, Bob; McCormick, John|date=March 30, 2007|title=Portrait of a pragmatist|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|page=1|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive,0,2491692,full.story|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20091214172131/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive,0,2491692,full.story|accessdate=May 18, 2012|archivedate=December 14, 2009}}
* Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 140–295.
* Mendell (2007), pp. 63–83.</ref> Ia membantu membuat program pelatihan kerja, program tutorial persiapan masuk perguruan tinggi, dan organisasi hak-hak penyewa di [[Altgeld Gardens, Chicago|Altgeld Gardens]].<ref name="Harvard Law 1990a">{{cite quick |news|author=Matchan, Linda|date=February 15, 1990|title=A Law Review breakthrough|newspaper=The Boston Globe|page=29|url=http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/1990/02/15/a_law_review_breakthrough|accessdate=June 15, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Corr, John|date=February 27, 1990|title=From mean streets to hallowed halls|newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer|page=C01|format=paid archive|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=PI%7CDN%7C&p_product=PHNP&p_theme=phnp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_trackval=PHNP&s_dispstring=Author%28John%20Corr%29%20AND%20date%2802/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990%29%20AND%20date%28all%29&p_field_advanced-0=Author&p_text_advanced-0=%28John%20Corr%29&p_bool_advanced-1=AND&p_params_advanced-1=date:B,E&p_field_advanced-1=YMD_date&p_text_advanced-1=%2802/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990%29&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no|accessdate=June 6, 2008}}</ref> Obama juga bekerja sebagai konsultan dan instruktur untuk [[Gamaliel Foundation]], sebuah institut penggerak masyarakat.<ref>{{cite quick |journal|author=Obama, Barack|month=August–September|year=1988|title=Why organize? Problems and promise in the inner city|journal=Illinois Issues|volume=14|issue=8–9|pages=40–42|issn=0738-9663}} reprinted in: <br /> {{cite quick |book|editor=Knoepfle, Peg|year=1990|title=After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois|place=Springfield, IL|publisher=Sangamon State University|pages=35–40|isbn=0-9620873-3-5|quote=He has also been a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, an organizing institute working throughout the Midwest.}}</ref> Pada pertengahan 1988, untuk pertama kalinya ia berkunjung ke Eropa selama tiga minggu, lalu lima minggu di Kenya untuk bertemu dengan [[Keluarga Barack Obama#Hubungan ayah|saudara-saudara ayahnya]].<ref name="Obama 2012">{{cite quick |book|last=Obama|first=Auma|year=2012|title=And then life happens: a memoir|location=New York|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-1-250-01005-6|pages=189–208, 212–216}}</ref><ref>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 299–437.
* Maraniss (2012), pp. 564–570.</ref> Ia kembali berkunjung ke Kenya pada tahun 1992 bersama tunangannya, Michelle, dan adiknya, [[Auma Obama|Auma]].<ref name="Obama 2012" /><ref>{{cite quick |book|last=Mundy|first=Liza|year=2008|title=Michelle: a biography|location=New York|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-1-4165-9943-2|page=189}}
* Maraniss (2012), p. 564.</ref> Obama datang lagi ke Kenya pada Agustus 2006 untuk mengunjungi tempat kelahiran ayahnya, yaitu sebuah desa dekat [[Kisumu]] di pedesaan barat Kenya.<ref>{{cite quick |news|author=Gnecchi, Nico|date=February 27, 2006|title=Obama receives hero's welcome at his family's ancestral village in Kenya|publisher=Voice of America|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-08/2006-08-27-voa17.cfm|archivedate=March 21, 2008|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080321161040/http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-08/2006-08-27-voa17.cfm|accessdate=June 25, 2008}}</ref>
Pada akhir 1988, Obama masuk [[Harvard Law School]]. Ia terpilih sebagai editor ''[[Harvard Law Review]]'' pada akhir tahun pertamanya,<ref name="Harvard Law 2007">{{cite quick |news|author=Levenson, Michael; Saltzman, Jonathan|date=January 28, 2007|title=At Harvard Law, a unifying voice|newspaper=The Boston Globe|page=1A|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/01/28/at_harvard_law_a_unifying_voice/?page=full|accessdate=June 15, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Kantor, Jodi|date=January 28, 2007|title=In law school, Obama found political voice|newspaper=The New York Times|page=A1|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/us/politics/28obama.html?pagewanted=all|accessdate=June 15, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Mundy, Liza|date=August 12, 2007|title=A series of fortunate events|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=W10|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/08/AR2007080802038_pf.html|accessdate=June 15, 2008}}
* Mendell (2007), pp. 80–92.</ref> dan presiden jurnal pada tahun kedua.<ref name="Harvard Law 1990a" /><ref name="Harvard Law 1990b">{{cite quick |news|author=Butterfield, Fox|date=February 6, 1990|title=First black elected to head Harvard's Law Review|newspaper=The New York Times|page=A20|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/06/us/first-black-elected-to-head-harvard-s-law-review.html|accessdate=June 15, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Ybarra, Michael J|date=February 7, 1990|title=Activist in Chicago now heads Harvard Law Review|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|page=3|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-02-07/news/9001110408_1_ann-dunham-chicago-housing-authority-barack-obama|accessdate=October 29, 2011}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Drummond, Tammerlin|date=March 12, 1990|title=Barack Obama's law; Harvard Law Review's first black president plans a life of public service|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|page=E1|format=paid archive|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60017156.html?dids=60017156:60017156&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT|accessdate=June 15, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |journal|author=Evans, Gaynelle|date=March 15, 1990|title=Opening another door: The saga of Harvard's Barack H. Obama|journal=Black Issues in Higher Education|volume=7|issue=1|page=5|issn=0742-0277|url=http://diverseeducation.com/article/11791/|accessdate=May 18, 2012}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Pugh, Allison J. |agency = Associated Press |date=April 18, 1990|title=Law Review's first black president aims to help poor|newspaper=The Miami Herald|page=C01 |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=MH%7C&p_product=MH&p_theme=realcities2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_site=miami&s_trackval=MH&s_search_type=keyword&s_dispstring=Law%20Review%27s%20first%20black%20president%20aims%20to%20help%20poor%20AND%20date%28all%29&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=%28Law%20Review%27s%20first%20black%20president%20aims%20to%20help%20poor%29&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no|accessdate=June 15, 2008}}</ref> Sepanjang musim panas, ia pulang ke Chicago, lalu bekerja sebagai [[jaksa pembantu|jaksa]] di firma hukum [[Sidley Austin]] tahun 1989 dan [[Hopkins & Sutter]] tahun 1990.<ref>{{cite quick |news|author=Aguilar, Louis|date=July 11, 1990|title=Survey: Law firms slow to add minority partners|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|page=1 (Business)|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/28774085.html?dids=28774085:28774085&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT|accessdate=June 15, 2008}}</ref> Setelah lulus dengan gelar [[Juris Doctor|J.D.]] secara ''[[Latin honors#Types|magna cum laude]]''<ref name="Juris Doctor" /> dari [[Universitas Harvard|Harvard]] tahun 1991, ia pulang ke Chicago.<ref name="Harvard Law 2007" /> Pemilihan Obama sebagai [[Daftar orang Afrika-Amerika pertama|presiden ''Harvard Law Review'' berkulit hitam pertama]] menjadi perhatian media nasional<ref name="Harvard Law 1990a" /><ref name="Harvard Law 1990b" /> dan berujung pada ditandatanganinya kontrak penerbitan buku karya Obama tentang hubungan antarras,<ref name="Scott 2008a">{{cite quick |news|author=Scott, Janny|date=May 18, 2008|title=The story of Obama, written by Obama|newspaper=The New York Times|page=A1|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/us/politics/18memoirs.html?pagewanted=all|accessdate=June 15, 2008}}
* Obama (1995, 2004), pp. xiii–xvii.</ref> yang berubah menjadi memoar pribadi. Buku karya Obama tersebut diterbitkan pada pertengahan 1995 dengan judul ''[[Dreams from My Father]]''.<ref name="Scott 2008a" />
=== University of Chicago Law School dan jaksa hak sipil ===
Pada tahun 1991, Obama menjabat sebagai Dosen Tamu Hukum dan Pemerintahan di [[University of Chicago Law School]] selama dua tahun sambil menyelesaikan buku pertamanya.<ref name="Scott 2008a" /><ref name="Fellow" /> Ia kemudian mengajar di University of Chicago Law School selama 12 tahun (sebagai Dosen pada 1992 sampai 1996 dan Dosen Senior pada 1996 sampai 2004), mengajarkan [[hukum konstitusi]].<ref>{{cite quick |web|date=March 27, 2008|title=Statement regarding Barack Obama|publisher=University of Chicago Law School|url=http://www.law.uchicago.edu/media/index.html|accessdate=June 5, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080608225931/http://www.law.uchicago.edu/media/index.html|archivedate= June 8, 2008|deadurl= no}}
* {{cite quick |web|author=Miller, Joe|date=March 28, 2008|title=Was Barack Obama really a constitutional law professor?|publisher=FactCheck.org|url=http://factcheck.org/2008/03/obama-a-constitutional-law-professor/|accessdate=May 18, 2012}}
* {{cite quick |web|author=Holan, Angie Drobnic|date=March 7, 2008|title=Obama's 20 years of experience|publisher=PolitiFact.com|url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2008/mar/07/obamas-20-years-experience|accessdate=June 10, 2008}}</ref>
Mulai bulan April sampai Oktober 1992, Obama memimpin [[Project Vote]] di Illinois, yaitu [[kampanye registrasi pemilih]] dengan sepuluh staf dan 700 pendaftar sukarela; proyek ini berhasil mendaftarkan 150.000 dari 400.000 warga Afrika-Amerika tak terdaftar di negara bagian Illinois sampai-sampai ''Crain's Chicago Business'' memasukkan Obama dalam daftar "40 under Forty" pada tahun 1993.<ref name="Forty" />
Tahun 1993, ia bergabung dengan Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, sebuah firma hukum 13 jaksa yang bergerak di bidang litigasi hak-hak sipil dan pembangunan ekonomi masyarakat. Obama menjadi jaksa pembantu di sana pada tahun 1993 sampai 1996, kemudian ''[[of counsel]]'' tahun 1996 sampai 2004. Lisensi hukumnya tidak aktif lagi pada tahun 2007.<ref>{{cite quick |web |url=http://www.factcheck.org/2012/06/the-obamas-law-licenses/ |title=The Obamas' Law Licenses |publisher=FactCheck.org |date=June 14, 2012 |accessdate=July 16, 2012 |author=Gore, D'Angelo}}</ref><ref name="DavisMiner" />
Sejak 1994 hingga 2002, Obama menjabat sebagai anggota dewan direktur [[Woods Fund of Chicago]], yang pada 1985 menjadi yayasan pertama yang mendanai Developing Communities Project; dan dewan direktur [[Joyce Foundation]].<ref name="Who's Who 2008" /> Ia menjabat sebagai anggota dewan direktur [[Chicago Annenberg Challenge]] mulai tahun 1995 sampai 2002, kemudian sebagai presiden pendiri dan ketua dewan direktur mulai tahun 1995 sampai 1999.<ref name="Who's Who 2008" />
== Karier legislatif: 1997–2008 ==
=== Senator negara bagian: 1997–2004 ===
{{main|Karier Barack Obama di Senat Illinois}}
Obama [[Pemilihan umum Senat Amerika Serikat di Illinois 2004|terpilih sebagai anggota]] [[Senat Illinois]] pada tahun 1996, menggantikan [[Alice Palmer (politikus)|Alice Palmer]] sebagai Senator dari Distrik ke-13 Illinois yang pada waktu itu mencakup permukiman South Side Chicago dari [[Hyde Park, Chicago|Hyde Park]] – [[Kenwood, Chicago|Kenwood]] ke selatan hingga [[South Shore, Chicago|South Shore]] dan barat hingga [[Chicago Lawn, Chicago|Chicago Lawn]].<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=David|last=Jackson|coauthors=Ray Long|title=Obama Knows His Way Around a Ballot|date=April 3, 2007|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-070403obama-ballot-archive,0,5693903.story|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20081011054057/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-070403obama-ballot-archive,0,5693903.story|work=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=May 18, 2012|archivedate=October 11, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |book|author=[[Jesse White (politikus)|White, Jesse]]|year=2001|chapter=Legislative Districts of Cook County, 1991 Reapportionment|chapterurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080226221919/http://www.sos.state.il.us/publications/02bluebook/legislative_branch/legdistrictmaps.pdf|title=Illinois Blue Book 2001–2002|place=Springfield|publisher=[[Illinois Secretary of State]]|page=65|accessdate=July 16, 2011}} State Sen. District 13 = State Rep. Districts 25 & 26.</ref> Setelah terpilih, Obama mendapat dukungan dari kedua partai untuk undang-undang reformasi hukum etika dan pelayanan kesehatan.<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=Peter|last=Slevin|title=Obama Forged Political Mettle in Illinois Capitol|date=February 9, 2007|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/08/AR2007020802262.html|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=April 20, 2008}}{{cite quick |news|first=Scott|last=Helman|title=In Illinois, Obama dealt with Lobbyists|date=September 23, 2007|url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/09/23/in_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists/|work=The Boston Globe|accessdate=April 20, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080416235513/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/09/23/in_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists/?|archivedate= April 16, 2008|deadurl= no}} See also:{{cite quick |news|title=Obama Record May Be Gold Mine for Critics|date=January 17, 2007|publisher=CBS News|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/17/politics/main2369157.shtml|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=April 20, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080412223055/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/17/politics/main2369157.shtml|archivedate= April 12, 2008|deadurl= no}}</ref> Ia memperkenalkan hukum penambahan [[kredit pajak]] untuk pekerja berpenghasilan rendah, menegosiasikan reformasi kesejahteraan, dan mempromosikan peningkatan subsidi perawatan anak.<ref name="Scott20070730">{{cite quick |news|first=Janny|last=Scott|title=In Illinois, Obama Proved Pragmatic and Shrewd|date=July 30, 2007|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/30/us/politics/30obama.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=April 20, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080424130932/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/30/us/politics/30obama.html?|archivedate= April 24, 2008|deadurl= no}}</ref> Tahun 2001, selaku ketua bersama Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama mendukung peraturan [[pinjaman upah]] dan [[peminjaman predator|pemberian pinjaman gadai predator]] usulan Gubernur Ryan dari Partai Republik yang bertujuan menghindari penyitaan rumah.<ref>{{cite quick |news|author=Allison, Melissa|date=December 15, 2000|title=State takes on predatory lending; Rules would halt single-premium life insurance financing|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/65214450.html?dids=65214450:65214450&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT|format=paid archive|work=Chicago Tribune|page=1 (Business)|accessdate=June 1, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080617151154/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/65214450.html?dids=65214450:65214450&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT|archivedate= June 17, 2008|deadurl= no}}{{cite quick |news|author=Long, Ray; Allison, Melissa|date=April 18, 2001|title=Illinois OKs predatory loan curbs; State aims to avert home foreclosures|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/71459393.html?dids=71459393:71459393&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT|format=paid archive|work=Chicago Tribune|page=1|accessdate=June 1, 2008}}</ref>
Obama terpilih kembali sebagai Senator Illinois pada tahun 1998, mengalahkan Yesse Yehudah dari Partai Republik, lalu terpilih lagi pada tahun 2002.<ref>{{cite quick |web|url=http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html|title=13th District: Barack Obama|accessdate=April 20, 2008|date=August 24, 2000|publisher=Illinois State Senate Democrats|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20000824102110/http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html|archivedate=April 12, 2000}}{{cite quick |web|url=http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html|title=13th District: Barack Obama|accessdate=April 20, 2008|date=October 9, 2004|publisher=Illinois State Senate Democrats|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20040802233730/http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html|archivedate=August 2, 2004}}</ref> Tahun 2000, ia kalah dalam [[pemilihan umum distrik kongres ke-1 Illinois 2000|pemilu pendahuluan Demokrat]] untuk [[distrik kongres ke-1 Illinois]] di [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Amerika Serikat]]. Pemilu tersebut dimenangkan oleh petahana [[Bobby Rush]] yang sudah menjabat empat kali dengan margin suara dua banding satu.<ref name="Democratic primary" />
Pada Januari 2003, Obama menjadi ketua Komite Pelayanan Kesehatan dan Masyarakat Senat Illinois setelah Demokrat merebut kembali suara mayoritas pasca menjadi minoritas selama satu dasawarsa.<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=Jackie|last=Calmes|title=Statehouse Yields Clues to Obama|date=February 23, 2007|url=http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB117219748197216894-Sn6oV_4KLQHp_xz7CjYLuyjv3Jg_20070324.html|work=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=April 20, 2008}}</ref> Ia memperkenalkan dan memimpin pengesahan undang-undang dwipartai yang mengawasi [[pemrofilan ras]] dengan meminta polisi mencatat ras pengemudi yang mereka tahan, serta undang-undang yang menjadikan Illinois negara bagian pertama yang mewajibkan interogasi pelaku pembunuhan direkam.<ref name="Scott20070730" /><ref>{{cite quick |news|author=Tavella, Anne Marie|date=April 14, 2003|title=Profiling, taping plans pass Senate|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ADHB&p_theme=adhb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_text_search-0=Profiling,%20AND%20taping%20AND%20plans%20AND%20pass%20AND%20Senate&s_dispstring=Profiling,%20taping%20plans%20pass%20Senate%20AND%20date(April_4,_2003%20to%204/4/2003)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=4_April_2003%20to%204/4/2003)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no|format=paid archive|work=Daily Herald|page=17|accessdate=June 1, 2008}}{{cite quick |news|author=Haynes, V. Dion|date=June 29, 2003|title=Fight racial profiling at local level, lawmaker says; U.S. guidelines get mixed review|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/352884461.html?dids=352884461:352884461&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT|format=paid archive|work= Chicago Tribune|page=8|accessdate=June 1, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080617150449/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/352884461.html?dids=352884461:352884461&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT|archivedate= June 17, 2008|deadurl= no}}{{cite quick |news|author=Pearson, Rick|date=July 17, 2003|title=Taped confessions to be law; State will be 1st to pass legislation|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/370136121.html?dids=370136121:370136121&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT|format=paid archive |work= Chicago Tribune|page=1 (Metro)|accessdate=June 1, 2008}}</ref> Selama kampanye pemilu Senat A.S. 2004, perwakilan polisi memuji Obama atas keterlibatan aktifnya bersama organisasi polisi dengan menerapkan reformasi [[Hukuman mati di Amerika Serikat|hukuman mati]].<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=Sam|last=Youngman|coauthors=Aaron Blake|title=Obama's Crime Votes Are Fodder for Rivals|date=March 14, 2007|url=http://thehill.com/homenews/news/11316-obamas-crime-votes-are-fodder-for-rivals|work=The Hill|accessdate=May 18, 2012}} See also:{{cite quick |news|title=US Presidential Candidate Obama Cites Work on State Death Penalty Reforms|date=November 12, 2007|work=International Herald Tribune|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/11/12/america/NA-POL-US-Obama-Death-Penalty.php|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080607111231/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/11/12/america/NA-POL-US-Obama-Death-Penalty.php|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=May 18, 2012|archivedate=June 7, 2008}}</ref> Obama mengundurkan diri dari Senat Illinois pada bulan november 2004 setelah terpilih menjadi anggota Senat Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=Melanie|last=Coffee|title=Attorney Chosen to Fill Obama's State Senate Seat|date=November 6, 2004|publisher=HPKCC|url=http://www.hydepark.org/hpkccnews/raoul.htm#ap|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=April 20, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080516174431/http://www.hydepark.org/hpkccnews/raoul.htm|archivedate= May 16, 2008|deadurl= no}}</ref>
=== Kampanye Senat A.S. ===
{{main|Pemilihan Senat Amerika Serikat di Illinois 2004}}
[[Berkas:2004 Illinois Senate results.svg|lurus|jmpl|250px|Hasil pemilu Senat A.S. 2004 tingkat county di Illinois. County berwarna biru dimenangkan oleh Obama.]]
Bulan Mei 2002, Obama mengadakan pemungutan suara untuk menilai prospeknya pada pemilu Senat A.S. 2004; ia membuat panitia kampanye, menggalang dana, dan bekerja sama dengan konsultan media politik [[David Axelrod]] pada Agustus 2002. Obama secara resmi mencalonkan diri pada bulan Januari 2003.<ref>{{cite quick |news|author=Helman, Scott|date=October 12, 2007|title=Early defeat launched a rapid political climb|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|page=1A|url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/10/12/early_defeat_launched_a_rapid_political_climb|accessdate=April 13, 2008}}</ref>
Obama adalah salah seorang penentang pertama [[invasi Irak 2003]] yang dicanangkan oleh pemerintahan [[George W. Bush]].<ref>{{cite quick |news|author=Strausberg, Chinta|date=September 26, 2002|title=Opposition to war mounts|newspaper=Chicago Defender|page=1|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220062931.html|format=paid archive|accessdate=February 3, 2008}}</ref> Pada tanggal 2 Oktober 2002, saat Presiden Bush dan Kongres menyetujui [[Resolusi Irak|resolusi bersama]] yang mengizinkan dilancarkannya Perang Irak,<ref name="Rose Garden" /> Obama mengadakan [[protes terhadap Perang Irak|kampanye anti-Perang Irak]] pertama di Chicago dan berpidato di sana.<ref name="Federal Plaza" /><ref name="spoke out" /> Ia mengadakan kampanye anti-perang lainnya pada bulan Maret 2003 dan berkata bahwa "belum terlambat" untuk menghentikan perang.<ref name="stop the war" />
Keputusan petahana dari Partai Republik [[Peter Fitzgerald (politikus)|Peter Fitzgerald]] dan pendahulunya dari Partai Demokrat [[Carol Moseley Braun]] untuk tidak berpartisipasi dalam pemilihan umum berujung pada persaingan pemilihan pendahluan Demokrat dan Republik secara terbuka yang melibatkan 15 orang kandidat.<ref>{{cite quick |news|author=Davey, Monica|date=March 7, 2004|title=Closely watched Illinois Senate race attracts 7 candidates in millionaire range|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/07/politics/campaign/07ILLI.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060514152430/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/07/politics/campaign/07ILLI.html|archivedate=May 14, 2006|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|page=19|accessdate=April 13, 2008}}</ref> Pada pemilihan pendahuluan Maret 2004, Obama menang dengan selisih yang tidak diduga-duga—yang menjadikannya bintang satu malam di [[Partai Demokrat (Amerika Serikat)#Struktur dan komposisi|Partai Demokrat nasional]], sehingga memunculkan spekulasi tentang masa depannya sebagai presiden serta penerbitan ulang memoarnya, ''Dreams from My Father''.<ref name="future" /> Pada Juli 2004, Obama menyampaikan pidatonya di [[Konvensi Nasional Demokrat 2004]]<ref>{{cite quick |news|author=Bernstein, David|date=June 2007|title=The Speech|magazine=Chicago Magazine|url=http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2007/The-Speech|accessdate=April 13, 2008}}</ref> yang ditonton oleh 9,1 juta orang. Pidatonya disambut hangat dan menaikkan statusnya di Partai Demokrat.<ref name="status" />
Calon pesaing Obama pada pemilihan umum, yaitu pemenang pemilihan pendahuluan dari Partai Republik [[Jack Ryan (politikus)|Jack Ryan]], keluar pada bulan Juni 2004.<ref>{{cite quick |news|date=June 25, 2004|title=Ryan drops out of Senate race in Illinois|publisher=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/06/25/il.ryan/|accessdate=May 18, 2012}}
* Mendell (2007), pp. 260–271.</ref> Enam minggu kemudian, [[Alan Keyes]] menerima pencalonan Republik untuk menggantikan Ryan.<ref>{{cite quick |news|author=Lannan, Maura Kelly |agency = Associated Press |date=August 9, 2004|title=Alan Keyes enters U.S. Senate race in Illinois against rising Democratic star|newspaper=Union-Tribune |location = San Diego |url=http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/news/politics/20040809-0849-illinoissenate.html|accessdate=April 13, 2008}}</ref> Pada [[pemilihan umum Senat Amerika Serikat di Illinois 2004|pemilihan umum November 2004]], Obama memenangkan 70 persen suara.<ref name="margin" />
=== Senator A.S.: 2005–2008 ===
{{main|Karier Barack Obama di Senat Amerika Serikat}}
[[Berkas:BarackObamaportrait.jpg|jmpl|kiri|250px|Potret resmi Obama sebagai anggota Senat Amerika Serikat]]
Obama disumpah sebagai seorang senator pada tanggal 3 Januari 2005,<ref>{{CongBio|o000167|inline=1|date=October 12, 2011}}</ref> dan menjadi satu-satunya anggota Senat dari [[Congressional Black Caucus]].<ref>{{cite quick |web|title=Member Info|url=http://www.house.gov/kilpatrick/cbc/member_info.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080709114659/http://www.house.gov/kilpatrick/cbc/member_info.html|archivedate=July 9, 2008|publisher=Congressional Black Caucus|accessdate=June 25, 2008}}</ref> ''[[Congressional Quarterly|CQ Weekly]]'' menyebutnya sebagai seorang "Demokrat setia" berdasarkan analisis seluruh suara Senat tahun 2005–2007. Pada 13 November 2008, Obama mengumumkan akan mengundurkan diri dari jabatan Senatnya terhitung 16 November 2008, sebelum dimulainya sesi ''[[lame duck (politik)|lame-duck]]'', untuk berfokus pada masa transisinya sebagai presiden.<ref name="transition period" />
==== Undang-undang ====
{{see also|Daftar rancangan undang-undang yang disponsori Barack Obama di Senat Amerika Serikat}}
Obama turut mensponsori [[Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act]].<ref>{{cite quick |web|first=109th Congress, 1st Session|last=U.S. Senate|title=S. 1033, Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act|date=May 12, 2005|url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:SN01033:|publisher=Thomas|accessdate=April 27, 2008}}</ref> Ia memperkenalkan dua inisiatif yang diberi nama dirinya: Lugar–Obama, yang memperluas konsep [[Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction|pengurangan risiko bersama Nunn–Lugar]] menjadi senjata api konvensional;<ref>{{cite quick |web|url=http://obama.senate.gov/press/070111-lugar-obama_non/|title=Lugar–Obama Nonproliferation Legislation Signed into Law by the President|date=January 11, 2007|publisher=Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office|accessdate=April 27, 2008|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20081218154746/http://obama.senate.gov/press/070111-lugar-obama_non/|archivedate= December 18, 2008}} See also:{{cite quick |news|first=Richard G.|last=Lugar|coauthors=Barack Obama|title=Junkyard Dogs of War|date=December 3, 2005|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/02/AR2005120201509.html|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=April 27, 2008}}</ref> dan [[Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006]], yang mengizinkan pembuatan USAspending.gov, mesin pencari anggaran federal di Internet.<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=John|last=McCormack|title=Google Government Gone Viral|date=December 21, 2007|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/014/502njiqx.asp|work=Weekly Standard|accessdate=April 27, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080423235240/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/014/502njiqx.asp|archivedate= April 23, 2008|deadurl= no}} See also:{{cite quick |web|title=President Bush Signs Coburn–Obama Transparency Act|date=September 26, 2006|url=http://coburn.senate.gov/ffm/index.cfm?FuseAction=LegislativeFloorAction.Home&ContentRecord_id=eb582f19-802a-23ad-41db-7a7cb464cfdb|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080501233103/http://coburn.senate.gov/ffm/index.cfm?FuseAction=LegislativeFloorAction.Home&ContentRecord_id=eb582f19-802a-23ad-41db-7a7cb464cfdb|archivedate=May 1, 2008|publisher=Tom Coburn U.S. Senate Office|accessdate=April 27, 2008}} and [http://www.USAspending.gov/ USAspending.gov]</ref> Tanggal 3 Juni 2008, Senator Obama—bersama Senator [[Tom Carper]], [[Tom Coburn]], dan [[John McCain]]—memperkenalkan RUU kelanjutannya, yaitu Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.<ref>{{cite quick |web|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/110/s3077|title=S. 3077: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008: 2007–2008 (110th Congress)|publisher=Govtrack.us|date=June 3, 2008|accessdate=May 18, 2012}}</ref>
Obama mensponsori RUU yang mewajibkan pemilik PLTN memberitahu kebocoran radioaktif kepada otoritas negara bagian dan wilayah setempat, namun gagal disahkan secara bulat setelah diubah besar-besaran oleh komite.<ref>{{cite quick |news|last=McIntire|first=Mike|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/us/politics/03exelon.html|title=Nuclear Leaks and Response Tested Obama in Senate|date=February 3, 2008|work=The New York Times|accessdate=April 27, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080512064208/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/us/politics/03exelon.html?|archivedate= May 12, 2008|deadurl= no}}</ref> Mengenai [[reformasi kerugian]], Obama memberi suaranya untuk [[Class Action Fairness Act of 2005]] dan [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008|FISA Amendments Act of 2008]], yang memberikan imunitas kewajiban sipil kepada perusahaan-perusahaan telekomunikasi yang mematuhi operasi [[kontroversi pengawasan tanpa surat perintah NSA|penyadapan tanpa surat perintah NSA]].<ref name="Fisher">{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.forbes.com/2008/08/08/obama-mccain-torts-biz-beltway-cz_df_0811torts.html|title=November Election A Lawyer's Delight|author=Fisher, Daniel|work=Forbes|date=August 11, 2008|accessdate=January 11, 2009|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120920224721/http://www.forbes.com/2008/08/08/obama-mccain-torts-biz-beltway-cz_df_0811torts.html|archivedate=September 20, 2012}}</ref>
[[Berkas:Lugar-Obama.jpg|jmpl|alt=Gray-haired man and Obama stand, wearing casual polo shirts. Obama wears sunglasses and holds something slung over his right shoulder.|kiri|250px|Obama dan Sen. A.S. [[Richard Lugar]] (R-IN) mengunjungi sebuah fasilitas perombakan rudal bergerak di Rusia (Agustus 2005).<ref>{{cite quick |web|title=Nunn–Lugar Report|month=August|year=2005|publisher=Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office|url=http://lugar.senate.gov/nunnlugar/pdf/trip_report_2005.pdf|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080501002134/http://lugar.senate.gov/nunnlugar/pdf/trip_report_2005.pdf|archivedate=May 1, 2008|accessdate=April 30, 2008|format=PDF}}</ref>]]
Pada bulan Desember 2006, Presiden Bush mengesahkan Undang-Undang Pemulihan, Keamanan, dan Pengenalan Demokrasi [[Republik Demokratik Kongo]], yang menandai UU federal pertama yang disahkan dan disponsori Obama.<ref>{{cite quick |web|title=Democratic Republic of the Congo|month=April|year=2006|url=http://www.usccb.org/sdwp/international/drc0406.shtml|publisher=United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|accessdate=January 26, 2012|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110108193726/http://www.usccb.org/sdwp/international/drc0406.shtml|archivedate=January 8, 2011}}{{cite quick |web|title=The IRC Welcomes New U.S. Law on Congo|date=January 5, 2007|url=http://www.theirc.org/news/the-irc-welcomes-new-us-law.html|publisher=International Rescue Committee|accessdate=April 27, 2008}}</ref> Bulan Januari 2007, Obama dan Senator Feingold memperkenalkan peraturan jet perusahaan dalam [[Honest Leadership and Open Government Act]] yang disahkan bulan September 2007.<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=Nathaniel|last=Weixel|title=Feingold, Obama Go After Corporate Jet Travel|date=November 15, 2007|url=http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/feingold-obama-go-after-corporate-jet-travel-2007-11-15.html|work=The Hill|accessdate=April 27, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080515201902/http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/feingold-obama-go-after-corporate-jet-travel-2007-11-15.html|archivedate= May 15, 2008|deadurl= no}}{{cite quick |news|first=Nathaniel|last=Weixel|title=Lawmakers Press FEC on Bundling Regulation|date=December 5, 2007|url=http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/lawmakers-press-fec-on-bundling-regulation-2007-12-05.html|work=The Hill|accessdate=April 27, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080416162108/http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/lawmakers-press-fec-on-bundling-regulation-2007-12-05.html|archivedate= April 16, 2008|deadurl= no}} See also:{{cite quick |news|title=Federal Election Commission Announces Plans to Issue New Regulations to Implement the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007|date=September 24, 2007|publisher=Federal Election Commission|url=http://www.fec.gov/press/press2007/20070924travel.shtml|accessdate=April 27, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080411220016/http://www.fec.gov/press/press2007/20070924travel.shtml|archivedate= April 11, 2008|deadurl= no}}</ref> Obama juga memperkenalkan [[Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act]], sebuah RUU yang mengkriminalisasi praktik penipuan dalam pemilihan umum federal,<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=Seth|last=Stern|title=Obama–Schumer Bill Proposal Would Criminalize Voter Intimidation|date=January 31, 2007|publisher=CQPolitics.com|url=http://www.nytimes.com/cq/2007/01/31/cq_2213.html|accessdate=April 27, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080516104256/http://www.nytimes.com/cq/2007/01/31/cq_2213.html|archivedate= May 16, 2008|deadurl= no}}{{cite quick |web|first=110th Congress, 1st Session|last=U.S. Senate|title=S. 453, Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act of 2007|date=January 31, 2007|url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d110:SN00453:|publisher=Thomas|accessdate=April 27, 2008}} See also:{{cite quick |news|title=Honesty in Elections|date=January 31, 2007|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/31/opinion/31wed1.html|work=The New York Times|format=editorial|accessdate=April 27, 2008}}</ref> dan [[Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007]].<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=E. Kasak|last=Krystin|title=Obama Introduces Measure to Bring Troops Home|date=February 7, 2007|publisher=Medill News Service|url=http://www.nwitimes.com/news/local/article_c7147a5d-31bc-5497-abdd-a99c0cd6c189.html|accessdate=April 27, 2008}}</ref> Tidak satupun yang disahkan.
Kemudian pada tahun 2007, Obama memperkenalkan amendemen terhadap Defense Authorization Act yang berisi tentang penambahan perlindungan bagi pensiunan militer yang menderita gangguan kepribadian.<ref>{{cite quick |web|title=Obama, Bond Hail New Safeguards on Military Personality Disorder Discharges, Urge Further Action|date=October 1, 2007|url=http://bond.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressRoom.NewsReleases&ContentRecord_id=5C1EBFEB-1321-0E36-BA7D-04630AEFAD31|publisher=Kit Bond U.S. Senate Office|accessdate=April 27, 2008|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20101205075008/http://bond.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressRoom.NewsReleases&ContentRecord_id=5C1EBFEB-1321-0E36-BA7D-04630AEFAD31|archivedate=December 5, 2010}}</ref> Amanddemen ini disahkan Senat dengan suara bulat pada musim semi 2008.<ref>{{cite quick |web|title=Obama, Bond Applaud Senate Passage of Amendment to Expedite the Review of Personality Disorder Discharge Cases|url=http://obama.senate.gov/press/080314-obama_bond_appl/|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081218154824/http://obama.senate.gov/press/080314-obama_bond_appl/|archivedate= December 18, 2008|date=March 14, 2008}}</ref> Ia memperkenalkan pula [[Disinvestasi dari Iran|Iran Sanctions Enabling Act]] yang mendukung divestasi dana pensiun negara dari industri minyak dan gas Iran, yang tidak disahkan komite; serta mensponsori bersama UU pengurangan risiko terorisme nuklir.<ref name="nuclear terrorism" /> Obama juga mensponsori amendemen Senat terhadap [[State Children's Health Insurance Program]] yang memberikan perlindungan kerja selama satu tahun untuk para anggota keluarga yang merawat tentara-tentara terluka akibat pertempuran.<ref>{{cite quick |web|title=Senate Passes Obama, McCaskill Legislation to Provide Safety Net for Families of Wounded Service Members|date=August 2, 2007|url=http://obama.senate.gov/press/070802-senate_passes_o_1/|publisher=Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office|accessdate=April 27, 2008|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20081218154819/http://obama.senate.gov/press/070802-senate_passes_o_1/|archivedate=December 18, 2008}}</ref>
==== Komite ====
Obama mengemban tugas di Komite Senat untuk [[Komite Hubungan Luar Negeri Senat Amerika Serikat|Hubungan Luar Negeri]], [[Komite Lingkungan dan Pekerjaan Umum Senat Amerika Serikat|Lingkungan dan Pekerjaan Umum]] dan [[Komite Urusan Veteran Senat Amerika Serikat|Urusan Veteran]] sepanjang Desember 2006.<ref>{{cite quick |web|url=http://obama.senate.gov/committees/ |date=December 9, 2006 |title=Committee Assignments |accessdate=April 27, 2008 |publisher=Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20061209190827/obama.senate.gov/committees/ |archivedate=December 9, 2006}}</ref> Pada Januari 2007, ia keluar dari komite Lingkungan dan Pekerjaan Umum dan melaksanakan tugas tambahan di [[Komite Kesehatan, Pendidikan, Buruh, dan Pensiun Senat Amerika Serikat|Komite Kesehatan, Pendidikan, Buruh, dan Pensiun]] dan [[Komite Keamanan Dalam Negeri dan Urusan Pemerintahan Senat Amerika Serikat|Keamanan Dalam Negeri dan Urusan Pemerintahan]].<ref>{{cite quick |news|title=Obama Gets New Committee Assignments |date=November 15, 2006 |publisher=Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office |url=http://obama.senate.gov/news/061115-obama_gets_new/ |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=April 27, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081218154741/http://obama.senate.gov/news/061115-obama_gets_new/|archivedate=December 18, 2008}}</ref> Ia juga menjadi Ketua subkomite Senat untuk [[Subkomite Hubungan Luar Negeri Senat Amerika Serikat untuk Urusan Eropa|Urusan Eropa]].<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=Tom |last=Baldwin |title=Stay-At-Home Barack Obama Comes Under Fire for a Lack of Foreign Experience |date=December 21, 2007 |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article3080794.ece |work=Sunday Times (UK) |accessdate=April 27, 2008}}</ref> Selaku anggota Komite Hubungan Luar Negeri Senat, Obama melakukan serangkaian kunjungan resmi ke Eropa Timur, Timur Tengah, Asia Tengah, dan Afrika. Ia bertemu dengan [[Mahmoud Abbas]] sebelum menjadi [[Presiden Otoritas Nasional Palestina]] dan berpidato di [[Universitas Nairobi]] sambil mengutuk korupsi di tubuh pemerintahan Kenya.<ref name="Kenyan" />
== Kampanye presiden ==
[[Berkas:Obama Austin.jpg|jmpl|250px|Senator Barack Obama di [[Austin, Texas]], 2007.]]
=== Kampanye presiden 2008 ===
{{main|Pemilihan umum presiden Amerika Serikat 2008|Kampanye pendahuluan presiden Barack Obama 2008|Kampanye presiden Barack Obama 2008}}
[[Berkas:Flickr Obama Springfield 01.jpg|jmpl|alt=Photograph|250px|Obama berdiri di panggung bersama istri dan putrinya sesaat sebelum menyatakan pencalonannya sebagai presiden di [[Springfield, Illinois]], 10 Februari 2007]]
[[Berkas:President George W. Bush and Barack Obama meet in Oval Office.jpg|jmpl|alt=Photograph|250px|Presiden [[George W. Bush]] bertemu Presiden terpilih Obama di [[Oval Office]] pada tanggal 10 November 2008]]
Pada tanggal 10 Februari 2007, Obama menyatakan pencalonannya sebagai Presiden Amerika Serikat di depan gedung [[Old State Capitol State Historic Site (Illinois)|Old State Capitol]] di [[Springfield, Illinois]].<ref name="ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210">{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-070210obama-pearson1-story,0,3768114.story|title=Obama: I'm running for president|work=Chicago Tribune|author=Pearson, Rick|coauthors=Long, Ray|date=February 10, 2007|accessdate=September 20, 2008}}</ref><ref name="BBC20070210">{{cite quick |news|title=Obama Launches Presidential Bid|date=February 10, 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6349081.stm|publisher=BBC News Online|accessdate=January 14, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080202060802/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6349081.stm|archivedate= February 2, 2008|deadurl= no}}</ref> Pemilihan tempat pengumuman itu dianggap simbolis karena di situ [[Abraham Lincoln]] menyampaikan pidato bersejarahnya yang berjudul [[Lincoln's House Divided Speech|"House Divided"]] tahun 1858.<ref name="ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210" /><ref name="ChicagoTribune_Parsons20070210">{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-159132539.html|title=Obama's launch site: Symbolic Springfield: Announcement venue evokes Lincoln legacy|last=Parsons|first=Christi|date=February 10, 2007|work= Chicago Tribune|accessdate=June 12, 2009}}</ref> Obama menekankan isu pengakhiran [[Perang Irak]] secepat mungkin, meningkatkan [[kebijakan energi Amerika Serikat|kebebasan energi]], dan menyediakan [[pelayanan kesehatan universal#Amerika Serikat|layanan kesehatan universal]],<ref>{{cite quick |news|title=Barack Obama on the Issues: What Would Be Your Top Three Overall Priorities If Elected?|url=http://projects.washingtonpost.com/2008-presidential-candidates/issues/candidates/barack-obama/#top-priorities|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=April 14, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080509140350/http://projects.washingtonpost.com/2008-presidential-candidates/issues/candidates/barack-obama/|archivedate= May 9, 2008|deadurl= no}} See also:
* {{cite quick |book|author=[[Evan Thomas|Thomas, Evan]]|title=A Long Time Coming|publisher=[[PublicAffairs]]|year=2009|place=New York|page=74|isbn=978-1-58648-607-5}}
* {{cite quick |news|first=Michael|last=Falcone|title=Obama's 'One Thing'|date=December 21, 2007|url=http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/12/21/obamas-one-thing/|work=The New York Times|accessdate=April 14, 2008}}</ref> dalam kampanye yang mengusung tema "harapan" dan "perubahan".<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-the-obama-promise-of-hope-and-change-981761.html|title=The Obama promise of hope and change|work=The Independent |place=London|date=November 1, 2008|accessdate=December 22, 2010|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110515091856/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-the-obama-promise-of-hope-and-change-981761.html|archivedate=May 15, 2011}}</ref>
Banyak kandidat yang ikut bertarung dalam [[pemilihan pendahuluan presiden Partai Demokrat 2008|pemilihan pendahuluan presiden Partai Demokrat]]. Persaingan besar ini berakhir dengan duel antara Obama dan Senator [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]] dan berlangsung ketat sepanjang proses pemilihan pendahuluan. Akan tetapi, Obama tetap unggul dalam jumlah [[delegasi]] karena perencanaan jangka panjang yang baik, penggalangan dana kelas atas, dominasi di negara-negara bagian [[kaukus]], serta pemanfaatan peraturan alokasi delegasi yang sangat rapi.<ref name="allocation" /> Pada 7 Juni 2008, Clinton mengakhiri kampanyenya dan mendukung Obama.<ref>{{cite quick |news|last=Nagourney|first=Adam|first2=Jeff|last2=Zeleny|title=Clinton to End Bid and Endorse Obama|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/05/us/politics/04cnd-campaign.html|work=The New York Times|date=June 5, 2008|accessdate=November 20, 2010}}</ref>
Tanggal 23 Agustus, Obama mengumumkan penunjukan Senator [[Delaware]] [[Joe Biden]] sebagai pasangan kampanye sekaligus calon wakil presidennya.<ref>{{cite quick |news|accessdate=September 20, 2008|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/24/us/politics/24biden.html|last=Nagourney|first=Adam|first2=Jeff|last2=Zeleny|work=The New York Times|date=August 23, 2008|title=Obama Chooses Biden as Running Mate |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080914015018/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/24/us/politics/24biden.html?|archivedate= September 14, 2008|deadurl= no}}</ref> Biden dipilih dari sejumlah calon yang meliputi mantan [[Gubernur Indiana]] dan Senator [[Evan Bayh]] dan [[Gubernur Virginia]] [[Tim Kaine]].<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2008-08-21/politics/obama.vice.president_1_obama-selection-process-joe-biden?_s=PM:POLITICS|publisher=CNN|title=Sources: High court selection process down to finalists|date=May 13, 2009}}</ref> Pada [[Konvensi Nasional Demokrat 2008]] di Denver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton meminta para pendukungnya memilih Obama dan ia serta [[Bill Clinton]] menyampaikan pidato dukungan untuk Obama.<ref name="delegates" /> Obama menyampaikan pidato penerimaan pencalonannya, bukan di tengah arena Konvensi Nasional Demokrat, tetapi di [[Invesco Field at Mile High]] di hadapan sekitar 75.000 orang; pidato tersebut ditonton oleh lebih dari 38 juta orang di seluruh dunia.<ref name="npr1409">{{cite quick |web|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=92301409|title=Obama To Accept Nomination At Mile High Stadium|publisher=NPR|date=July 7, 2008|accessdate=December 22, 2010|author=Liasson, Mara; Norris, Michele}}</ref><ref name="acceptance" />
Selama proses pemilihan pendahuluan dan pemilihan umum, kampanye Obama mencetak sejumlah rekor penggalangan dana, terutama dalam jumlah sumbangan kecil.<ref name="small donations" /> Pada 19 Juni 2008, Obama menjadi kandidat presiden partai besar pertama yang menolak [[Pendanaan kampanye di Amerika Serikat#Pendanaan kampanye publik|pendanaan publik]] dalam pemilu sejak sistem tersebut dicetuskan tahun 1976.<ref name="Bloomberg_Salant_20080619">{{cite quick |news|author=Salant, Jonathan D.|title=Obama Won't Accept Public Money in Election Campaign|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601070&sid=aNi.G0PhWnFw|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]|date=June 19, 2008|accessdate=June 19, 2008}}</ref>
John McCain dicalonkan sebagai kandidat dari Partai Republik dan keduanya mengikuti tiga [[debat pemilihan umum presiden Amerika Serikat|debat presiden]] pada bulan September dan Oktober 2008.<ref name="presidential debates" /> Tanggal 4 November, Obama memenangkan pemilu dengan 365 [[Lembaga Pemilihan (Amerika Serikat)|suara elektoral]] dibandingkan dengan 173 suara yang diperoleh McCain.<ref name="electoral votes" /> Obama memenangkan 52,9% [[Pemilihan umum|suara rakyat]] dibandingkan dengan 45,7% yang diterima McCain.<ref>{{cite quick |web|url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2008/president/us/general_election_mccain_vs_obama-225.html|title=General Election: McCain vs. Obama|accessdate=February 20, 2009|publisher=Real Clear Politics|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090217083055/http://www.realclearpolitics.com//epolls//2008//president//us//general_election_mccain_vs_obama-225.html|archivedate= February 17, 2009|deadurl= no}}</ref> Ia menjadi orang Afrika Amerika pertama yang menduduki jabatan presiden.<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/us_elections_2008/7709978.stm|title=Obama wins historic US election|publisher=BBC News Online|date=November 5, 2008|accessdate=November 5, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081218083153/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/us_elections_2008/7709978.stm|archivedate= December 18, 2008|deadurl= no}}
* {{cite quick |news|accessdate=November 5, 2008|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/05/us/politics/05elect.html?pagewanted=all|title=Obama Elected President as Racial Barrier Falls|first=Adam|last=Nagourney|date=November 4, 2008|work=The New York Times |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081209071842/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/05/us/politics/05elect.html?pagewanted=all|archivedate= December 9, 2008|deadurl= no}}
* {{cite quick |news|accessdate=November 5, 2008|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/04/election.president/index.html|title=Obama: 'This is your victory'|publisher=CNN|date=November 5, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081104231227/http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/04/election.president/index.html|archivedate= November 4, 2008|deadurl= no}}</ref> Obama menyampaikan [[pidato kemenangan Barack Obama 2008|pidato kemenangannya]] di hadapan ratusan ribu pendukungnya di [[Grant Park (Chicago)|Grant Park]], Chicago.<ref name="independent1">{{cite quick |news|accessdate=November 5, 2008|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/change-has-come-says-presidentelect-obama-992930.html|title=Change has come, says President-elect Obama|work=The Independent (UK)|date=November 5, 2008|last=Johnson|first=Wesley|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081209055411/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/change-has-come-says-presidentelect-obama-992930.html|archivedate= December 9, 2008|deadurl= no}}</ref>
[[Berkas:P112912PS-0444 - President Barack Obama and Mitt Romney in the Oval Office - crop.jpg|jmpl|kiri|250px|[[Mitt Romney]] dan Presiden Obama bersalaman di [[Oval Office]] tanggal 29 November 2012, setelah pertemuan pertama mereka sejak pemilihan kembali Presiden Obama.]]
=== Kampanye presiden 2012 ===
{{main|Pemilihan umum presiden Amerika Serikat 2012|Kampanye presiden Barack Obama 2012}}
[[Berkas:Empire State Building Blue Obama Election.JPG|jmpl|250px|[[Empire State Building]] dibanjiri cahaya biru setelah [[CNN]] menyatakan Obama sebagai pemenang pemilu 2012; jika Romney menang cahayanya berwarna merah.<ref>[http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/new-york-state-building-displays-election-results-article-1.1197707 Empire State Building lights up to broadcast election results], Charlie Wells, ''[[New York Daily News]]'', November 6, 2012</ref>]]
Pada tanggal 4 April 2011, Obama mengumumkan kampanye pemilihannya kembali untuk pemilu 2012 dalam sebuah video berjudul "It Begins with Us" di situs webnya dan mengirim berkas pemilu ke [[Federal Election Commission]].<ref>{{cite quick|news|title=Obama Begins Re-Election Facing New Political Challenges|url=http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/04/obama-launches-re-election-facing-new-political-challenges/|date=April 4, 2011|first=Michael D.|last=Shear|work=The New York Times|separator=,|accessdate=April 5, 2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110405205656/http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/04/obama-launches-re-election-facing-new-political-challenges/|archivedate=April 5, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite quick|news|title=Obama announces re-election bid|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2011/04/04/Obama-announces-re-election-bid/UPI-95081301905800/?dailybrief|date=April 4, 2011|agency=[[United Press International]]|separator=,|accessdate=April 5, 2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110510011832/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2011/04/04/Obama-announces-re-election-bid/UPI-95081301905800/?dailybrief|archivedate= May 10, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite quick|news|title=Obama Opens 2012 Campaign, With Eye on Money and Independent Voters|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/05/us/politics/05obama.html?scp=1&sq=obama%202012&st=cse|date=April 4, 2011|first=Jeff|last=Zeleny|work=The New York Times|first2=Jackie|last2=Calmes|separator=,|lastauthoramp=yes|accessdate=April 5, 2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110511230822/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/05/us/politics/05obama.html?scp=1&sq=obama%202012&st=cse|archivedate= May 11, 2011}}</ref> Sebagai presiden petahana, ia secara virtual tidak punya saingan pada [[pemilihan pendahuluan presiden Partai Demokrat 2012|pemilihan pendahuluan presiden Partai Demokrat]],<ref name="CNN-clinch1">{{cite quick|news|url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/03/leading-presidential-candidate-to-clinch-nomination-tuesday/|title=Leading presidential candidate to clinch nomination Tuesday|publisher=CNN|author=Yoon, Robert|date=April 3, 2012|accessdate=May 2, 2012}}</ref> dan pada 3 April 2012, Obama berhasil mendapat dukungan dari 2778 delegasi [[Konvensi Nasional Demokrat 2012|konvensi]] yang dibutuhkan untuk memenangkan pencalonan Demokrat.<ref name="CNN-clinch2">{{cite quick|news|url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/03/breaking-obama-clinches-democratic-nomination/|title=Obama clinches Democratic nomination|publisher=CNN|date=April 3, 2012|accessdate=April 3, 2012}}</ref>
Pada [[Konvensi Nasional Demokrat 2012]] di [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], mantan [[Presiden Amerika Serikat|Presiden]] [[Bill Clinton]] secara resmi mencalonkan Obama dan [[Joe Biden]] sebagai kandidat dari Partai Demokrat untuk menjadi presiden dan wakil presiden pada pemilihan umum mendatang, melawan [[Mitt Romney]], mantan gubernur Massachusetts, dan Anggota DPR [[Paul Ryan]] dari Wisconsin dari Partai Republik.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cohen|first=Tom|title=Clinton says Obama offers a better path forward for America|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/05/politics/democratic-convention-wrap/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=September 6, 2012}}</ref>
Pada tanggal 6 November 2012, Obama memeroleh 332 [[Electoral College (Amerika Serikat)|suara elektoral]], melebihi batas minimal 270 yang dibutuhkan agar bisa terpilih lagi sebagai presiden.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lauter|first=David|title=Romney campaign gives up in Florida|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/la-pn-romney-concedes-florida-election-20121108,0,415187.story|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=November 8, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109020204/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/la-pn-romney-concedes-florida-election-20121108%2C0%2C415187.story|archivedate=2012-11-09|access-date=2013-01-19|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Barnes|first=Robert|title=Obama wins a second term as U.S. president|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/decision2012/after-grueling-campaign-polls-open-for-election-day-2012/2012/11/06/d1c24c98-2802-11e2-b4e0-346287b7e56c_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=November 6, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Welch|first=William M.|last2=Strauss|first2=Gary|title=With win in critical battleground states, Obama wins second term|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2012/11/06/election-day-obama-romney/1680933/|newspaper=USA Today|date=November 7, 2012}}</ref> Dengan 51% suara rakyat, Obama menjadi presiden Demokrat pertama sejak [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] yang dua kali mendapatkan [[Daftar pemilihan umum presiden Amerika Serikat menurut selisih suara rakyat|mayoritas suara rakyat]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Brownstein|first=Ronald|title=The U.S. has reached a demographic milestone -- and it's not turning back|url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/thenextamerica/demographics/the-u-s-has-reached-a-demographic-milestone-and-it-s-not-turning-back-20121109|newspaper=National Journal|date=November 9, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thenation.com/blog/171178/obama-has-great-big-mandate-and-he-must-use-it#|title=Obama's 3 Million Vote, Electoral College Landslide, Majority of States Mandate|last=Nichols|first=John|date=November 9, 2012|work=The Nation|accessdate=November 18, 2012}}</ref> Presiden Obama berpidato di hadapan para pendukung dan relawannya di McCormick Place, Chicago, setelah pemilihannya kembali dan berkata: "Malam ini kalian memilih tindakan, bukan politik seperti biasanya. Kalian memilih kami untuk berfokus pada pekerjaan kalian, bukan kami. Dan dalam beberapa minggu dan bulan selanjutnya, saya berusaha menghubungi dan bekerja sama dengan para pemimpin dari kedua partai."<ref>{{cite news|last=Lee|first=Kristen A.|title=Election 2012: President Obama gives victory speech in front of thousands in Chicago, 'I have never been more hopeful about America'|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/president-obama-victory-speech-hopeful-america-article-1.1197895|accessdate=November 8, 2012|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=November 7, 2012}}</ref>
== Pemerintahan ==
{{main|Pemerintahan Barack Obama}}
{{see also|Konfirmasi Kabinet Barack Obama|Daftar kunjungan kenegaraan Barack Obama}}
=== Hari-hari pertama ===
[[Berkas:US President Barack Obama taking his Oath of Office - 2009Jan20.jpg|jmpl|250px|Barack Obama mengambil [[Sumpah jabatan Presiden Amerika Serikat|sumpah jabatan]] dibantu [[Ketua Hakim Amerika Serikat|Ketua Hakim]] [[John Roberts|John G. Roberts, Jr.]] di [[United States Capitol|the Capitol]], 20 Januari 2009|alt=Photograph]]
[[Pelantikan pertama Barack Obama|Pelantikan Barack Obama]] sebagai Presiden ke-44 dilaksanakan pada tanggal 20 Januari 2009. Pada hari-hari pertamanya menjabat, Obama mengeluarkan sejumlah perintah eksekutif dan memorandum presiden yang ditujukan pada militer A.S. untuk menyusun rencana penarikan tentara dari [[Irak]].<ref>{{cite quick |news|title=Obama asks Pentagon for responsible Iraq drawdown|date=January 23, 2009|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2009-01/23/content_7423535.htm|work=China Daily|accessdate=September 4, 2009}}</ref> Ia memerintahkan penutupan [[kamp penahanan Teluk Guantanamo]],<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/washington/22gitmo.html|title=Obama Orders Halt to Prosecutions at Guantánamo|last=Glaberson|first=William|date=January 21, 2009|work=The New York Times|accessdate=February 3, 2009|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090130031009/http://nytimes.com/2009/01/22/washington/22gitmo.html|archivedate= January 30, 2009}}</ref> tetapi Kongres mencegahnya dengan menolak pencairan dana yang diperlukan.<ref>{{cite quick |news|title=Senate blocks transfer of Gitmo detainees|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/30826649/ns/politics-capitol_hill/|date=May 20, 2009|publisher=[[msnbc.com]]|agency=Associated Press|separator=,|accessdate=March 22, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite quick |web|title=Presidential Memorandum—Closure of Detention Facilities at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/presidential-memorandum-closure-dentention-facilities-guantanamo-bay-naval-base|date=December 15, 2009|first=Barack|last=Obama|publisher=[[whitehouse.gov]]|separator=,|accessdate=March 22, 2011|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110315000624/http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/presidential-memorandum-closure-dentention-facilities-guantanamo-bay-naval-base|archivedate= March 15, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite quick |news|title=Obama signs Defense authorization bill|url=http://federalnewsradio.com/?sid=2226350&nid=35|date=January 7, 2011|first=Jared|last=Serbu|publisher=[[Federal News Radio]]|separator=,|accessdate=March 22, 2011}}</ref> Obama mengurangi tingkat kerahasiaan catatan presiden.<ref>{{cite quick |web|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/ExecutiveOrderPresidentialRecords/|title=Executive Order—Presidential Records|accessdate=January 22, 2009|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090122234307/http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/ExecutiveOrderPresidentialRecords/|archivedate= January 22, 2009|deadurl= no}}</ref> Ia juga mencabut penerapan kembali [[Mexico City Policy]] era Presiden [[Ronald Reagan]] oleh Presiden [[George W. Bush]] yang melarang bantuan federal untuk organisasi perencanaan keluarga internasional yang melakukan atau memberi bantuan konseling tentang aborsi.<ref>{{cite quick |web|last=Obama|first=Barack|date=January 23, 2009|title=Mexico City Policy and assistance for voluntary population planning (Presidential memorandum)|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=The White House|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/MexicoCityPolicy-VoluntaryPopulationPlanning|accessdate=September 21, 2012}}
* {{cite quick |news|last=Meckler|first=Laura|date=January 24, 2009|title=Obama lifts 'gag rule' on family-planning groups|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|page=A3|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123272364299610287.html|accessdate=September 21, 2012}}
* {{cite quick |news|last1=Stein|first1=Rob|last2=Shear|first2=Michael|date=January 24, 2009|title=Funding restored to groups that perform abortions, other care|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A3|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/23/AR2009012302814.html|accessdate=September 21, 2012|quote=Lifting the Mexico City Policy would not permit U.S. tax dollars to be used for abortions, but it would allow funding to resume to groups that provide other services, including counseling about abortions.}}</ref>
=== Kebijakan dalam negeri ===
{{main|Kebijakan sosial Barack Obama}}
Rancangan undang-undang pertama yang disahkan oleh Obama adalah [[Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009]] yang memperlonggar [[persyaratan batasan]] tuntutan hukum upah setara.<ref>{{cite quick |news|title=Obama Signs Equal-Pay Legislation|work=The New York Times|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/30/us/politics/30ledbetter-web.html|accessdate=June 15, 2009|date=January 30, 2009}}</ref> Lima hari kemudian, ia menandatangani perizinan kembali State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) untuk mengasuransikan sekitar 4 juta anak.<ref>{{cite quick |news|title=Obama signs into law expansion of SCHIP health care program for children|work=Chicago Tribune|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-kids-health-care_thufeb05,0,30310.story|accessdate=June 15, 2009|first=Noam N.|last=Levey|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090430194400/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-kids-health-care_thufeb05,0,30310.story|archivedate= April 30, 2009}}</ref> Pada bulan Maret 2009, Obama menghapus kebijakan era Bush yang membatasi pendanaan penelitian [[sel batang embrionik]] dan berjanji membuat "panduan ketat" mengenai penelitian tersebut.<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/03/09/obama.stem.cells/index.html|title=Obama overturns Bush policy on stem cells|publisher=CNN|date=March 9, 2009|accessdate=April 18, 2010|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100330183125/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/03/09/obama.stem.cells/index.html|archivedate= March 30, 2010}}</ref>
[[Berkas:Barack Obama addresses joint session of Congress 2009-02-24.jpg|jmpl|kiri|250px|Obama menyampaikan [[pidato sidang gabungan Kongres Barack Obama Februari 2009|pidato sidang gabungan Kongres]] bersama [[Wakil Presiden Amerika Serikat|Wakil Presiden]] [[Joe Biden]] dan [[Ketua Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Amerika Serikat|Ketua DPR]] [[Nancy Pelosi]] pada tanggal 24 Februari 2009]]
Obama menunjuk dua wanita untuk menjabat di Mahkamah Agung pada dua tahun pertama masa pemerintahannya. [[Sonia Sotomayor]], yang dicalonkan Obama tanggal 26 Mei 2009 untuk menggantikan [[Hakim Pembantu Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat|Hakim Pembantu]] [[David Souter]], resmi menjabat pada 6 Agustus 2009<ref>{{cite quick |news|title=Senate confirms Sotomayor for Supreme Court|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/08/06/sonia.sotomayor/|date=August 6, 2009|publisher=CNN|accessdate=August 6, 2009}}</ref> dan menjadi Hakim Mahkamah Agung [[Hispanik]] pertama.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/05/26/supreme.court/index.html Obama nominates Sotomayor to Supreme Court], CNN. Retrieved May 26, 2009.</ref> [[Elena Kagan]], yang dicalonkan Obama tanggal 10 Mei 2010 untuk menggantikan Hakim Pembantu [[John Paul Stevens]], resmi menjabat pada 5 Agustus 2010 sehingga untuk pertama kalinya sepanjang sejarah Amerika Serikat pejabat wanita di Mahkamah Agung berjumlah tiga orang.<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.theledger.com/article/20101004/news/10045042|title=New Era Begins on High Court: Kagan Takes Place as Third Woman|last=Sherman|first=Mark|date=October 4, 2010|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=November 13, 2010}}</ref>
Pada tanggal 30 September 2009, pemerintahan Obama mengusulkan peraturan baru khusus pembangkit listrik, pabrik, dan penyulingan minyak untuk membatasi emisi gas rumah kaca dan memperlambat [[pemanasan global]].<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/01/science/earth/01epa.html|work=The New York Times|first=John M.|last=Broder|title=E.P.A. Moves to Curtail Greenhouse Gas Emissions|date=October 1, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ip53lrBGDBrm5QYg-npRkHn4ggRA|title=US moves to limit industrial greenhouse gas emissions|publisher=Google News|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=October 1, 2009|accessdate=April 18, 2010|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20120523114528/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ip53lrBGDBrm5QYg-npRkHn4ggRA|archivedate=May 23, 2012}}</ref>
Tanggal 8 Oktober 2009, Obama menandatangani [[Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act]], sebuah peraturan yang memperluas [[Hukum kebencian di Amerika Serikat#Penanganan kebencian federal|hukum kebencian federal Amerika Serikat 1969]] agar mencakup juga kejahatan yang dilakukan karena [[jenis kelamin]], [[orientasi seksual]], [[identitas gender]], atau [[kecacatan]] korban baik yang dipersepsikan maupun yang benar-benar dialami.<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.baywindows.com/index.php?ch=news&sc=glbt&sc2=news&sc3=&id=98285|title=President Barack Obama signs hate crimes legislation into law|newspaper=[[Bay Windows]]|date=October 28, 2009|accessdate=October 12, 2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110722003600/http://www.baywindows.com/index.php?ch=news&sc=glbt&sc2=news&sc3=&id=98285|archivedate=July 22, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2009-10-28/politics/hate.crimes_1_crimes-gay-rights-human-rights-campaign?_s=PM:POLITICS|title=Obama signs hate crimes bill into law|publisher=CNN|date=October 28, 2009|accessdate=October 12, 2011}}</ref>
Pada 30 Maret 2010, Obama menandatangani [[Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010|Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act]], sebuah [[Rekonsiliasi (Kongres Amerika Serikat)|rancangan undang-undang rekonsiliasi]] yang mengakhiri proses pemberian subsidi oleh pemerintah federal kepada bank-bank swasta untuk menghapus pinjaman yang dijamin pemerintah, menambah pemberian beasiswa [[Pell Grant]], dan mengubah Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.<ref>{{cite quick |news|last=Parsons|first=Christi|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/mar/30/nation/la-na-obama-college31-2010mar31|title=Obama signs student loan reforms into law|work=Los Angeles Times|date=March 30, 2010|accessdate=April 18, 2010|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100419024047/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/mar/30/nation/la-na-obama-college31-2010mar31|archivedate= April 19, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2010/03/obama-signs-higher-education-m.html|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=April 12, 2010|title=Obama signs higher-education measure into law|last=Branigin|first=William}}</ref>
Pada [[kebijakan antariksa Barack Obama|pidato kebijakan antariksa]] bulan April 2010, Obama mengumumkan rencana perubahan arah di [[NASA]], badan antariksa Amerika Serikat. Ia mengakhiri rencana peluncuran kembali [[penerbangan antariksa manusia]] ke [[Bulan]] dan pengembangan roket [[Ares I]], [[Ares V]] dan [[program Constellation]], agar bisa mendanai proyek-proyek ilmu Bumi, jenis roket baru, dan penelitian dan pengembangan misi berawak ke [[Mars]], serta misi yang sedang berlangsung ke [[Stasiun Luar Angkasa Internasional]].<ref>{{cite quick |news|author=Robert Block and Mark K. Matthews|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jan/27/nation/la-na-nasa-budget27-2010jan27|title=White House won't fund NASA moon program|quote=President Obama's budget proposal includes no money for the Ares I and Ares V rocket or Constellation program. Instead, NASA would be asked to monitor climate change and develop a new rocket|date=January 27, 2010|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref>
[[Berkas:Obama cabinet meeting 2009-11.jpg|jmpl|kiri|250px|Obama bersidang dengan [[Kabinet Amerika Serikat|Kabinetnya]], 23 November 2009.]]
Tanggal 22 Desember 2010, Obama mengesahkan [[Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010]] yang memenuhi janji kampanye presiden Obama pada tahun 2008<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/22/obama-repeals-dont-ask-dont-tell|title='Don't ask, don't tell' repealed as Obama signs landmark law|work=The Guardian |place=London |date=December 22, 2010|accessdate=December 22, 2010 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20101223060037/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/22/obama-repeals-dont-ask-dont-tell|archivedate= December 23, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite quick |web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/nov/21/obama-to-delay-repeal-of-dont-ask-dont-tell/|title=Obama to delay 'don't ask, don't tell' repeal|work=The Washington Times|date=November 21, 2008|accessdate=December 22, 2010 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110125182154/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/nov/21/obama-to-delay-repeal-of-dont-ask-dont-tell/ |archivedate=January 25, 2011}}</ref> untuk mengakhiri kebijakan [[Don't ask, don't tell]] tahun 1993 yang mencegah kaum gay dan lesbian berdinas secara bebas di [[Angkatan Bersenjata Amerika Serikat]].<ref>{{cite quick |web|author=Jesse Lee|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/12/22/president-signs-repeal-dont-ask-dont-tell-out-many-we-are-one|title=The President Signs Repeal of "Don't Ask Don't Tell": "Out of Many, We Are One"|publisher=Whitehouse.gov|accessdate=December 22, 2010 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101225051110/http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/12/22/president-signs-repeal-dont-ask-dont-tell-out-many-we-are-one |archivedate=December 25, 2010}}</ref>
[[2011 State of the Union Address]] yang disampaikan Presiden Obama berfokus pada pendidikan dan inovasi, menekankan pentingnya [[ekonomi inovasi]] supaya Amerika Serikat semakin bersaing di panggung dunia. Ia membicarakan kebuntuan pengeluaran dalam negeri selama lima tahun, penghapusan pengecualian pajak bagi perusahaan minyak dan membatalkan potongan pajak bagi orang-orang kaya A.S., melarang [[earmark (politik)|''earmark]], dan mengurangi biaya layanan kesehatan. Ia berjanji bahwa Amerika Serikat akan mempunyai satu juga kendaraan listrik pada tahun 2015 dan 80%-nya akan bergantung pada listrik "[[energi berkelanjutan|bersih]]".<ref>{{cite quick |journal|title=Obama Pushes Innovation in Tech-Heavy State of the Union|journal=PCMag.com|date=January 25, 2011|first=Chloe|last=Albanesius|url=http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2376242,00.asp|accessdate=May 17, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite quick |news|first=Anne E.|last=Kornblut|coauthors=Wilson, Scott|title=State of the Union 2011: 'Win the future,' Obama says|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/25/AR2011012504068.html|date=January 26, 2011|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=May 18, 2011}}</ref>
Selaku kandidat senator Illinois, Obama pernah berkata pada tahun 1996 bahwa ia ingin melegalisasi [[pernikahan sesama jenis di Amerika Serikat|pernikahan sesama jenis]];<ref name="WCT0114">{{cite quick |news|last=Baim|first=Tracy|title=Windy City Times exclusive: Obama's Marriage Views Changed. WCT Examines His Step Back|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/Windy-City-Times-exclusive-Obamas-Marriage-Views-Changed-WCT-Examines-His-Step-Back/20524.html|accessdate=May 10, 2012|newspaper=Windy City Times|date=January 14, 2009}}</ref> namun saat berkampanye untuk menjadi senator A.S. tahun 2004, ia menyatakan meski ia mendukung persatuan sipil dan hubungan serumah untuk kaum penyuka sesama jenis, karena alasan strategis ia menentang pernikahan sesama jenis.<ref name="WCT0204">{{cite quick |news|last=Baim|first=Tracy|title=Obama Seeks U.S. Senate seat|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/gay/lesbian/news/ARTICLE.php?AID=3931|accessdate=May 10, 2012|newspaper=Windy City Times|date=February 4, 2004}}</ref> Pada tanggal 9 Mei 2012, sesaat setelah peluncuran resmi kampanyenya untuk pemilihan kembali sebagai presiiden, Obama mengatakan pandangannya telah berubah dan ia secara terbuka mendukung legalisasi pernikahan sesama jenis. Ia menjadi presiden menjabat A.S. pertama yang melakukan hal tersebut.<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-57431122-503544/obama-backs-same-sex-marriage/|title=Obama backs same-sex marriage|publisher=[[CBS News]]|date=May 9, 2012|accessdate=May 9, 2012}}</ref><ref name="The Huffington Post">{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/09/obama-gay-marriage_n_1503245.html|title=Obama Backs Gay Marriage|author=Sam Stein|date=May 9, 2012|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref>
==== Kebijakan ekonomi ====
{{main|Kebijakan ekonomi Barack Obama}}
[[Berkas:20090124 WeeklyAddress.ogv|ka|jmpl|250px|Obama menyampaikan [[commons:Obama Administration weekly video addresses|pidato mingguan]] pertamanya sebagai Presiden Amerika Serikat pada 24 Januari 2009 yang membahas [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]]|alt=Photograph]]
Pada tanggal 7 Februari 2009, Obama mengesahkan [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]], sebuah paket [[stimulus (ekonomi)|stimulus ekonomi]] senilai $787 miliar untuk membantu pemulihan ekonomi akibat [[resesi akhir 200-an|memburuknya resesi global]].<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/13/stimulus/index.html|title=Stimulus package en route to Obama's desk|accessdate=March 29, 2009|publisher=CNN|date=February 14, 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20090330094958/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/13/stimulus/index.html|archivedate=March 30, 2009|deadurl= no}}</ref> Undang-undang ini mencakup peningkatan pengeluaran pemerintah untuk layanan kesehatan, infrastruktur, pendidikan, berbagai pengecualian dan [[insentif pajak]], dan bantuan langsung individu,<ref name="direct assistance"/> yang dilaksanakan dalam kurun beberapa tahun.
Pada bulan Maret, Menteri Keuangan Obama, [[Timothy Geithner]], mengambil sejumlah keputusan untuk menangani [[krisis keuangan akhir 2000-an|krisis keuangan]], termasuk memperkenalkan [[Public-Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets]] yang berisi peraturan batas pembelian aset real estat terbengkalai sampai $2 triliun.<ref name="markets opened"/>
Obama mengintervensi [[krisis industri otomotif 2008–2010|industri otomotif bermasalah]]<ref>{{cite quick|news|title=White House questions viability of GM, Chrysler|date=March 30, 2009|work=The Huffington Post|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/03/30/obama-denies-bailout-fund_n_180563.html}}</ref> pada Maret 2009, memperbarui pinjaman untuk [[General Motors]] dan [[Chrysler]] supaya terus beroperasi sambil melakukan reorganisasi. Pada bulan-bulan selanjutnya, Gedung Putih menetapkan persyaratan untuk kebangkrutan yang dialami kedua perusahaan tersebut, termasuk [[Reorganisasi Bab 11 Chrysler|penjualan Chrysler]] ke pabrik mobil Italia [[Fiat]]<ref>{{cite quick|news|title=Chrysler and Union Agree to Deal Before Federal Deadline|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/27/business/27chrysler.html|work=The New York Times|first1=Nick|last1=Bunkley|first2=Bill|last2=Vlasic|date=April 27, 2009|accessdate=April 12, 2010}}</ref> dan [[reorganisasi Bab 11 General Motors|reorganisasi GM]] yang memberikan pemerintah A.S. saham sementara sebesar 60% di perusahaan tersebut dan 12% untuk pemerintah Kanada.<ref>{{cite quick |news|title=GM Begins Bankruptcy Process With Filing for Affiliate|author=John Hughes, Caroline Salas, Jeff Green, and Bob Van Voris|url=http://bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aw4F_L7E4xYg|publisher=Bloomberg|date=June 1, 2009}}</ref> Bulan Juni 2009, tidak puas dengan kemajuan stimulus ekonomi, Obama meminta kabinetnya mempercepat investasi.<ref name="Christopher Conkey and Louise Radnofsky">{{cite quick |news|title=Obama Presses Cabinet to Speed Stimulus Spending|date=June 9, 2009|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124445867883193821.html|first1=Christopher|last1=Conkey|first2=Louise|last2=Radnofsky}}</ref> Ia mengesahkan [[Car Allowance Rebate System]], dikenal dengan sebutan "Cash for Clunkers", yang berhasil mempercepat ekonomi untuk sementara.<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/20/AR2009082002699.html|title= U.S. Says 'Cash for Clunkers' Program Will End on Monday|author=Dana Hedgpeth|work=The Washington Post|date=August 21, 2009|accessdate=March 26, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1918692,00.html|title=Was Cash for Clunkers a Success?|author=Joseph R. Szczesny|work=Time|date=August 26, 2009|accessdate=March 26, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite quick |journal|last1=Mian|first1=Atif R.|first2=Amir|last2=Sufi|title=The Effects of Fiscal Stimulus: Evidence from the 2009 'Cash for Clunkers' Program|publisher=[[Social Science Research Network|SSRN]]|accessdate=September 9, 2010|date=September 1, 2010|url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1670759|doi=10.2139/ssrn.1670759|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100905162826/http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1670759|archivedate= September 5, 2010|deadurl= no}}</ref>
Meski jaminan pengeluaran dan pinjaman dari Federal Reserve dan Departemen Keuangan yang diizinkan pemerintahan Bush dan Obama senilai $11,5 triliun, hanya $3 triliun yang dikeluarkan pada akhir November 2009.<ref>{{cite quick|journal|title=CNNMoney.com's bailout tracker|journal=Bailout tracker|page=20|volume=06|url=http://money.cnn.com/news/storysupplement/economy/bailouttracker/|accessdate=March 26, 2010|author=Goldman, David|date=April 6, 2009}}</ref> Akan tetapi, Obama dan [[Congressional Budget Office]] memperkirakan bahwa [[anggaran federal Amerika Serikat 2010|defisit anggaran]] 2010 akan mencapai $1,5 triliun atau 10,6% dari produk domestik bruto Amerika Serikat dibandingkan dengan defisit sebesar $1,4 triliun atau 9,9% dari PDB pada tahun 2009.<ref>{{cite quick |news|last= Montgomery|first=Lori|title=Federal budget deficit to exceed $1.4 trillion in 2010 and 2011|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/23/AR2010072304101.html |work=The Washington Post|accessdate=July 29, 2010|date=July 24, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite quick |news|first2=Jeff|last2=Mason|first=Alister|last=Bull|title=Obama's 2010 budget: deficit soars amid job spending|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60U00220100201|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=July 29, 2010|date=February 1, 2010}}</ref> Untuk tahun 2011, pemerintahan Obama memperkirakan defisit akan sedikit turun hingga $1,34 triliun, sementara defisit 10 tahun akan naik hingga $8,53 triliun atau 90% dari PDB.<ref>{{cite quick |news|last= Dickson|first=David M.|title=CBO report: Debt will rise to 90% of GDP|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/mar/26/cbos-2020-vision-debt-will-rise-to-90-of-gdp/?page=1|work=The Washington Times|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=July 29, 2010|date=March 26, 2010}}</ref> Kenaikan [[batas utang]] A.S. terbaru sebesar $16,4 triliun disahkan pada tanggal 26 Januari 2012.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pear|first=Robert|title=Senate Vote Approves Rise Of $1.2 Trillion In Debt Limit|work=The New York Times|page=12|date=January 27, 2012|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/27/us/politics/senate-approves-1-2-trillion-debt-limit-rise.html}}</ref> Pada tanggal 2 Agustus 2011, setelah Kongres panjang lebar membicarakan perlunya menaikkan batas utang Amerika Serikat, Obama mengesahkan RUU dwipartai [[Budget Control Act of 2011]]. UU ini memberlakukan batasan pengeluaran rahasia sampai 2021, menetapkan prosedur penaikan batas utang, membentuk Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction untuk merencanakan pengurangan defisit lebih lanjut dengan tujuan mencapai penghematan anggaran sebesar $1,5 triliun dalam kurun 10 tahun, dan menetapkan prosedur otomatis untuk mengurangi pengeluaran sampai $1,2 triliun jika UU yang berawal dengan komite gabungan pilihan baru tersebut gagal mencapai penghematan yang ditetapkan.<ref>{{cite quick |web|author=By NBC's Sylvie Stein|url=http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/08/02/7231805-a-breakdown-of-the-debt-limit-legislation|title=First Read — A breakdown of the debt-limit legislation|publisher=msnbc.com|accessdate=August 3, 2011}}</ref> Dengan mengesahkan UU ini, Kongres mampu mencegah [[gagal bayar (keuangan)|gagal bayar]] obligasi oleh [[pemerintah federal Amerika Serikat|pemerintah A.S.]].<ref>{{cite quick |web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43967924/ns/politics-capitol_hill/|title=House passes debt ceiling bill|publisher=msnbc.com|date=March 8, 2011|accessdate=August 3, 2011}}</ref>
[[Berkas:US EmpStatsBLS Jan09-Oct12.PNG|jmpl|kiri|450px|Statistik lapangan kerja (perubahan [[tingkat pengangguran]] dan lapangan kerja per bulan) selama masa pemerintahan Obama<ref>{{cite quick |web|url=http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000|title=Unemployment Rate|publisher=[[Bureau of Labor Statistics]]|accessdate=October 6, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite quick |web|url=http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/CES0000000001?output_view=net_1mth|title=Unemployment Rate|publisher=[[Bureau of Labor Statistics]]|accessdate=October 6, 2012}}</ref>]]
Seperti 2008, tingkat pengangguran naik pada tahun 2009 dan mencapai puncaknya pada bulan Oktober di level 10,0% dan rata-rata 10,0% pada kuartal keempat. Setelah menurun hingga 9,7% pada kuartal pertama 2010, tingkat pengangguran turun sampai 9,6% pada kuartal kedua dan tetap stabil sampai akhir tahun.<ref name="Theodossiou">{{cite quick |journal|last1=Theodossiou|first1=Eleni|last2=Hipple|first2=Steven F.|year=2011|title=Unemployment Remains High in 2010|journal=Monthly Labor Review|volume=134|issue=3|pages=3–22|publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics|url=http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/03/art1full.pdf|accessdate=April 7, 2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110508050328/http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/03/art1full.pdf|archivedate=May 8, 2011}}</ref> Antara Februari dan Desember 2010, jumlah lapangan kerja naik 0,8%, kurang dari rata-rata 1,9% pada masa-masa perbandingan dalam empat pemulihan lapangan kerja sebelumnya.<ref name="Eddlemon">{{cite quick|journal|last1=Eddlemon|first1=John P.|year=2011|title=Payroll Employment Turns the Corner in 2010|journal=Monthly Labor Review|volume=134|issue=3|pages=23–32|publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics|url=http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/03/art2full.pdf|accessdate=April 7, 2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110506195757/http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/03/art2full.pdf|archivedate=May 6, 2011}}</ref> Per November 2012, tingkat pengangguran turun hingga 7,7%.<ref>{{cite quick|web|url=http://data.bls.gov/pdq/SurveyOutputServlet|title=Unemployment Rate|publisher=[[Bureau of Labor Statistics]]|accessdate=december 11, 2012}}</ref> Pertumbuhan PDB kembali naik pada kuartal ketiga 2009 hingga 1,6%, diikuti peningkatan sebesar 5,0% pada kuartal keempat.<ref name="BEA1">{{cite quick |web|url=http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/TableView.asp?SelectedTable=1&ViewSeries=NO&Java=no&Request3Place=N&3Place=N&FromView=YES&Freq=Qtr&FirstYear=2009&LastYear=2010&3Place=N&Update=Update&JavaBox=no#Mid|title=Percent Change in Real Gross Domestic Product (Quarterly)|work=National Income and Product Accounts Table|publisher=Bureau of Economic Analysis|accessdate=April 7, 2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110512014536/http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/TableView.asp?SelectedTable=1&ViewSeries=NO&Java=no&Request3Place=N&3Place=N&FromView=YES&Freq=Qtr&FirstYear=2009&LastYear=2010&3Place=N&Update=Update&JavaBox=no|archivedate=May 12, 2011|deadurl= no}}</ref> Pertumbuhan berlanjut pada tahun 2010 dengan peningkatan sebesar 3,7% pada kuartal pertama dengan sedikit perbedaan hingga akhir tahun.<ref name="BEA1" /> Pada Juli 2010, [[Federal Reserve System|Federal Reserve]] menyatakan bahwa meski aktivitas ekonomi terus meningkat, kemajuannya melambat, dan Ketua Federal Reserve [[Ben Bernanke]] mengatakan bahwa masa depan ekonomi "malah tidak jelas."<ref>{{cite quick |web|last=Harding|first=Robin|title=Beige Book survey reports signs of slowdown|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dac3245a-9a7b-11df-87fd-00144feab49a.html|work=Financial Times|accessdate=July 29, 2010|date=July 28, 2010|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100729050343/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dac3245a-9a7b-11df-87fd-00144feab49a.html|archivedate= July 29, 2010}}</ref> Secara keseluruhan, ekonomi nasional mengalami kenaikan sebesar 2,9% pada tahun 2010.<ref>{{cite quick|web|url=http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/TableView.asp?SelectedTable=1&ViewSeries=NO&Java=no&Request3Place=N&3Place=N&FromView=YES&Freq=Year&FirstYear=2009&LastYear=2010&3Place=N&Update=Update&JavaBox=no#Mid|title=Percent Change in Real Gross Domestic Product (Annual)|work=National Income and Product Accounts Table|publisher=Bureau of Economic Analysis|accessdate=April 7, 2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110512014513/http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/TableView.asp?SelectedTable=1&ViewSeries=NO&Java=no&Request3Place=N&3Place=N&FromView=YES&Freq=Year&FirstYear=2009&LastYear=2010&3Place=N&Update=Update&JavaBox=no|archivedate=May 12, 2011|deadurl=no}}</ref>
Congressional Budget Office dan sejumlah ekonom memuji rencana stimulus Obama untuk pertumbuhan ekonomi.<ref name="estimated"/><ref name="newc"/> CBO merilis laporan yang menyatakan RUU stimulus ini menaikkan jumlah lapangan kerja hingga 1–2,1 juta orang,<ref name="newc">{{cite quick|news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/21/business/economy/21stimulus.html|title=New Consensus Sees Stimulus Package as Worthy Step|work=The New York Times|date=November 20, 2009|accessdate=December 21, 2010|first1=Jackie|last1=Calmes|first2=Michael|last2=Cooper|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20101208034326/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/21/business/economy/21stimulus.html|archivedate=December 8, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite quick|web|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/83253-cbo-stimulus-created-as-many-as-21-million-jobs|title=CBO: Stimulus created as many as 2.1 million jobs|date=February 23, 2010|accessdate=April 25, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite quick|news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/02/opinion/02krugman.html|title=Too Little of a Good Thing|work=The New York Times|date=November 2, 2009|accessdate=December 22, 2010|first=Paul|last=Krugman}}</ref><ref>{{cite quick|news|last=Isidore|first=Chris|url=http://money.cnn.com/2010/01/29/news/economy/gdp/index.htm|title=Best economic growth in six years|publisher=CNN|date=January 29, 2010|accessdate=April 18, 2010}}</ref> sambil mengakui bahwa "Mustahil mengetahui berapa banyak lapangan kerja yang tercipta jika paket stimulus tidak ada."<ref name="estimated">{{cite quick|web|url=http://www.cbo.gov/publication/42715|title=Estimated Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act on Employment and Economic Output|publisher=Congressional Budget Office|accessdate=February 21, 2012}}</ref> Meski dalam survei anggota [[National Association for Business Economics]] bulan April 2010 menunjukkan kenaikan jumlah lapangan kerja (terhadap survei yang sama pada bulan Januari) untuk pertama kalinya dalam dua tahun, 73% dari 68 responden percaya bahwa RUU stimulus tersebut tidak berdampak apapun terhadap lapangan kerja.<ref>{{cite quick|web|url=http://www.nabe.com/publib/indsum.html|title=New NABE Survey Shows Business Recovery Gaining Momentum, with More Jobs Ahead|accessdate=April 26, 2010|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100502053859/http://www.nabe.com/publib/indsum.html|archivedate=May 2, 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref>
Satu bulan setelah [[pemilihan umum Amerika Serikat 2010|pemilu pertengahan 2010]], Obama mengumumkan persetujuan dengan fraksi Repulik di Kongres berupa perpanjangan sementara [[potongan pajak Bush|nilai pajak penghasilan 2001 dan 2003]] selama dua tahun, pengurangan [[Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax|pajak gaji]] selama satu tahun, kelanjutan tunjangan pengangguran, dan jumlah nilai dan pengecualian baru untuk [[pajak properti di Amerika Serikat|pajak properti]].<ref>{{cite quick|news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/08/us/politics/08cong.html|title=Democrats Skeptical of Obama on New Tax Plan|author=Herszenhorn, David M.|author2=Stolberg, Sheryl Gay|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 7, 2010}}</ref> Persetujuan ini ditentang oleh sejumlah pihak dari kedua kubu partai dan [[Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010]] senilai $858 miliar disetujui dengan suara mayoritas di kedua partai sebelum disahkan Obama pada 17 Desember 2010.<ref>{{cite quick|news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/12/17/tax.deal/index.html|title=Obama signs tax deal into law|publisher=CNN|date=December 17, 2010|accessdate=December 17, 2010}}</ref>
==== Reformasi layanan kesehatan ====
{{main|Reformasi layanan kesehatan di Amerika Serikat}}
[[Berkas:Obama signs health care-20100323.jpg|jmpl|alt=Photograph|250px|Obama menandatangani Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act di Gedung Putih, 23 Maret 2010]]
Obama meminta [[Kongres Amerika Serikat|Kongres]] mengesahkan UU yang mereformasi [[layanan kesehatan di Amerika Serikat]], salah satu janji kampanye dan tujuan legislatif utamanya.<ref name="health reform" /> Ia merencanakan perluasan cakupan asuransi kesehatan hingga orang-orang yang belum terasuransikan, membatasi kenaikan premi, dan mengizinkan masyarakat memeroleh kembali jaminan mereka saat keluar atau ganti pekerjaan. Rencananya adalah menganggarkan $900 miliar selama 10 tahun dan membuat rencana asuransi pemerintah yang disebut [[opsi asuransi kesehatan masyarakat|opsi publik]] untuk bersaing dengan sektor asuransi perusahaan sebagai komponen utama menekan biaya dan memperbaiki kualitas layanan kesehatan. Pengasuransi juga dilarang menolak orang sakit ataupun menolak mengasuransikan mereka atas [[kondisi tidak jelas]], dan mewajibkan setiap warga Amerika Serikat memiliki asuransi kesehatan. Rencana ini juga meliputi pemotongan pengeluaran kesehatan dan pembebanan pajak kepada perusahaan-perusahaan asuransi yang menawarkan rencana asuransi yang mahal.<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/10/us/politics/10obama.html|title=Obama, Armed With Details, Says Health Plan Is Necessary|author=Stolberg, Sheryl Gay|author2=Zeleny, Jeff|date=September 9, 2009|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite quick |web|url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0909/26907.html|title=Obama will hedge on public option|work= Politico|accessdate=September 9, 2009}}</ref>
Tanggal 14 Juli 2009, fraksi Demokrat di DPR memperkenalkan rencana 1.017 halaman untuk merombak sistem layanan kesehatan A.S. yang Obama harapkan disetujui Kongres pada akhir 2009.<ref name="health reform">[[Lynn Sweet|Sweet, Lynn]], [http://blogs.suntimes.com/sweet/2009/07/obama_july_22_2009_press_confe.html "Obama July 22, 2009 press conference. Transcript"], ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', July 22, 2009</ref> Setelah banyak dibicarakan masyarakat ketika reses musim panas 2009, Obama menyampaikan [[Pidato Barack Obama di sidang gabungan Kongres September 2009|pidato di sidang gabungan Kongres]] pada tanggal 9 September yang berisi kekhawatirannya tentang rencana tersebut.<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/09/09/obama.speech/index.html|title=Obama calls for Congress to face health care challenge|date=September 9, 2009|accessdate=September 9, 2009|publisher=CNN|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090910083332/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/09/09/obama.speech/index.html|archivedate= September 10, 2009|deadurl= no}}</ref> Pada Maret 2009, Obama mencabut larangan pemakaian dana federal untuk penelitian sel batang.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/10/obama-stem-cell-research "Stem cell"]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved March 19, 2011</ref>
[[Berkas:PPACA Premium Chart.jpg|jmpl|300px|kiri|Premi Sampingan Maksimum dalam bentuk Persentase Pendapatan Keluarga dan [[tingkat kemiskinan federal]] sesuai [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]], berlaku tahun 2014. (Sumber: [[Congressional Research Service|CRS]])]]
Tanggal 7 November 2009, sebuah RUU layanan kesehatan yang berisi opsi publik disetujui oleh DPR.<ref name="nyt1">{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/08/health/policy/08health.html|title=Sweeping Health Care Plan Passes House|last=Hulse|first=Carl|coauthors=Robert Pear|date=November 7, 2009|work=The New York Times|accessdate=November 8, 2009|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20091109204541/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/08/health/policy/08health.html|archivedate= November 9, 2009|deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name="nyt">{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/08/health/policy/08scene.html|title=Abortion Was at Heart of Wrangling|last=Herszenhorn|first=David M.|coauthors=Jackie Calmes|date=December 7, 2009|work=The New York Times|accessdate=December 6, 2009|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20091111140739/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/08/health/policy/08scene.html?|archivedate= November 11, 2009|deadurl= no}}</ref> Tanggal 24 Desember 2009, Senat menyetujui RUU-nya sendiri—tanpa opsi publik—dengan suara partai 60–39.<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=121854289|title=Senate Says Yes To Landmark Health Bill|author=Hensley, Scott|date=December 24, 2009|accessdate=December 24, 2009|publisher=[[NPR]]|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100121191700/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=121854289|archivedate= January 21, 2010|deadurl= no}}</ref> Tanggal 21 Maret 2010, Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act yang disetujui Senat pada bulan Desember disetujui oleh DPR dengan suara 219 banding 212.<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/22/opinion/22mon5.html|title=Health Care Reform, at Last|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 21, 2010|accessdate=March 22, 2010|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100326095847/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/22/opinion/22mon5.html|archivedate= March 26, 2010}}</ref> Obama mengesahkan RUU ini pada tanggal 23 Maret 2010.<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/24/health/policy/24health.html|title=Obama Signs Landmark Health Care Bill|date=March 23, 2010|accessdate=March 23, 2010|newspaper=The New York Times|author=Gay Stolberg, Sheryl|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100325033529/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/24/health/policy/24health.html|archivedate= March 25, 2010}}</ref>
[[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] berisi peraturan kesehatan yang harus dilaksanakan dalam kurun empat tahun, termasuk perluasan cakupan [[Medicaid]] hingga orang-orang berpendapatan 133% dari [[tingkat kemiskinan federal]] (FPL) terhitung tahun 2014,<ref name="cnn_ref1">{{cite news|last=Rice|first=Sabriya|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/03/25/health.care.law.basics/index.html|title=5 key things to remember about health care reform|newspaper=CNN|date=March 25, 2010|accessdate=January 6, 2013}}</ref> menyubsidi premi untuk orang-orang berpendapatan 400% dari FPL ($88.000 untuk keluarga empat orang pada tahun 2010) sehingga pembayaran "di luar kantung" maksimal untuk premi tahunan akan naik dari 2 menjadi 9,5% dari pendapatan mereka,<ref name="whitehouse" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Grier|first=Peter|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0320/Health-care-reform-bill-101-Who-gets-subsidized-insurance|title=Health Care Reform Bill 101|newspaper=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref> memberikan insentif untuk pengusaha agar menyediakan tunjangan layanan kesehatan, melarang penolakan asuransi dan penolakan klaim berdasarkan kondisi yang sudah ada, membentuk [[pertukaran asuransi kesehatan]], melarang batas asuransi tahunan, dan mendukung penelitian medis. Menurut laporan Gedung Putih dan Congressional Budget Office, pangsa maksimum pendapatan yang harus dibayarkan pelanggan asuransi akan bervariasi tergantung pendapatan mereka yang relatif terhadap tingkat kemiskinan federal.<ref name="whitehouse">{{cite quick |web|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/health-care-meeting/proposal/whatsnew/affordability|title=Policies to Improve Affordability and Accountability|publisher=The White House|accessdate=January 6, 2013}}</ref><ref name="cbo_est">{{cite web |last=Elmendorf |first=Douglas W. |url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/ftpdocs/107xx/doc10781/11-30-premiums.pdf |title=An Analysis of Health Insurance Premiums Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act |format=PDF |accessdate=April 9, 2012}}</ref>
Biaya pelaksanaan peraturan ini ditutupi oleh pajak, retribusi, dan penghematan biaya, seperti pajak Medicare baru untuk orang-orang berpendapatan tinggi, pajak [[jemur dalam ruangan]], pemotongan anggaran program [[Medicare Advantage]] untuk dialihkan ke Medicare biasa, dan pembebanan tarif untuk peralatan medis dan perusahaan obat-obatan;<ref>Peter Grier, [http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0321/Health-care-reform-bill-101-Who-will-pay-for-reform Health care reform bill 101: Who will pay for reform?], ''Christian Science Monitor'' (March 21, 2010).</ref> ada pula penalti pajak untuk orang-orang yang tidak memiliki asuransi kesehatan, kecuali mereka dikecualikan akibat pendapatan rendah atau alasan lain.<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0319/Health-care-reform-bill-101-Who-must-buy-insurance|title=Health care reform bill 101: Who must buy insurance?|last=Grier|first=Peter|date=March 19, 2010|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|accessdate=April 7, 2010|place=Washington, D.C.|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100405075157/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0319/Health-care-reform-bill-101-Who-must-buy-insurance|archivedate= April 5, 2010}}</ref> Pada Maret 2010, Congressional Budget Office memperkirakan bahwa dampak bersih dari kedua hukum tersebut berupa pengurangan defisit federal sebesar $143 miliar pada periode dasawarsa pertama.<ref>{{cite web |last=Elmendorf |first=Douglas W. |title=H.R. 4872, Reconciliation Act of 2010 (Final Health Care Legislation) |url=http://www.cbo.gov/publication/21351 |publisher=Congressional Budget Office |accessdate=January 6, 2013}}</ref>
Hukum ini disambut sejumlah tuntutan hukum yang kebanyakan didasarkan pada pendapat bahwa keputusan seseorang yang mewajibkan warga Amerika Serikat membeli asuransi kesehatan bersifat tidak konstitusional. Pada tanggal 28 Juni 2012, Mahkamah Agung memutuskan dengan suara 5–4 di sidang ''[[National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius]]'' bahwa [[Commerce Clause]] tidak mengizinkan pemerintah mewajibkan masyarakat membeli asuransi kesehatan, tetapi keputusan tersebut bersifat konstitusional sesuai perizinan perpajakan Kongres Amerika Serikat.<ref name="WP-uphold">{{cite quick |news|first=Robert |last=Barnes |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/supreme-court-to-rule-thursday-on-health-care-law/2012/06/28/gJQAarRm8V_story.html |title=Supreme Court upholds Obama health care overhaul by 5–4 vote, approving insurance requirement |date=June 28, 2012 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=June 29, 2012}}</ref>
==== Kebocoran minyak Teluk Meksiko ====
Pada 20 April 2010, sebuah ledakan menghancurkan [[instalasi pengeboran]] lepas pantai di [[Prospek Macondo]] di [[Teluk Meksiko]] dan mengakibatkan [[kebocoran minyak Deepwater Horizon|kebocoran minyak luar biasa]]. Operator pengeboran lepas pantai ini, [[BP]], melaksanakan rencana pembendungan dan pembersihan dan mulai mengebor dua [[sumur pembantu]] untuk menghentikan aliran tersebut. Obama mengunjungi kawasan Teluk Meksiko pada tanggal 2 Mei, 28 Mei, dan 4 Juni bersama sejumlah anggota kabinetnya. Tanggal 22 Mei, ia menyatakan dimulainya investigasi federal dan membentuk komisi dwipartai untuk merekomendasikan standar keselamatan baru setelah dilakukan tinjauan oleh [[Menteri Dalam Negeri Amerika Serikat|Menteri Dalam Negeri]] [[Ken Salazar]] dan sidang Kongres. Tanggal 27 Mei, ia mengumumkan moratorium izin dan sewa pengeboran laut dalam baru selama 6 bulan sambil menunggu hasil tinjauan peraturan.<ref>{{cite quick |news|title=Obama Halts Drilling Projects, Defends Actions|publisher=National Public Radio|date=May 27, 2010|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127205462&ps=rs}}</ref> Setelah berbagai upaya BP gagal, sejumlah pihak di media dan publik mengungkapkan ketidakjelasan sekaligus kritik atas beragam aspek kecelakaan ini, serta menginginkan Obama dan pemerintah federal terlibat lebih jauh dalam penanganannya.<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=Patrik|last=Jonsson|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0529/Gulf-oil-spill-Obama-s-big-political-test|title=Gulf oil spill: Obama's big political test|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|date=May 29, 2010|accessdate=June 6, 2010|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100601094118/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0529/Gulf-oil-spill-Obama-s-big-political-test|archivedate= June 1, 2010|deadurl= no}}</ref>
==== Pengendalian senjata api ====
Pada tanggal 16 Januari 2013, satu bulan setelah [[penembakan Sekolah Dasar Sandy Hook]], Presiden Obama mengusulkan serangkaian rencana pengendalian senjata api secara cepat, meminta Kongres mengesahkan kembali larangan senjata api "bergaya militer" seperti yang dipakai di beberapa kasus penembakan massal terakhir, menerapkan pembatasan magasin peluru menjadi 10 butir, melaksanakan pemeriksaan latar belakang semua pembeli senjata api, melarang kepemilikan dan penjualan peluru tembus rompi antipeluru, menerapkan hukuman berat bagi penyelundup senjata, khususnya penjual tak berlisensi yang membeli senjata api untuk pelaku kriminal dan menyetujui penunjukan kepala badan federal [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives]] untuk pertama kalinya sejak 2006.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-21049942
|work=BBC News
|location=London
|title=US gun debate: Obama unveils gun control proposals
|first=Mark
|last=Mardell
|date=January 16, 2013
|accessdate=2013-01-16}}</ref>
=== Pemilihan pertengahan 2010 ===
{{main|Pemilihan umum Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Amerika Serikat 2010}}
Obama menyebut [[Pemilihan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Amerika Serikat 2010|pemilu 2 November 2010]] yang berakhir dengan Partai Demokrat kehilangan 63 kursi yang didudukinya sekaligus kendali mayoritas di DPR<ref>{{cite quick |news|author=Paul Harris in Oakland and Ewen MacAskill in Washington|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/nov/03/us-midterm-election-results-tea-party|title=US midterm election results herald new political era as Republicans take House|work=The Guardian |place=London |date=November 3, 2010|accessdate=December 22, 2010|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101214214006/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/nov/03/us-midterm-election-results-tea-party|archivedate= December 14, 2010}}</ref> sebagai hal yang "memalukan" dan "merugikan".<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Elections/Vox-News/2010/1104/Obama-calls-midterm-elections-a-shellacking-for-Democrats|title=Obama calls midterm elections a 'shellacking' for Democrats|work=The Christian Science Monitor|date=November 4, 2010|accessdate=December 22, 2010|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101124220406/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Elections/Vox-News/2010/1104/Obama-calls-midterm-elections-a-shellacking-for-Democrats|archivedate= November 24, 2010}}</ref> Ia mengatakan hasilnya seperti itu karena belum banyak warga Amerika Serikat yang sudah merasakan dampak pemulihan ekonomi.<ref>{{cite quick |web|work=All Things Considered|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=131048554|title=See Obama's first paragraph of his transcript|publisher=NPR|date=November 3, 2010|accessdate=December 22, 2010}}</ref>
=== Kebijakan luar negeri ===
{{main|Kebijakan luar negeri pemerintahan Barack Obama|Kebijakan luar negeri Barack Obama}}
[[Berkas:Barack Obama at Cairo University cropped.jpg|jmpl|kiri|lurus|250px|Obama menyampaikan pidato berjudul "[[A New Beginning]]" di [[Universitas Kairo]] pada tanggal 4 Juni 2009|alt=Photograph]]
[[Berkas:President Barack Obama meets President Felipe Calderón.jpg|jmpl|250px|Obama dan [[Presiden Meksiko]] [[Felipe Calderón]], 2009]]
[[Berkas:Cristina Fernández with Barack Obama in Cannes 2011.jpg|jmpl|250px|Obama dan [[Presiden Argentina]] [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]], 2011.]]
[[Berkas:David Cameron and Barack Obama at the G20 Summit in Toronto.jpg|jmpl|250px|Obama bertemu [[Perdana Menteri Britania Raya]] [[David Cameron]] pada [[pertemuan G-20 Toronto 2010]]|alt=photograph]]
Pada bulan Februari dan Maret, Wakil Presiden Joe Biden dan [[Menteri Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat|Menteri Luar Negeri]] Hillary Rodham Clinton melakukan serangkaian perjalanan terpisah ke luar negeri untuk mengumumkan "era baru" dalam hubungan luar negeri A.S. dengan Rusia dan Eropa. Mereka memakai kata "break" dan "reset" untuk menyebut perubahan besar dari kebijakan era pemerintahan sebelumnya.<ref name="preceding administration" /> Obama berusaha berkomunikasi dengan para pemimpin Arab dengan mengadakan wawancara pertamanya dengan jaringan televisi Arab, [[Al Arabiya]].<ref>{{cite quick |news|title=Obama reaches out to Muslim world on TV|publisher=msnbc.com|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28869185/|accessdate=June 15, 2009}}</ref>
Tanggal 19 Maret, Obama melanjutkan pendekatannya dengan umat Muslim dengan merilis video ucapan Selamat Tahun Baru untuk rakyat dan pemerintah Iran.<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=Karen|last=DeYoung|title=Nation U.S. to Join Talks on Iran's Nuclear Program|date=April 9, 2009|work=The Washington Post|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/08/AR2009040802254.html|accessdate=June 15, 2009}}</ref> Upaya ini tidak digubris oleh pemerintah Iran.<ref>{{cite quick |news|title=Iranian Leaders Ignore Obama's Outstretched Hand|publisher=Fox News Channel|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/03/20/iranian-leaders-ignore-obamas-outstretched-hand/|accessdate=June 15, 2009|date=March 20, 2009}}</ref> Pada bulan April, Obama berpidato di Ankara, [[Turki]], dan disambut hangat oleh sejumlah pemerintah di kawasan Arab.<ref>{{cite quick |news|title=Obama speech draws praise in Mideast|work=The Guardian |place=London |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/8443248|accessdate=June 15, 2009|date=January 23, 2008}}</ref> Tanggal 4 Juni 2009, Obama menyampikan pidato di [[Universitas Kairo]], Mesir, yang berisi tentang dimulainya "[[A New Beginning|awal baru]]" dalam hubungan antara dunia Islam dan Amerika Serikat dan mempromosikan perdamaian di Timur Tengah.<ref name="middleeast" />
Tanggal 26 Juni 2009, menanggapi tindakan pemerintah Iran terhadap pengunjuk rasa pasca-[[pemilihan umum presiden Iran 2009|pemilu presiden Iran 2009]], Obama mengatakan, "Kekerasan yang dilakukan terhadap mereka sangat biadab. Kami mengetahuinya dan kami mengutuknya."<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jun/26/obama-dismisses-ahmadinejad-apology-request/|title=Obama dismisses Ahmadinejad apology request|work=The Washington Times|date=June 26, 2009}}</ref> Tanggal 7 Juli, saat di Moskwa, ia menjawab komentar Wakil Presiden Biden tentang kemungkinan serangan militer Israel ke Iran, "Kami telah berkata langsung kepada pemerintah Israel bahwa penting sekali untuk mencoba dan menyelesaikan masalah ini secara bersama-sama sehingga tidak menciptakan konflik besar di Timur Tengah."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/07/07/obama.israel.iran/ |title=Obama: No green light for Israel to attack Iran |publisher=Cnn.com |date=2009-07-07 |accessdate=January 4, 2013}}</ref>
Tanggal 24 September 2009, Obama menjadi presiden menjabat A.S. pertama yang [[Presiden Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|menghadiri]] pertemuan [[Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]].<ref>Chidanand Rajghatta, [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/world/us/Barack-No-Bomb-Obama-pushes-for-world-without-nukes/articleshow/5052325.cms "Barack 'No Bomb' Obama pushes for world without nukes"], ''[[The Times of India]]'', September 24, 2009.</ref>
Pada bulan Maret 2010, Obama menentang secara terbuka rencana pemerintahan Perdana Menteri Israel [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] untuk terus melaksanakan proyek perumahan Yahudi di permukiman-permukiman Arab di [[Yerusalem Timur]].<ref>Robert Berger, [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/Netanyahus-Office-No-Change-on-East-Jerusalem-Plans-89258402.html "Israel Refuses to Halt Construction in East Jerusalem"], [[Voice of America]], March 26, 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/25/world/middleeast/25jerusalem.html|title=Israel Confirms New Building in East Jerusalem|work=The New York Times |date=March 24, 2010|first=Isabel|last=Kershner|accessdate=April 26, 2010|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100329231159/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/25/world/middleeast/25jerusalem.html|archivedate= March 29, 2010|deadurl= no}}</ref> Pada bulan itu juga, Obama membuat perjanjian dengan pemerintahan [[Presiden Rusia]] [[Dmitry Medvedev]] untuk mengganti [[START I|Perjanjian Pengurangan Senjata Strategis 1991]] dengan pakta baru yang mengurangi jumlah senjata nuklir jarak jauh mereka sebesar sepertiga dari total persediaannya.<ref>Peter Baker, [http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/27/world/europe/27start.html "Obama Seals Arms Control Deal With Russia"], ''The New York Times'', March 26, 2010.</ref> Perjanjian [[New START]] tersebut ditandatangani oleh Obama dan Medvedev pada April 2010 dan disahkan oleh [[Senat Amerika Serikat|Senat A.S.]] bulan Desember 2010.<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/23/world/europe/23treaty.html|work=The New York Times|first=Peter|last=Baker|title=Senate Passes Arms Control Treaty With Russia, 71–26|date=December 22, 2010}}</ref>
Tanggal 6 Desember 2011, ia menginstruksikan semua badan pemerintahan mempertimbangkan [[hak LGBT menurut negara atau teritori|hak-hak LGBT]] saat mengeluarkan bantuan keuangan ke negara asing.<ref>{{cite web|last=McVeigh |first=Karen |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/dec/07/gay-rights-us-aid-criteria |title=Gay rights must be criterion for US aid allocations, instructs Obama |publisher=The Guardian |date=December 6, 2011 |accessdate=January 4, 2013}}</ref>
==== Perang Irak ====
{{main|Perang Irak}}
Pada tanggal 27 Februari 2009, Obama mengumuman bahwa operasi pertempuran di Irak akan berakhir dalam 18 bulan. Pernyataannya ditujukan kepada sekelompok [[Korps Marinir Amerika Serikat|Marinir]] yang hendak ditempatkan di Afghanistan. Obama mengatakan, "Saya katakan dengan jelas: pada<!-- although the specific citation uses a capital B in "By" (as do some others sources), other sources such as [www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=53270] (and others) use the usual punctuation style of "b" after the colon. Thus, changing to "b" to conform to "usual style." --> 31 Agustus 2010, misi pertempuran kita di Irak akan berakhir."<ref>{{cite quick |news|agency=[[Associated Press]]|first=Ben|last=Feller|url=http://www.detnews.com/article/20090228/POLITICS/902280332/Obama+sets+firm+Iraq+withdrawal|title=Obama sets firm withdrawal timetable for Iraq|work=[[The Detroit News]]|date=February 27, 2009|accessdate=March 3, 2009}}</ref> Pemerintahan Obama memperkirakan penarikan pasukan tempur akan rampung pada Agustus 2010, mengurangi jumlah tentara dari 142.000 orang menjadi satu pasukan transisi berkekuatan 50.000 orang di Irak sampai akhir 2011. Pada 19 Agustus 2010, brigade tempur AS terakhir keluar dari Irak. Tentara yang tersisa dialihkan dari operasi pertempuran ke [[kontra-terorisme]] dan pelatihan, perlengkapan, dan pendidikan pasukan keamanan Irak.<ref>Athena Johnes [http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2009/02/27/1814247.aspx Obama announces Iraq plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303232018/http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2009/02/27/1814247.aspx|date=2009-03-03}} February 27, 2009. [[msnbc.com]].</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Hugh Sykes |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11020270 |title="Last US combat brigade exits Iraq" |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=2010-08-19 |accessdate=2012-12-25}}</ref> Tanggal 31 Agustus 2010, Obama menyatakan bahwa misi tempur Amerika Serikat di Irak telah berakhir.<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/sep/01/obama-formally-ends-iraq-war|place=London |work=The Guardian |title=Barack Obama ends the war in Iraq. 'Now it's time to turn the page'|first=Ewen|last=MacAskill|date=September 1, 2010}}</ref> Tanggal 21 Oktober 2011, Presiden Obama mengumumkan bahwa seluruh tentara A.S. akan keluar dari Irak tepat pada waktunya supaya bisa "pulang saat musim liburan".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44990594/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/ |title=All U.S. troops out of Iraq by end of year |publisher=MSNBC |date=2011-10-21 |accessdate=2012-12-25}}</ref>
==== Perang di Afghanistan ====
{{Main|Perang di Afghanistan (2001–sekarang)}}
Pada awal masa pemerintahannya, Obama berupaya memperkuat keberadaan pasukan A.S. di Afghanistan.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite quick |web|work=NewsHour with Jim Lehrer|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics/july-dec08/obama_07-15.html|title=Obama Calls for U.S. Military to Renew Focus on Afghanistan|publisher=PBS|date=July 15, 2008|accessdate=April 18, 2010|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100327094906/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics/july-dec08/obama_07-15.html|archivedate= March 27, 2010}}</ref> Ia menyetujui penambahan jumlah tentara A.S. menjadi 17.000 orang pada Februari 2009 untuk "menstabilkan situasi yang memburuk di Afghanistan", sebuah daerah yang katanya belum menerima "perhatian, arahan, dan sumber daya strategis yang mereka sangat perlukan".<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=Amanda|last=Hodge|title=Obama launches Afghanistan Surge|date=February 19, 2009|work=The Australian|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25074581-2703,00.html}}</ref> Ia mengganti komandan militer di Afghanistan, Jenderal [[David D. McKiernan]], dengan mantan komandan [[Pasukan Khusus (Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat)|Pasukan Khusus]] Letnan Jenderal [[Stanley A. McChrystal]] pada Mei 2009, menandakan bahwa pengalaman Pasukan Khusus McChrystal bisa membantu penerapan taktik-taktik kontra-penyergapan dalam perang.<ref name="counterinsurgency tactics" /> Tanggal 1 Desember 2009, Obama mengumumkan penempatan 30.000 personel militer tambahan di Afghanistan.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/34218604/ns/politics-white_house "Obama to announce war strategy"] Associated Press. [[msnbc.com]]. December 1, 2009.</ref> Ia juga berencana mulai menarik tentara 18 bulan terhitung sejak tanggal tersebut.<ref>Associated Press. (December 1, 2009). [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/34218604/ "Obama details Afghan war plan, troop increases"] msnbc.com.</ref>, namun baru [[Penarikan pasukan tentara Amerika Serikat dari Afganistan (2020–2021)|terealisasi]] pada pemerintahan [[Joe Biden]], 15 Agustus 2021. McChrystal digantikan oleh [[David Petraeus]] pada bulan Juni 2010 setelah staf McChrystal mengkritik personel Gedung Putih dalam sebuah artikel majalah.<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/06/24/mcchrystal.gates.support/|title=Gates says he agrees with Obama decision on McChrystal|publisher=CNN|date=June 24, 2010|accessdate=September 18, 2010}}</ref>
==== Israel ====
[[Berkas:Barack Obama welcomes Shimon Peres in the Oval Office.jpg|jmpl|ka|250px|Obama bertemu dengan Presiden Israel [[Shimon Peres]], 2009]]
Obama berkata bahwa Amerika Serikat dan Israel memiliki hubungan yang "tak terpisahkan."<ref>Johnston, Nicholas. [http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-20/obama-says-u-s-connection-with-israel-is-unbreakable-.html "Obama Says U.S. Connection With Israel Is 'Unbreakable.'"] ''Bloomberg''. June 20, 2012. October 26, 2012.</ref> Pada tahun-tahun pertama pemerintahan Obama, Amerika Serikat meningkatkan kerja sama militernya dengan Israel, termasuk menambah bantuan militer, membentuk kembali [[Joint Political Military Group|U.S.-Israeli Joint Political Military Group]] dan Defense Policy Advisory Group, serta meningkatkan jumlah kunjungan petinggi militer antar kedua negara.<ref>[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703321004575427272550050504.html "U.S., Israel Build Military Cooperation"], Charles Levinson. ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''. August 14, 2010. Retrieved March 1, 2011</ref> Pemerintahan Obama meminta Kongres mengalokasikan anggaran untuk mendanai program [[Kubah Besi]] sebagai respon terhadap [[serangan roket Palestina di Israel]].<ref>Kampeas, Ron. [http://www.jewishjournal.com/nation/article/for_obama_campaign_trying_to_put_to_rest_persistent_questions_about_kishkes "For Obama campaign, trying to put to rest persistent questions about 'kishkes.'"] ''Jewish Journal''. October 26, 2012. October 26, 2012.</ref>
Pada tahun 2011, Amerika Serikat memveto sebuah resolusi Dewan Keamanan PBB yang mengutuk pembangunan permukiman Israel dan hanya Amerika Serikat yang melakukan aksi ini.<ref>[http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=37572&Cr=palestin&Cr1 "United States vetoes Security Council resolution on Israeli settlements"], United Nations News Centre. February 18, 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2011</ref> Obama mendukung [[solusi dua negara]] terhadap [[konflik Arab–Israel]] sesuai perbatasan tahun 1967 dengan cara pertukaran tanah.<ref>Levy, Elior. [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4072210,00.html "PA challenges Netanyahu to accept 1967 lines."] ''Ynetnews''. May 22, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2011.</ref>
==== Perang di Libya ====
{{main|Intervensi militer di Libya 2011}}
Pada Maret 2011, ketika pasukan yang setia pada [[Muammar Gaddafi]] memerangi pihak pemberontak di seluruh Libya, permintaan dibentuknya zona larangan terbang datang dari seluruh dunia, termasuk Eropa, [[Liga Arab]], dan sebuah resolusi<ref>{{cite quick |web|url=http://mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressOffice.FloorStatements&ContentRecord_id=b63b7b6f-a466-ba23-dea8-7bc024f54655|title=Floor Statement by Senator McCain Introducing the Senate Resolution Calling for a No-Fly Zone in Libya|publisher=Senate.gov|date=March 14, 2011|accessdate=March 28, 2011}}</ref> yang disahkan secara bulat oleh Senat A.S.<ref>{{cite quick |web|url=http://nationaljournal.com/congress/senate-passes-resolution-calling-for-no-fly-zone-over-libya-20110301?page=1|title=Senate Passes Resolution Calling for No-Fly Zone Over Libya|work=[[National Journal]]|date=March 1, 2011|accessdate=March 28, 2011|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110511121418/http://nationaljournal.com/congress/senate-passes-resolution-calling-for-no-fly-zone-over-libya-20110301?page=1|archivedate= May 11, 2011}}</ref> Menanggapi pengesahan [[Resolusi Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa 1973]] secara bulat pada tanggal 17 Maret, Gaddafi—yang sebelumnya berjanji "tidak ada ampun" bagi pemberontak Benghazi<ref>{{cite quick |news|last=Winnett|first=Robert|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8389565/Libya-UN-approves-no-fly-zone-as-British-troops-prepare-for-action.html|title=Libya: UN approves no-fly zone as British troops prepare for action|work=The Daily Telegraph |place=London |date=March 17, 2011|accessdate=April 7, 2011|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110428102507/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8389565/Libya-UN-approves-no-fly-zone-as-British-troops-prepare-for-action.html|archivedate= April 28, 2011}}</ref>—mengumumkan penghentian semua aktivitas militer,<ref>{{cite quick |web|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-staggers/2011/03/fly-zone-ceasefire-libya|title=Libya declares ceasefire|work=New Statesman |location=UK|accessdate=July 16, 2011}}</ref> namun sejumlah laporan menyebutkan bahwa pasukannya terus membombardir Misrata. keesokan harinya, atas perintah Obama, militer A.S. memainkan peran utama dalam serangan udara untuk menghancurkan kemampuan pertahanan udara pemerintah Libya demi melindungi warga sipil dan menciptakan zona larangan terbang,<ref>{{cite quick |web|url=http://www.rttnews.com/Content/GeneralNews.aspx?Id=1580433&SM=1|title=Obama: US to Transfer Lead Role in Libya|publisher=RTT Newswire|accessdate=March 22, 2011}}</ref> termasuk memakai [[Tomahawk (rudal)|rudal Tomahawk]], [[Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit|B-2 Spirit]], dan jet tempur.<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.vcstar.com/news/2011/mar/23/ap-news-in-brief/|title=Obama says US efforts in Libya have saved lives, control of operation can be turned over soon|work=Ventura County Star|agency = Associated Press |accessdate=March 22, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite quick |news|author=Ian Pannell|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12813757|title=Gaddafi 'not targeted' by allied strikes|publisher=BBC News Online|date=March 21, 2011|accessdate=July 3, 2011|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110623012338/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12813757|archivedate= June 23, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/22/f15-fighter-crash-libya|title=F-15 fighter jet crashes in Libya|work=The Guardian |place=London |date=March 22, 2011|accessdate=March 23, 2011|first=Sam|last=Jones|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110322190309/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/22/f15-fighter-crash-libya|archivedate= March 22, 2011|deadurl= no}}</ref> Enam hari kemudian, pada tanggal 25 Maret, dengan persetujuan ke-28 anggotanya, [[NATO]] memimpin upaya intervensi yang diberi nama [[Operation Unified Protector]].<ref name="NATOPressRelease">{{cite quick |web|url=http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_03/20110325_110325-unified-protector-no-fly-zone.pdf|title=NATO No-Fly Zone over Libya Operation UNIFIED PROTECTOR|publisher=NATO|date=March 25, 2011}}</ref> Sejumlah anggota DPR<ref name="LibyaOffensive">{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20045927-503544.html|title=Is Obama's Libya offensive constitutional?|publisher=CBS News|date=March 22, 2011|accessdate=March 22, 2011|first=Brian|last=Montopoli|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110323202625/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20045927-503544.html|archivedate=March 23, 2011}}</ref> mempertanyakan apakah Obama punya kewenangan konstitusional untuk memerintahkan aksi militer selain biaya, struktur, dan dampaknya.<ref>{{cite quick |news|title=Obama's Libya Policy Makes Strange Bedfellows Of Congressional Critics|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/20/obama-libya_n_838219.html|work=The Huffington Post|accessdate=March 26, 2011|date=March 21, 2011|first=Sam|last=Stein|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110323083100/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/20/obama-libya_n_838219.html|archivedate= March 23, 2011|deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite quick |news|title=Obama juggles Libya promises, realities|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/03/25/obama.libya/index.html?hpt=T1|publisher=CNN|accessdate=March 26, 2011|date=March 25, 2011}}</ref>
==== Osama bin Laden ====
{{main|Kematian Osama bin Laden}}
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}}
[[Berkas:Obama and Biden await updates on bin Laden.jpg|kiri|jmpl|250px|Presiden Barack Obama bersama anggota tim keamanan nasionalnya mendapatkan berita baru tentang [[Operasi Neptune's Spear]] di [[White House Situation Room]], 1 Mei 2011. Lihat pula: [[The Situation Room (foto)]]]]
Berawal dengan informasi yang diterima bulan Juli 2010, aktivitas mata-mata CIA pada bulan-bulan selanjutnya menyimpulkan bahwa [[perlindungan Osama bin Laden di Abbottabad|sebuah bangunan perlindungan besar]] di [[Abbottabad]], kawasan pinggiran 35 mil dari [[Islamabad]], Pakistan, sebagai tempat bersembunyi [[Osama bin Laden]].<ref name="NYT-clues">{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/world/asia/03intel.html?pagewanted=all|title=Clues Gradually Led to the Location of Osama bin Laden|last=Mazzetti|first=Mark|coauthors=Helene Cooper, Peter Baker|date=May 3, 2011|work=The New York Times|accessdate=May 4, 2011|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110503190900/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/world/asia/03intel.html?pagewanted=all|archivedate= May 3, 2011|deadurl= no}}</ref> Kepala CIA [[Leon Panetta]] melaporkan hasil intelijen ini ke Presiden Obama pada bulan Maret 2011.<ref name="NYT-clues" /> Bertemu dengan penasihat keamanan nasionalnya selama enam minggu berikutnya, Obama menolak rencana pengeboman bangunan tersebut dan memerintahkan "serangan mendadak" oleh [[SEAL Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat]].<ref name="NYT-clues" /> Operasi ini dilaksanakan tanggal 1 Mei 2011 yang berujung dengan kematian Osama bin Laden dan penyitaan sejumlah berkas, drive komputer dan CD dari tempat perlindungannya.<ref name="WP-binLaden">[http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/osama-bin-laden-is-killed-by-us-forces-in-pakistan/2011/05/01/AFXMZyVF_story.html "Osama bin Laden is killed by U.S. forces in Pakistan" – washingtonpost.com]. Retrieved May 2, 2011</ref><ref name="ND-binLaden">[http://www.newsday.com/news/breaking/official-offers-details-of-bin-laden-raid-1.2853079 "Official offers details of bin Laden raid"] – newsday.com. Retrieved May 2, 2011</ref> Jenazah bin Laden diidentifikasi melalui pengujian DNA<ref name="ABC-binLaden">{{cite quick |news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/osama-bin-laden-killed/story?id=13505703|title=Osama bin Laden Killed by U.S. Forces in Pakistan|last=Schabner|first=Dean|coauthors=Karen Travers|date=May 1, 2011|publisher=ABC News|accessdate=May 3, 2011|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110504021523/http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/osama-bin-laden-killed/story?id=13505703|archivedate= May 4, 2011}}</ref> dan dikuburkan di laut beberapa jam kemudian.<ref name="NYT-ObamaAnnounce">{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/world/asia/osama-bin-laden-is-killed.html|title=Bin Laden Is Dead, Obama Says|last=Baker|first=Peter|coauthors=Helene Cooper, Mark Mazzetti|date=May 2, 2011|work=The New York Times|accessdate=May 3, 2011|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110505205926/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/world/asia/osama-bin-laden-is-killed.html|archivedate= May 5, 2011}}</ref> Dalam hitungan menit setelah pengumuman Presiden dari Washington, DC, pada 1 Mei malam, muncul berbagai perayaan spontan di seluruh Amerika Serikat, termasuk kerumunan di luar Gedung Putih, [[Situs World Trade Center|Ground Zero]], dan [[Times Square]].<ref name="WP-binLaden" /><ref name="Guard-ObamaAnnounce">{{cite quick |news|last=Walsh|first=Declan|coauthors=Richard Adams and Ewen MacAskill|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/02/osama-bin-laden-dead-obama|title=Osama bin Laden is dead, Obama announces|date=May 2, 2011|work=The Guardian |place=London |accessdate=May 3, 2011|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110503154000/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/02/osama-bin-laden-dead-obama|archivedate= May 3, 2011|deadurl= no}}</ref> Pengumuman tersebut [[Reaksi terhadap kematian Osama bin Laden|disambut positif]] oleh seluruh jajaran partai, termasuk mantan Presiden Bill Clinton dan George W. Bush,<ref name="Bloom-binLaden">{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-02/death-of-bin-laden-may-strengthen-obama-s-hand-in-domestic-foreign-policy.html|title=Death of Bin Laden May Strengthen Obama's Hand in Domestic, Foreign Policy|last=Dorning|first=Mike|date=May 2, 2011|publisher=Bloomberg News|accessdate=May 4, 2011|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110503203539/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-02/death-of-bin-laden-may-strengthen-obama-s-hand-in-domestic-foreign-policy.html|archivedate= May 3, 2011}}</ref> dan sejumlah negara lain di seluruh dunia.<ref name="NPR-worldreaction">{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.npr.org/2011/05/02/135919728/world-reaction-to-osama-bin-ladens-death|title=World Reaction To Osama Bin Laden's Death|date=May 2, 2011|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=May 4, 2011|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110503215724/http://www.npr.org/2011/05/02/135919728/world-reaction-to-osama-bin-ladens-death|archivedate= May 3, 2011}}</ref>
== Citra budaya dan politik ==
{{main|Citra publik Barack Obama}}
[[Berkas:Official portrait of Barack Obama.jpg|jmpl|kiri|250px|Potret resmi presiden Obama (2009)]]
{{see also|Tanggapan media internasional terhadap pemilihan umum presiden Amerika Serikat 2008|Tanggapan media internasional terhadap pemilihan umum presiden Amerika Serikat 2012}}
<!-- Per [[Wikipedia:Image#Location]] "Do not place images on the left at the start of any section or subsection" -->[[Berkas:President Barack Obama participates in an interview with YouTube and Google+.jpg|jmpl|ka|250px|Obama mengadakan wawancara virtual pertama dari Gedung Putih pada tahun 2012<ref>{{cite web|last=Compton |first=Matt |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2012/01/30/president-obama-hangs-out-america |title=President Obama Hangs Out With America |work=The White House Blog |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |date=January 30, 2012 |accessdate=January 4, 2013}}</ref>]]
Sejarah keluarga, popularitas, dan pendidikan [[Ivy League]] Obama jauh berbeda dibandingkan dengan para politikus Afrika Amerika yang memulai kariernya dengan ikut serta dalam [[Gerakan Hak-Hak Sipil African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968)|gerakan hak-hak sipil]] pada tahun 1960-an.<ref>{{cite quick |news|last=Wallace-Wells|first=Benjamin|title=The Great Black Hope: What's Riding on Barack Obama?|date=November 2004|work=Washington Monthly|url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0411.wallace-wells.html|accessdate=April 7, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080513153556/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0411.wallace-wells.html|archivedate= May 13, 2008|deadurl= no}} See also:{{cite quick |news|first=Janny|last=Scott|title=A Member of a New Generation, Obama Walks a Fine Line|date=December 28, 2007|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/28/america/obama.php|work=International Herald Tribune|accessdate=April 7, 2008|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080117005009/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/28/america/obama.php|archivedate=January 17, 2008}}</ref> Menyatakan keterkejutannya atas sejumlah orang yang mempertanyakan apakah ia "cukup hitam", pada pertemuan [[National Association of Black Journalists]] bulan Agustus 2007 Obama mengatakan bahwa "kita masih terjebak dalam pemikiran bahwa jika Anda menarik perhatian orang kulit putih, pasti ada yang salah".<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=Les|last=Payne|title=In One Country, a Dual Audience|format=paid archive|date=August 19, 2007|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/1322008241.html?dids=1322008241:1322008241&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT|work=Newsday|place=New York|accessdate=April 7, 2008}}</ref> Obama mengakui citra pemudanya dalam pidato kampanye bulan Oktober 2007, "Saya tidak akan berdiri di sini jika obor belum diserahkan ke generasi yang baru."<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=Mike|last=Dorning|title=Obama Reaches Across Decades to JFK|format=paid archive|date=October 4, 2007|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1353513781.html?dids=1353513781:1353513781&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+4%2C+2007&author=Mike+Dorning|work=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=April 7, 2008}} See also:{{cite quick |news|first=Toby|last=Harnden|title=Barack Obama is JFK Heir, Says Kennedy Aide|date=October 15, 2007|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1565992/Barack-Obama-is-JFK-heir%2C-says-Kennedy-aide.html|work=The Daily Telegraph |place=London |accessdate=April 7, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080515071852/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1565992/Barack-Obama-is-JFK-heir%2C-says-Kennedy-aide.html|archivedate= May 15, 2008|deadurl= no}}</ref>
Obama sering dijuluki sebagai sosok orator yang kemampuannya tidak diragukan lagi.<ref name="exceptional orator" /> Pada masa transisi prapelantikan hingga masa pemerintahannya, Obama menyampaikan sejumlah pidato mingguan melalui video di Internet.<ref>{{cite quick |web|url=http://www.youtube.com/user/ChangeDotGov|title=YouTube – ChangeDotGov's Channel|publisher=Youtube|accessdate=April 18, 2010|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100409185757/http://www.youtube.com/user/ChangeDotGov|archivedate= April 9, 2010}}</ref>
Menurut survei [[Gallup (perusahaan)|Gallup]], Obama memulai masa pemerintahannya dengan persetujuan rakyat sebesar 68%,<ref>{{cite quick |web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/113962/obama-starts-job-approval.aspx|title=Obama Starts With 68% Job Approval|publisher=Gallup.com|date=January 24, 2009|accessdate=June 19, 2011|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110616021142/http://www.gallup.com/poll/113962/Obama-Starts-Job-Approval.aspx|archivedate= June 16, 2011}}</ref> lalu menurun perlahan hingga 41% pada Agustus 2010,<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2011/04/obama-hits-low-point-in-gallup-poll/1 |title=Obama hits low point in Gallup Poll – 41% |work=USA Today|date=April 15, 2011|accessdate=June 19, 2011}}</ref> sebuah tren yang juga dialami Ronald Reagan dan [[Bill Clinton]] saat menjabat pada tahun pertama.<ref>{{cite quick |web|author=Jon Terbush|url=http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2010/12/approval-by-numbers-how-obama-compares-to-past-presidents.php|title=Approval By Numbers: How Obama Compares To Past Presidents|publisher=Tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com|date=December 9, 2010|accessdate=June 19, 2011}}</ref> Popularitasnya sempat naik sedikit setelah kematian Osama bin Laden dan bertahan sampai Juni 2011 ketika popularitasnya anjlok lagi ke level sebelum operasi penyerbuan dimulai.<ref>Oliphant, James (May 11, 2011). [http://articles.latimes.com/2011/may/11/news/la-pn-obama-bounce-20110511 "Bin Laden bounce? New poll shows jump in Obama approval"], ''Los Angeles Times''. Retrieved June 7, 2011</ref><ref>Balz, Dan; Cohen, John (June 6, 2011). [http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-loses-bin-laden-bounce-romney-on-the-move-among-gop-contenders/2011/06/06/AGT5wiKH_story.html "Obama loses bin Laden bounce; Romney on the move among GOP contenders"], ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved June 7, 2011</ref><ref>Henningsen, Patrick (May 23, 2011). [http://21stcenturywire.com/2011/05/23/washington-still-working-hard-to-plug-gaps-in-the-bin-laden-story/ "Washington Still Working Hard to Plug Gaps in The Bin Laden Story"], 21st Century Wire. Retrieved June 7, 2011</ref> Jajak pendapat di negara lain menunjukkan adanya dukungan kuat untuk Obama,<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/09/09/2360240.htm|title=World wants Obama as president: poll|agency=Reuters|date=September 9, 2008|publisher=ABC News}}</ref> dan sebelum terpilih sebagai Presiden ia sempat bertemu dengan sejumlah tokoh asing ternama seperti [[Perdana Menteri Britania Raya]] [[Tony Blair]],<ref>{{cite quick |web|accessdate=October 12, 2011|url=http://obama.senate.gov/press/050823-obama_to_visit/|title=Obama to visit nuclear, biological weapons destruction facilities in former Soviet Union|date=August 24, 2005|publisher=Obama.senate.gov|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20081218122125/http://obama.senate.gov/press/050823-obama_to_visit/|archivedate=December 18, 2008}}</ref> ketua [[Partai Demokrat (Italia)|Partai Demokrat]] Italia dan Wali Kota Roma [[Walter Veltroni]],<ref>{{cite quick |news|last=Scherer|first=Steve|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=aea6jJJwShpQ&refer=europe|title=Rome Mayor's Leadership Bid May Lead to Early Italian Elections|publisher=Bloomberg|date=September 12, 2007|accessdate=May 21, 2011|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110510100414/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=aea6jJJwShpQ&refer=europe|archivedate= May 10, 2011}}</ref> dan [[Presiden Prancis]] [[Nicolas Sarkozy]].<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/certainideasofeurope/2008/02/sarkozy_obama_and_mccain.cfm|title=Sarkozy, Obama and McCain|work=The Economist|last=Pedder|first=Sophie|date=February 20, 2008|accessdate=November 20, 2008}}</ref>
[[Berkas:G8 leaders watching football.jpg|jmpl|kiri|250px|Obama dan para pemimpin [[G8]] menonton pertandingan [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] vs. [[Chelsea F.C.]] pada final [[UEFA Champions League]] bulan Mei 2012]]
Dalam jajak pendapat [[Harris Interactive]] untuk [[France 24]] dan ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'' di Eropa Barat dan A.S. pada Februari 2009, Obama merupakan pemimpin dunia yang paling dihormati dan berpengaruh.<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/06/world/americas/06iht-poll.4.19983290.html|title=Poll shows Obama atop list of most respected|last=Freed|first=John C.|date=February 6, 2009|work=The New York Times|accessdate=January 22, 2012}}</ref> Dalam jajak pendapat oleh Harris bulan Mei 2009, Obama merupakan pemimpin dunia paling terkenal, sekaligus sosok yang sangat diharapkan masyarakat mampu membawa dunia keluar dari krisis ekonomi.<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/29/world/europe/29iht-poll.html|title=Obama Most Popular Leader, Poll Finds|date=May 29, 2009|work=The New York Times|accessdate=January 22, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite quick |news|title=Obama remains a popular symbol of hope|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20090529-obama-remains-popular-symbol-hope-harris-interactive-poll-world-leaders|date=June 2, 2009|publisher=[[France 24]]|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110513050036/http://www.france24.com/en/20090529-obama-remains-popular-symbol-hope-harris-interactive-poll-world-leaders|archivedate=May 13, 2011|accessdate=January 22, 2012}}</ref>
Obama memenangkan [[Grammy Award]] dalam kategori [[Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album|Best Spoken Word Album]] untuk versi [[buku suara]] ''[[Dreams from My Father]]'' pada bulan Februari 2006 dan ''[[The Audacity of Hope]]'' pada Februari 2008.<ref>{{cite quick |news|author=Goodman, Dean|date=February 10, 2008|title=Obama or Clinton? Grammys go for Obama|publisher=Reuters|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/musicNews/idUSN0852813420080210|accessdate=November 24, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081219070404/http://www.reuters.com/article/musicNews/idUSN0852813420080210|archivedate= December 19, 2008|deadurl= no}}</ref> [[Kampanye pendahuluan presiden Barack Obama 2008#New Hampshire|Pidato konsesinya]] setelah kampanye pendahuluan di New Hampshire diubah menjadi lagu "[[Yes We Can (lagu will.i.am)|Yes We Can]]" oleh sejumlah artis independen dan ditonton sebanyak 10 juta kali di YouTube dalam kurun satu bulan<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article3491460.ece|title=Celebrities join YouTube revolution|last=Strange|first=Hannah|date=March 5, 2008|work=The Times |place=London |accessdate=December 18, 2008}}</ref> dan memenangkan [[Daytime Emmy Award]].<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/soundboard/2008/06/emmys-give-knuc.html|title=Emmys give knuckle bump to will.i.am; more videos on the way|last=Wappler|first=Margaret|date=June 20, 2008|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=January 26, 2012|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110516090327/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/soundboard/2008/06/emmys-give-knuc.html|archivedate=May 16, 2011}}</ref> Bulan Desember 2008, majalah ''[[Time (majalah)|Time]]'' menobatkan Obama sebagai [[Time Person of the Year|Person of the Year]] atas pencalonan dan pemilihannya yang bersejarah yang digambarkan sebagai "peraihan suatu pencapaian yang tampak mustahil".<ref>{{cite quick |news|last=Von Drehle|first=David|title=Why History Can't Wait|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/2008/personoftheyear/article/0,31682,1861543_1865068,00.html|work=Time|date=December 16, 2008|accessdate=December 17, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081217223841/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2008/personoftheyear/article/0,31682,1861543_1865068,00.html|archivedate= December 17, 2008|deadurl= no}}</ref> Ia lagi-lagi dinobatkan sebagai Person of the Year tahun 2012.<ref>Scherer, Michael (2012). [http://poy.time.com/2012/12/19/person-of-the-year-barack-obama/ 2012 Person of the Year: Barack Obama, the President] – TIME. Published December 19, 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2012.</ref>
<!-- NOTE: Please read the talk page to note the ongoing discussion, and also please use citation templates or expanded footnoting when citing. Raw URLs are less desirable. Thanks -->
Pada tanggal 9 Oktober 2009, [[Komite Nobel Norwegia]] mengumumkan bahwa Obama adalah pemenang [[Hadiah Nobel Perdamaian 2009]] "atas upayanya yang luar biasa dalam memperkuat diplomasi internasional dan kerja sama antarmasyarakat".<!-- see [[WP:EGG]] before attempting to hide this link! --><ref name="nobel peace prize">{{cite quick |web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2009/|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2009|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=October 9, 2009|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20091010170600/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2009/|archivedate= October 10, 2009|deadurl= no}}</ref> Obama menerima hadiah ini di [[Oslo]], Norwegia tanggal 10 Desember 2009 dengan "rasa terima kasih mendalam dan kehormatan luar biasa."<ref name="CNN: Obama acceptance transcript">{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/12/10/obama.transcript/index.html|title=Obama: 'Peace requires responsibility'|publisher=CNN|date=December 10, 2009|accessdate=May 21, 2011}}</ref> Pemberian hadiah ini disambut berbagai pujian dan kritik dari sejumlah pemimpin dunia dan tokoh media.<ref>{{cite quick |news|last=Philp|first=Catherine|title=Barack Obama's peace prize starts a fight|place=London |work=The Times |date=October 10, 2009|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6868905.ece|accessdate=October 10, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite quick |news|author=Samuelsohn, Darren|agency=Greenwire|url=http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2009/10/09/09greenwire-obama-wins-nobel-prize-in-part-for-confronting-55250.html|title=Obama Wins Nobel Prize in Part for Confronting 'Great Climatic Challenges'|work=The New York Times|date=October 9, 2009|accessdate=April 18, 2010|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100415013852/http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2009/10/09/09greenwire-obama-wins-nobel-prize-in-part-for-confronting-55250.html|archivedate= April 15, 2010}}</ref> Obama adalah presiden A.S. keempat yang memenangkan Hadiah Nobel Perdamaian dan ketiga yang memenangkan Hadiah Nobel saat sedang menjabat.
== Keluarga dan kehidupan pribadi ==
{{Main|Keluarga Barack Obama}}
<!-- Per [[Wikipedia:Image#Location]] "Do not place images on the left at the start of any section or subsection" -->[[Berkas:Obama family portrait in the Green Room.jpg|jmpl|upright=1.15|250px|Obama berpose di [[Green Room (Gedung Putih)|Green Room]], Gedung Putih, bersama istrinya Michelle dan kedua putrinya Sasha dan Malia, 2009]]
Dalam sebuah wawancara tahun 2006, Obama menggarisbawahi keragaman [[keluarga Barack Obama|keluarganya yang luas]]: "Rasanya seperti Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa berukuran mini... Saya punya kerabat yang mirip dengan [[Bernie Mac]]. Saya juga punya kerabat yang mirip dengan [[Margaret Thatcher]]."<ref>{{cite quick |web|url=http://www.oprah.com/slideshow/oprahshow/oprahshow1_ss_20061018/10|title=Keeping Hope Alive: Barack Obama Puts Family First|date=October 18, 2006|work=The Oprah Winfrey Show|accessdate=June 24, 2008}}</ref> Obama memiliki adik ipar yang juga dibesarkan bersama dirinya ([[Maya Soetoro-Ng]], putri dari ibunya dan suami keduanya yang berasal dari Indonesia) dan tujuh saudara ipar dari keluarga ayahnya yang berasal dari Kenya – enam di antaranya masih hidup.<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=Scott|last=Fornek|title=Half Siblings: 'A Complicated Family'|date=September 9, 2007|url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545462,BSX-News-wotrees09.stng |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5msGZ6sKn|archivedate=January 18, 2010|work=Chicago Sun-Times|accessdate=June 24, 2008}} See also:{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/special/family_tree.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080703042659/http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/special/family_tree.html|archivedate=July 3, 2008|title=Interactive Family Tree|date=September 9, 2007|work=Chicago Sun-Times|accessdate=June 24, 2008}}</ref> Nenek Obama dari pihak ibunya, Madelyn Dunham,<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=Scott|last=Fornek|title=Madelyn Payne Dunham: 'A Trailblazer'|date=September 9, 2007|url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545449,BSX-News-wotreeee09.stng|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5gm7oJqn9|archivedate=May 14, 2009|work=Chicago Sun-Times|accessdate=June 24, 2008}}</ref> meninggal dunia pada tanggal 2 November 2008,<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/03/obama.grandma/index.html|title=Obama's grandmother dies after battle with cancer|publisher=CNN|accessdate=November 4, 2008|date=November 3, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081103235343/http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/03/obama.grandma/index.html|archivedate= November 3, 2008|deadurl= no}}</ref> dua hari sebelum Obama terpilih menjadi Presiden. Obama juga memiliki hubungan kekerabatan dengan bangsa Irlandia; ia bertemu sepupunya di Moneygall pada bulan Mei 2011.<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/megan-smolenyak-smolenyak/tracing-barack-obamas-roo_b_859151.html|title=Tracing Barack Obama's Roots to Moneygall|date=May 9, 2011|work=The Huffington Post|first=Megan|last=Smolenyak}}</ref> Dalam buku ''Dreams from My Father'', Obama mengaitkan sejarah keluarga ibunya dengan kemungkinan nenek moyang Pribumi Amerika dan hubungan kekerabatan jauh dengan [[Jefferson Davis]], [[Presiden Konfederasi Amerika]] pada [[Perang Saudara Amerika]].<ref>Obama (1995, 2004), p. 13. For reports on Obama's maternal genealogy, including slave owners, Irish connections, and common ancestors with George W. Bush, [[Dick Cheney]], and [[Harry S. Truman|Harry Truman]], see:{{cite quick |news|first=David|last=Nitkin|coauthors=Harry Merritt|title=A New Twist to an Intriguing Family History|date=March 2, 2007 |url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/politics/bal-te.obama02mar02,0,3453027.story|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070930033339/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/politics/bal-te.obama02mar02,0,3453027.story|archivedate=September 30, 2007|work=Baltimore Sun|accessdate=June 24, 2008}}{{cite quick |news|first=Mary|last=Jordan|title=Tiny Irish Village Is Latest Place to Claim Obama as Its Own|date=May 13, 2007|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201551.html|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=June 24, 2008}}{{cite quick |news|title=Obama's Family Tree Has a Few Surprises|date=September 8, 2007|publisher=CBS 2 (Chicago)|url=http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/Barack.Obama.family.2.339709.html|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=June 24, 2008 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080602215833/http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/Barack.Obama.family.2.339709.html |archivedate=June 2, 2008}}</ref>
Obama dipanggil "Barry" saat masih muda, kemudian meminta agar dipanggil dengan nama aslinya setelah duduk di bangku perguruan tinggi.<ref>{{cite quick |news|title=When Barry Became Barack|date=March 31, 2008|work=Newsweek |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/128633|accessdate=November 6, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081029205126/http://www.newsweek.com/id/128633|archivedate= October 29, 2008|deadurl= no}}</ref> Selain bahasa Inggris, Obama juga bisa [[Daftar Presiden Amerika Serikat yang multibahasa|mempertuturkan]] sedikit [[bahasa Indonesia]] setelah mempelajarinya selama empat tahun ketika bersekolah di Jakarta.<ref name="in Jakarta" /><ref name="in Jakarta2">{{cite quick |web|title=Obama's Indonesian pleasantries: the video|url=http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1052|author=Zimmer, Benjamin|date=January 23, 2009|accessdate=October 7, 2012|work=Language Log|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]]}}</ref> Ia gemar bermain basket dan pernah berpartisipasi dalam tim basket SMA-nya.<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=Jodi|last=Kantor|title=One Place Where Obama Goes Elbow to Elbow|date=June 1, 2007|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/us/politics/01hoops.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=April 28, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080424125948/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/us/politics/01hoops.html|archivedate= April 24, 2008|deadurl= no}} See also: {{cite quick |news|title=The Love of the Game|format=video|date=April 15, 2008|publisher=HBO|url=http://www.hbo.com/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes#/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes/0/133-april-15-2008/index.html|work=Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel|accessdate=October 12, 2011}}</ref> Ia juga sosok yang bertangan kidal.<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/us/politics/22obama.html?ref=us|title=On First Day, Obama Quickly Sets a New Tone|last=Stolberg|first=Sheryl Gay|coauthors=Kirkpatrick, David D.; Shane, Scott|date=January 22, 2009|work=The New York Times|page=1|accessdate=September 7, 2012}}</ref>
[[Berkas:Barack Obama playing basketball with members of Congress and Cabinet secretaries 2.jpg|jmpl|lurus|alt=Obama about to take a shot while three other players look at him. One of those players is holding is arms up in an attempt to block Obama.|250px|Obama melemparkan bola pada pertandingan di lapangan basket Gedung Putih, 2009]]
Obama adalah pendukung [[Chicago White Sox]] dan ia melakukan lemparan pertama di [[2005 ALCS]] saat masih menjabat sebagai senator.<ref>{{cite quick |news|title=Barack Obama: White Sox 'serious' ball|date=August 25, 2008|publisher=The Swamp|url=http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/08/barack_obama_white_sox_serious.html|accessdate=December 6, 2009}}</ref> Pada tahun 2009, ia melakukan lemparan pertama di [[2009 Major League Baseball All-Star Game]] dengan mengenakan jaket White Sox.<ref>{{cite quick |news|title=Barack Obama Explains White Sox Jacket, Talks Nats in All-Star Booth Visit|date=July 14, 2009|publisher=MLB Fanhouse|url=http://www.yardbarker.com/all_sports/articles/barack_obama_explains_white_sox_jacket_talks_nats_in_all_star_booth_visit/803700|accessdate=December 6, 2009}}</ref> Ia juga merupakan penggemar berat [[Chicago Bears]] di [[National Football League|NFL]], namun saat masih kecil dan remaja ia adalah [[Steeler Nation|penggemar Pittsburgh Steelers]], dan berhenti menjelang kemenangan mereka di [[Super Bowl XLIII]] 12 hari setelah menjabat sebagai Presiden.<ref name="Steelers">{{cite quick |news|last=Branigin|first=William|title=Steelers Win Obama's Approval|newspaper= The Washington Post|date=January 30, 2009|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/29/AR2009012903196.html|quote=But other than the Bears, the Steelers are probably the team that's closest to my heart.}}</ref> Pada tahun 2011, Obama mengundang tim [[Musim Chicago Bears 1985|Chicago Bears tahun 1985]] ke Gedung Putih; tim tersebut belum pernah masuk Gedung Putih sejak menang di [[Super Bowl XX|Super Bowl]] tahun 1986 akibat [[bencana Wahana Antariksa Challenger]].<ref>{{cite quick |web|last=Mayer|first=Larry|url=http://www.chicagobears.com/news/article-1/85-Bears-honored-by-President-Obama-at-White-House/A3C494F7-6681-44BB-850A-61EEE18315E4 |title=1985 Bears honored by President Obama |publisher=[[Chicago Bears]] |date=October 7, 2011 |accessdate=November 4, 2012}}</ref>
Pada bulan Juni 1989, Obama bertemu [[Michelle Obama|Michelle Robinson]] saat bekerja sebagai pengacara pembantu di firma hukum [[Sidley Austin]], Chicago.<ref>Obama (2006), pp. 327–332. See also:{{cite quick |news|first=Sarah|last=Brown|title=Obama '85 masters balancing act|work=The Daily Princetonian|url=http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2005/12/07/14049|date=December 7, 2005|accessdate=February 9, 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20090220165725/http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2005/12/07/14049|archivedate=February 20, 2009}}</ref> Ditugaskan sebagai penasihat Obama selama tiga bulan, Robinson bekerja sama dengan Obama di sejumlah acara sosial, namun menolak permintaan kencan pertamanya.<ref>Obama (2006), p. 329.</ref> Mereka mulai berkencan pada musim panas, bertunangan tahun 1991, dan menikah tanggal 3 Oktober 1992.<ref>{{cite quick |news|author=Fornek, Scott|title=Michelle Obama: 'He Swept Me Off My Feet'|date=October 3, 2007|url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/585261,CST-NWS-wedding03.stng|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5msGZDbMO|archivedate=January 18, 2010|work=Chicago Sun-Times|accessdate=April 28, 2008}}</ref> Putri pertama mereka, Malia Ann, lahir tanggal 4 Juli 1998,<ref>{{cite quick |web|url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0708/Born_on_the_4th_of_July.html|title=Born on the 4th of July|date=July 4, 2008|accessdate=July 10, 2008|work=Politico|author=Martin, Jonathan|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080710073536/http://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0708/Born_on_the_4th_of_July.html|archivedate= July 10, 2008|deadurl= no}}</ref> diikuti putri kedua, Natasha ("Sasha"), pada tanggal 10 Juni 2001.<ref>Obama (1995, 2004), p. 440, and Obama (2006), pp. 339–340. See also:{{cite quick |web|title=Election 2008 Information Center: Barack Obama|url=http://www.gannettnewsservice.com/?cat=153|publisher=Gannett News Service|accessdate=April 28, 2008}}</ref> Kedua putri Obama bersekolah di [[University of Chicago Laboratory Schools]]. Setelah pindah ke Washington, D.C. bulan Januari 2009, mereka mulai bersekolah di [[Sidwell Friends School]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090129194323/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/22/america/Obama-School.php "Obamas choose private Sidwell Friends School"], ''International Herald Tribune'', November 22, 2008</ref> Keluarga Obama memiliki seekor [[anjing air Portugal]] bernama [[Bo (anjing)|Bo]] yang dihadiahkan oleh Senator Ted Kennedy.<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/13/us/politics/13obama.html|title=One Obama Search Ends With a Puppy Named Bo|work=The New York Times|date=April 13, 2009|accessdate=December 22, 2010|first=Helene|last=Cooper}}</ref>
Setelah membuat persetujuan penerbitan buku, pada tahun 2005 keluarga ini pindah dari kondominium di [[Hyde Park, Chicago]] ke sebuah rumah senilai $1,6 juta di [[Kenwood, Chicago]].<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=Jeff|last=Zeleny|title=The first time around: Sen. Obama's freshman year|date=December 24, 2005|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-051224obama,0,1779783,full.story|work= Chicago Tribune|accessdate=April 28, 2008}}</ref> Pembelian tanah di sampingnya—dan penjualan separuh lahannya ke Obama oleh istri pengembang, donor kampanye, dan sahabatnya [[Tony Rezko]]—menarik perhatian media setelah Rezko diadili dan ditahan akibat tuduhan korupsi politik yang tidak ada hubungannya dengan Obama.<ref name="corruption charges" />
Pada bulan Desember 2007, ''[[Money (majalah)|Money]]'' memperkirakan kekayaan bersih keluarga Obama sebesar $1,3 juta.<ref>{{cite quick |news|title=Obama's Money|date=December 7, 2007|url=http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0712/gallery.candidates.moneymag/5.html|publisher=CNNMoney.com|accessdate=April 28, 2008|first=Marlys|last=Harris|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080424113420/http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0712/gallery.candidates.moneymag/5.html|archivedate= April 24, 2008|deadurl= no}} <br /> See also:{{cite quick |news|first=Zachary A|last=Goldfarb|title=Measuring Wealth of the '08 Candidates|date=March 24, 2007|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/24/AR2007032400305.html|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=April 28, 2008}}</ref> Formulir pajak mereka tahun 2009 mencantumkan pendapatan rumah tangga senilai $5,5 juta—naik dari $4,2 juta tahun 2007 dan $1,6 juta tahun 2005—yang kebanyakan merupakan hasil penjualan buku-bukunya.<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=Jeff|last=Zeleny|title=Book Sales Lifted Obamas' Income in 2007 to a Total of $4.2 Million|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/us/politics/17obama.html|date=April 17, 2008|work=The New York Times|accessdate=April 28, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080420191354/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/us/politics/17obama.html?|archivedate= April 20, 2008|deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/15/AR2010041504485.html|title=Obamas report $5.5 million in income on 2009 tax return|work=The Washington Post|date=April 16, 2010|accessdate=December 22, 2010|first1=Michael D.|last1=Shear|first2=David S.|last2=Hilzenrath}}</ref> Dari pendapatannya sebesar $1,7 juta pada tahun 2010, ia memberikan 14%-nya ke organisasi nirlaba, termasuk $131.000 ke [[Fisher House Foundation]], badan amal yang membantu keluarga veteran terluka dan mengizinkan mereka tinggal dekat tempat veteran tersebut dirawat.<ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/businessdesk/2011/04/how-much-did-president-obama-m.html|date = April 18, 2011|title=How Much Did President Obama Make in 2010?|work=[[PBS NewsHour]]|first=Paul|last=Solman|accessdate=January 27, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2011/04/the-obamas-gave-131000-to-the-fisher-house-foundation-last-year-what-is-it.html|date=April 27, 2011|title=The Obamas Gave $131,000 to Fisher House Foundation in 2010; What Is It?|work=[[PBS NewsHour]]|first=Paul|last=Solman|accessdate=January 27, 2012}}</ref> Dalam informasi keuangannya yang dilepaskan ke publik tahun 2012, kekayaan Obama bisa mencapai $10 juta.<ref name="networth12">{{cite quick |news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2012/05/obama-worth-as-much-as-10-million/1 |title=Obama worth as much as $10 million|last=Wolf|first=Richard|date=May 16, 2012|work=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=June 16, 2012}}</ref>
Obama sempat mencoba berhenti merokok beberapa kali, kadang dengan [[terapi pengganti nikotin]], dan pada awal 2010 Michelle Obama mengatakan bahwa ia berhasil berhenti merokok.<ref name="reuters-smoking">Elsner, Alan (December 7, 2008). [http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/12/07/us-usa-obama-smoking-idUSTRE4B61GF20081207 Obama says he won't be smoking in White House"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130061734/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/12/07/us-usa-obama-smoking-idUSTRE4B61GF20081207 |date=2013-01-30 }}. Reuters. Retrieved February 28, 2010.</ref><ref>Zengerle, Patricia (February 8, 2011). [http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/08/us-obama-smoking-idUSTRE7176EL20110208 "Yes, he did: first lady says Obama quit smoking"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130061727/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/08/us-obama-smoking-idUSTRE7176EL20110208 |date=2013-01-30 }}. Reuters. Retrieved May 9, 2011.</ref>
=== Pandangan agama ===
Obama adalah seorang [[Kristen]] [[Protestan]] yang pandangan agamanya mulai terbentuk setelah beranjak dewasa. Di ''The Audacity of Hope'', ia menulis bahwa ia "tidak dibesarkan di keluarga yang agamais". Ia menggambarkan ibunya yang dibesarkan oleh keluarga nonreligius (yang Obama sebut sebagai "[[Metodis]] dan [[Baptis]] tidak taat") sebagai sosok yang terlepas dari agama, namun juga "sosok yang pandangan spiritualnya paling terbuka yang pernah aku kenal". Ia menggambarkan ayahnya sebagai "[[ateis]] mutlak" pada saat orang tuanya bertemu, dan ayah tirinya sebagai "orang yang memandang agama sebagai sesuatu yang tidak terlalu bermanfaat." Obama menjelaskan bagaimana ia memahami "kekuatan tradisi agama Afrika-Amerika dalam menciptakan perubahan sosial" setelah bekerja sebagai [[penggerakan masyarakat|penggerak masyarakat]] di [[gereja hitam|gereja-gereja hitam]] saat berusia 20 tahunan.<ref name="social change" />
Dalam sebuah wawancara dengan periodik evangelis ''[[Christianity Today]]'', Obama menyatakan: "Saya seorang Kristen dan saya seorang Kristen yang taat. Saya percaya dengan penebusan dan kebangkitan [[Yesus Kristus]]. Saya percaya bahwa agama memberikan jalan pembersihan dari dosa dan kehidupan yang abadi."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pulliam |first1=Sarah |last2=Olsen |first2=Ted |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2008/januaryweb-only/104-32.0.html?start=2 |title=Q&A: Barack Obama |publisher=Christianity Today |date=January 23, 2008 |accessdate=January 4, 2013}}</ref> Pada tanggal 27 September 2010, Obama merilis pernyataan yang mengomentari pandangan agamanya, "Aku Kristen karena pilihan. Keluargaku tidak—sejujurnya, mereka bukan orang-orang yang rajin ke gereja setiap minggu. Dan ibuku adalah orang paling spiritual yang pernah aku kenal, tetapi dia tidak membesarkanku di gereja. Jadi aku memeluk agama Kristen setelah dewasa, dan ini karena petunjuk Yesus Kristus berbicara kepadaku dalam bentuk kehidupan yang ingin aku pimpin—menjadi pelindung saudara-saudaraku, memperlakukan orang lain sebagaimana mereka memperlakukanku."<ref name="APbychoice">[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/28/obama-christian-by-choice_n_742124.html?view=print Obama 'Christian By Choice': President Responds To Questioner] by Charles Babington and Darlene Superville, [[Associated Press]], September 28, 2010</ref><ref name="ABCVideobychoice">Video – [http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2010/09/president-obama-i-am-a-christian-by-choicethe-precepts-of-jesus-spoke-to-me.html President Obama: "I am a Christian By Choice"] by [[ABC News]], September 29, 2010.</ref>
Obama bertemu [[Trinity United Church of Christ]] Pdt. [[Jeremiah Wright]] pada bulan Oktober 1987 dan menjadi anggota Trinity tahun 1992.<ref name="Trinity"/> Ia keluar dari Trinity bulan Mei 2008 saat kampanye presiden pertamanya setelah [[kontroversi Jeremiah Wright|pernyataan kontroversial]] Jeremiah Wright tersebar ke publik.<ref>{{cite quick|news|author=Associated Press|date=November 17, 2008|title=Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized|publisher=MSNBC.com|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27775757/|accessdate=January 20, 2009}}</ref> Setelah lama mencari gereja yang cocok di Washington, Obama mengumumkan pada Juni 2009 bahwa tempat ibadah kesukaannya adalah Kapel Evergreen di [[Camp David]].<ref>{{cite quick|news|last=Sullivan|first=Amy|date=June 29, 2009|title=The Obamas find a church home—away from home|work=Time|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1908437,00.html|accessdate=December 14, 2009}}</ref>
== Catatan kaki ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em
<ref name="birth-certificate">
{{cite quick |web |date=April 27, 2011|title=Certificate of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II, August 4, 1961, 7:24 pm, Honolulu|work=Department of Health, State of Hawaii|publisher=The White House|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf|accessdate=April 27, 2011|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110429013125/http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf|archivedate= April 29, 2011}}
</ref>
<ref name="Christian">
{{cite quick |web |year=2009|title=American President: Barack Obama|location=Charlottesville, VA|publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia|url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama|accessdate=January 23, 2009|quote=Religion: Christian|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090123091100/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama|archivedate= January 23, 2009|deadurl= no}}
* {{cite quick |web|title=The Truth about Barack's Faith|publisher=Obama for America|url=http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf|accessdate=July 1, 2012|archivedate=January 5, 2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110105040018/http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf}}
* {{cite quick |news |author=Miller, Lisa |date=July 18, 2008|title=Finding his faith|work=Newsweek|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971|accessdate=February 4, 2010|quote= He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago.|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100206163704/http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971|archivedate= February 6, 2010}}
* {{cite quick |news |author=Barakat, Matthew |agency = Associated Press |date=November 17, 2008|title= Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized; D.C. churches have started extending invitations to Obama and his family|publisher=msnbc.com|url= http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27775757|accessdate=January 20, 2009|quote=The United Church of Christ, the denomination from which Obama resigned when he left Wright's church, issued a written invitation to join a UCC denomination in Washington and resume his connections to the church.|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090124004315/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/27775757|archivedate= January 24, 2009|deadurl= no}}.
* {{cite quick |web |date=January 20, 2009 |title=Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President|publisher=United Church of Christ|url=http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html|accessdate=January 21, 2009|quote=Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States.|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090125002304/http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html|archivedate= January 25, 2009|deadurl= no}}
* {{cite quick |news |author=Sullivan, Amy|date=June 29, 2009|title=The Obama's find a church home—away from home|work=Time|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1907610,00.html|accessdate=February 5, 2010|quote=instead of joining a congregation in Washington, D.C., he will follow in George W. Bush's footsteps and make his primary place of worship Evergreen Chapel, the nondenominational church at Camp David.}}.
* {{cite quick |news |author=Kornblut, Anne E.|date=February 4, 2010|title=Obama's spirituality is largely private, but it's influential, advisers say|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A6|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/03/AR2010020303619.html|accessdate=February 5, 2010|quote=Obama prays privately ... And when he takes his family to Camp David on the weekends, a Navy chaplain ministers to them, with the daughters attending a form of Sunday school there.}}
</ref>
<ref name="Occidental">
{{cite quick |news|author=Gordon, Larry|date=January 29, 2007|title=Occidental recalls 'Barry' Obama|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|page=B1|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29|accessdate=May 12, 2010|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100524102944/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29|archivedate= May 24, 2010}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Possley, Maurice|date=March 30, 2007|title=Activism blossomed in college|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|page=20|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive,0,1533921.story|accessdate=May 12, 2010}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Kovaleski, Serge F.|date=February 9, 2008|title=Old friends say drugs played bit part in Obama's young life|newspaper=The New York Times|page=A1|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/us/politics/09obama.html?pagewanted=all|accessdate=May 12, 2010}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Rohter, Larry|date=April 10, 2008 |title=Obama says real-life experience trumps rivals' foreign policy credits|newspaper=The New York Times|page=A18|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/us/politics/10obama.html|accessdate=May 12, 2010}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Goldman, Adam; Tanner, Robert |agency = Associated Press |date=May 15, 2008|title=Old friends recall Obama's years in LA, NYC|work=USA Today |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2008-05-15-3144401415_x.htm|accessdate=May 12, 2010}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Helman, Scott|date=August 25, 2008|title=Small college awakened future senator to service (subscription archive)|newspaper=The Boston Globe|page=1A|url=http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/2008/08/25/small_college_awakened_future_senator_to_service/?page=full|accessdate=May 12, 2010}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Jackson, Brooks|date=June 5, 2009|title=More 'birther' nonsense: Obama's 1981 Pakistan trip|publisher=FactCheck.org|url=http://www.factcheck.org/2009/06/more-birther-nonsense-obamas-1981-pakistan-trip|accessdate=May 12, 2010}}
* {{cite quick |book|author=Remnick, David|year=2010|title=[[The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama]]|place=New York |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|pages=98–112|isbn=978-1-4000-4360-6}}
* Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 92–112.
* Mendell (2007), pp. 55–62.
</ref>
<ref name="Juris Doctor">
{{cite quick |news|author=Adams, Richard|date=May 9, 2007|title=Barack Obama|newspaper=The Guardian|place=London|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/may/09/barackobama.uselections20081|accessdate=October 26, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081013083027/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/may/09/barackobama.uselections20081|archivedate= October 13, 2008|deadurl= no}}
</ref>
<ref name="Fellow">
{{cite quick |journal|author=Merriner, James L.|date=June 2008|title=The friends of O|journal=Chicago|volume=57|issue=6|pages=74–79, 97–99|issn=0362-4595|url=http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2008/Obamas-Chicago-Posse/The-Friends-of-O/index.php?cp=2&si=1|accessdate=January 30, 2010}}
* {{cite quick |journal|author=Zengerle, Jason|date=July 30, 2008|title=Con law; What the University of Chicago right thinks of Obama|journal=The New Republic|volume=239|issue=1|pages=7–8|issn=0028-6583|url=http://www.tnr.com/article/con-law?id=86dd0277-c6ee-4e3c-83e9-0bb468c5c40d&p=1|accessdate=January 30, 2010}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Kantor, Jodi|date=July 30, 2008|title=Teaching law, testing ideas, Obama stood slightly apart|newspaper=The New York Times|page=A1|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/30/us/politics/30law.html?pagewanted=all|accessdate=January 30, 2010}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Gray, Steven|date=September 10, 2008|title=Taking professor Obama's class|work=Time|url=http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1835238-2,00.html|accessdate=January 30, 2010}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Starr, Alexandra|date=September 21, 2008|title=Case study|magazine=The New York Times Magazine |page=76|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/21/magazine/21obama-t.html?pagewanted=all|accessdate=January 30, 2010}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Hundley, Tom|date=March 22, 2009|title=Ivory tower of power|magazine=Chicago Tribune Magazine|page=6|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/features/chi-mxa0322magazineobamapg6mar22,0,4802888,full.story|accessdate=January 30, 2010|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110513214618/http://www.chicagotribune.com/features/chi-mxa0322magazineobamapg6mar22,0,4802888,full.story|archivedate=May 13, 2011}}
</ref>
<ref name="Forty">
{{cite quick |book|editor=White, Jesse|year=2000|title=Illinois Blue Book, 2000, Millennium ed.|page=83|place=Springfield, IL|publisher=Illinois Secretary of State|url=http://www.sos.state.il.us/bb/toc.html|archivedate=April 16, 2004|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20040416120057/www.sos.state.il.us/bb/sec4_71_132.pdf|oclc=43923973|accessdate=June 6, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Jarrett, Vernon|date=August 11, 1992|title='Project Vote' brings power to the people|work=Chicago Sun-Times |page=23|format=paid archive|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(Vernon%20Jarrett)%20AND%20date(8/11/1992%20to%208/11/1992)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=8/11/1992%20to%208/11/1992)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(Vernon%20Jarrett)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no |accessdate=June 6, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |journal|author=Reynolds, Gretchen|month=January|year=1993|title=Vote of confidence|journal=Chicago|volume=42|issue=1|pages=53–54|issn=0362-4595|url=http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/January-1993/Vote-of-Confidence|accessdate=June 6, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080514183643/http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/January-1993/Vote-of-Confidence|archivedate= May 14, 2008|deadurl= no}}
* {{cite quick |journal|author=Anderson, Veronica|month=September 27 – October 3|year=1993|title=40 under Forty: Barack Obama, Director, Illinois Project Vote|journal=Crain's Chicago Business|volume=16|issue=39|page=43|issn=0149-6956}}
</ref>
<ref name="DavisMiner">
{{cite quick |news|author=Robinson, Mike|agency=Associated Press|date=February 20, 2007|title=Obama got start in civil rights practice|newspaper=The Boston Globe|url=http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2007/02/20/obama_got_start_in_civil_rights_practice|accessdate=June 15, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Pallasch, Abdon M.|date=December 17, 2007|title=As lawyer, Obama was strong, silent type; He was 'smart, innovative, relentless,' and he mostly let other lawyers do the talking|newspaper=Chicago Sun-Times|page=4|format=paid archive|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(Pallasch)_AND_date(12/17/2007_to_12/17/2007)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=December_17,_2007_to_12/17/2007)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(Pallasch)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no|accessdate=June 15, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |news |author=Morain, Dan|date=April 6, 2008|title=Obama's law days effective but brief|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|page=A14|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2008/apr/06/nation/na-obamalegal6|accessdate=February 14, 2010}}
* {{cite quick |news|date=June 27, 1993|title=People|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|page=9 (Business)|format=paid archive|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24302659.html?dids=24302659:24302659&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT|accessdate=June 15, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |news|date=July 5, 1993|title=Business appointments|newspaper=Chicago-Sun-Times|page=40|format=paid archive|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(Business%20appointments)%20AND%20date(7/5/1993%20to%207/5/1993)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=7/5/1993%20to%207/5/1993)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(Business%20appointments)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no|accessdate=June 15, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |news |author=Ripley, Amanda|date=November 3, 2004|title=Obama's ascent|work=Time|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,750742,00.html|accessdate=February 13, 2010}}
* {{cite quick |web|year=2008|title=About us|url=http://www.lawmbg.com/index.cfm/PageID/2711|publisher=Miner, Barnhill & Galland – Chicago, Illinois|accessdate=June 15, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080720182856/http://www.lawmbg.com/index.cfm/PageID/2711|archivedate= July 20, 2008|deadurl= no}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Reardon, Patrick T.|date=June 25, 2008|title=Obama's Chicago|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|page=1 (Tempo)|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/travel/chi-obama-chicago-htmlstory,0,506256.htmlstory|accessdate=February 13, 2010}}
* Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 438–439.
* Mendell (2007), pp. 104–106.
</ref>
<ref name="Democratic primary">
{{cite quick |web|url=http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2000/ilh.htm |title=Federal Elections 2000: U.S. House Results – Illinois |publisher=[[Federal Election Commission]] |accessdate=April 24, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080328011936/http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2000/ilh.htm|archivedate= March 28, 2008|deadurl= no}}
* {{cite quick |web|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14502364|title=Obama's Loss May Have Aided White House Bid|author=Gonyea, Dan|date=September 19, 2007|accessdate=January 30, 2011|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110218211819/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14502364|archivedate= February 18, 2011}}
* {{cite quick |news|first=Janny |last=Scott |title=A Streetwise Veteran Schooled Young Obama |date=September 9, 2007 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/us/politics/09obama.html |work=The New York Times |accessdate=April 20, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080321122541/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/us/politics/09obama.html|archivedate= March 21, 2008|deadurl= no}}
* {{cite quick |news|first=Edward |last=McClelland |title=How Obama Learned to Be a Natural |date=February 12, 2007 |url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/02/12/obama_natural/ |work=Salon |accessdate=April 20, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080308133402/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/02/12/obama_natural/|archivedate= March 8, 2008|deadurl= no}}
* {{cite quick |news|first=Richard |last=Wolffe |coauthors=Daren Briscoe |title=Across the Divide |date=July 16, 2007 |work=Newsweek |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/33156 |accessdate=April 20, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080418014600/http://www.newsweek.com/id/33156?|archivedate= April 18, 2008|deadurl= no}}
* {{cite quick |news|first=Scott |last=Helman |title=Early Defeat Launched a Rapid Political Climb |date=October 12, 2007 |url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/10/12/early_defeat_launched_a_rapid_political_climb/ |work=The Boston Globe |accessdate=April 20, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2007-10-24-3157940059_x.htm|title=Obama learned from failed Congress run |work=USA Today |author=Wills, Christopher|date=October 24, 2007 |accessdate=November 15, 2010}}
</ref>
<ref name="Rose Garden">
{{cite quick |web|author=Office of the Press Secretary|date=October 2, 2002|title=President, House leadership agree on Iraq resolution|publisher=The White House|url=http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/10/20021002-7.html|accessdate=February 18, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Tackett, Michael|date=October 3, 2002|title=Bush, House OK Iraq deal; Congress marches with Bush|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|page=1 |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569641.html?dids=203569641:203569641&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT|format=paid archive|accessdate=February 3, 2008}}
</ref>
<ref name="Federal Plaza">
{{cite quick |news|author=Glauber, Bill|date=October 3, 2003|title=War protesters gentler, but passion still burns|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|page=1 |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569621.html?dids=203569621:203569621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT|format=paid archive|accessdate=February 3, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Strausberg, Chinta|date=October 3, 2002|title=War with Iraq undermines U.N |newspaper=Chicago Defender|page=1|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220379051.html|quote=Photo caption: Left Photo: Sen. Barack Obama along with Rev. Jesse Jackson spoke to nearly 3,000 anti-war protestors (below) during a rally at Federal Plaza Wednesday.|accessdate=October 28, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |web|author=Katz, Marilyn|date=October 2, 2007|title=Five years since our first action|publisher=Chicagoans Against War & Injustice|url=http://www.noiraqwar-chicago.org/?p=127|accessdate=February 18, 2008|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110721192331/http://www.noiraqwar-chicago.org/?p=127|archivedate=July 21, 2011}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Bryant, Greg; Vaughn, Jane B.|date=October 3, 2002|title=300 attend rally against Iraq war|newspaper=Daily Herald (Arlington Heights)|page=8|format=paid archive|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ADHB&p_theme=adhb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_text_search-0=300%20AND%20attend%20AND%20rally%20AND%20against%20AND%20Iraq%20AND%20war&s_dispstring=300%20attend%20rally%20against%20Iraq%20war%20AND%20date(10/3/2002%20to%2010/3/2002)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=10/3/2002%20to%2010/3/2002)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no|accessdate=October 28, 2008}}
* Mendell (2007), pp. 172–177.
</ref>
<ref name="spoke out">
{{cite quick |news|author=Obama, Barack|date=October 2, 2002|title=Remarks of Illinois State Sen. Barack Obama against going to war with Iraq|url=http://www.barackobama.com/2002/10/02/remarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080130204029/http://www.barackobama.com/2002/10/02/remarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php|archivedate=January 30, 2008|publisher=BarackObama.com|accessdate=February 3, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=McCormick, John|date=October 3, 2007|title=Obama marks '02 war speech; Contender highlights his early opposition in effort to distinguish him from his rivals|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|page=7|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1351610621.html?dids=1351610621:1351610621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT|format=paid archive|quote=The top strategist for Sen. Barack Obama has just 14 seconds of video of what is one of the most pivotal moments of the presidential candidate's political career. The video, obtained from a Chicago TV station, is of Obama's 2002 speech in opposition to the impending Iraq invasion.|accessdate=October 28, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Pallasch, Abdon M.|date=October 3, 2007|title=Obama touts anti-war cred; Kicks off tour 5 years after speech critical of going to Iraq|newspaper=Chicago Sun-Times|page=26|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=headline(Obama%20touts%20anti-war%20cred)%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=title&p_text_advanced-0=(Obama%20touts%20anti-war%20cred)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no|format=paid archive|accessdate=October 28, 2008}}
</ref>
<ref name="stop the war">
{{cite quick |news|author=Ritter, Jim|date=March 17, 2003|newspaper=Chicago Sun-Times|page=3|title=Anti-war rally here draws thousands|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=headline(Anti-war%20rally%20here%20draws%20thousands)%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=title&p_text_advanced-0=(Anti-war%20rally%20here%20draws%20thousands)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no|format=paid archive|accessdate=February 3, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |web|author=Office of the Press Secretary|date=March 16, 2003|title=President Bush: Monday 'moment of truth' for world on Iraq|publisher=The White House|url=http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030316-3.html|accessdate=February 18, 2008}}
</ref>
<ref name="future">
{{cite quick |news|author=Mendell, David|date=March 17, 2004|title=Obama routs Democratic foes; Ryan tops crowded GOP field; Hynes, Hull fall far short across state|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|page=1|url= http://www.chicagotribune.com/technology/chi-0403170332mar17,0,6048572.story|accessdate=March 1, 2009}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Davey, Monica|date=March 18, 2004|title=As quickly as overnight, a Democratic star is born|newspaper=The New York Times|page=A20|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/18/us/as-quickly-as-overnight-a-democratic-star-is-born.html?pagewanted=all |accessdate=March 1, 2009}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Howlett, Debbie|date=March 19, 2004|title=Dems see a rising star in Illinois Senate candidate|newspaper=USA Today|page=A04|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/2004-03-18-obama-usat_x.htm|accessdate=March 1, 2009}}
* {{cite quick |journal|author=Scheiber, Noam |date=May 31, 2004|title=Race against history. Barack Obama's miraculous campaign |journal=The New Republic|volume=230|issue=20|pages=21–22, 24–26 (cover story)|url=http://www.tnr.com/article/race-against-history-0 |accessdate=March 24, 2009}}
* {{cite quick |journal|author=Finnegan, William|date=May 31, 2004|title=The Candidate. How far can Barack Obama go?|journal=The New Yorker|volume=20|issue=14|pages=32–38|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/05/31/040531fa_fact1?currentPage=all |accessdate=March 24, 2009}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Dionne Jr., E.J.|date=June 25, 2004|title=In Illinois, a star prepares|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A29 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A4062-2004Jun24.html|accessdate=March 24, 2009}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Scott, Janny|date=May 18, 2008|title=The story of Obama, written by Obama|newspaper=The New York Times|page=A1|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/us/politics/18memoirs.html?pagewanted=all|accessdate=January 9, 2010}}
* Mendell (2007), pp. 235–259.
</ref>
<ref name="status">
{{cite quick |news|date=August 2, 2004 |title=Star Power. Showtime: Some are on the rise; others have long been fixtures in the firmament. A galaxy of bright Democratic lights|work=Newsweek|pages=48–51 |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/54728/output/print |accessdate=November 15, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081218014146/http://www.newsweek.com/id/54728/output/print|archivedate= December 18, 2008|deadurl= no}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Samuel, Terence|date=August 2, 2004|title=A shining star named Obama. How a most unlikely politician became a darling of the Democrats|work=U.S. News & World Report|page=25|url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/040802/2obama.htm |accessdate=November 15, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081206100640/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/040802/2obama.htm|archivedate= December 6, 2008|deadurl= no}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Lizza, Ryan|month=September|year=2004|title=Why is Barack Obama generating more excitement among Democrats than John Kerry? |work=The Atlantic Monthly|pages=30, 33|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200409/lizza |accessdate=November 15, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Davey, Monica|date=July 26, 2004|title=A surprise Senate contender reaches his biggest stage yet|newspaper= The New York Times |page=A1|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/26/us/the-speaker-a-surprise-senate-contender-reaches-his-biggest-stage-yet.html|accessdate=November 25, 2010}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Leibovich, Mark|date=July 27, 2004|title=The other man of the hour|work=The Washington Post|page=C1 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A16606-2004Jul26.html |accessdate=November 15, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Milligan, Susan |date=July 27, 2004|title=In Obama, Democrats see their future |work=The Boston Globe|page=B8 |url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2004/07/27/in_obama_democrats_see_their_future/ |accessdate=November 15, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081218181835/http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2004/07/27/in_obama_democrats_see_their_future/|archivedate= December 18, 2008|deadurl= no}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Seelye, Katharine Q.|date=July 28, 2004|title=Illinois Senate nominee speaks of encompassing unity|newspaper= The New York Times |page=A1|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/28/politics/campaign/28blacks.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060624052131/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/28/politics/campaign/28blacks.html|archivedate=June 24, 2006 |accessdate=November 15, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Broder, David S.|date=July 28, 2004|title=Democrats focus on healing divisions; Addressing convention, newcomers set themes|work=The Washington Post|page=A1|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17865-2004Jul27.html |accessdate=November 15, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Bing, Jonathan; McClintock, Pamela|date=July 29, 2004|title=Auds resist charms of Dem stars|work= Variety |page=1 |url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117908388.html |accessdate=November 15, 2008}}
* Mendell (2007), pp. 272–285.
</ref>
<ref name="margin">
{{cite quick |news|year=2005|title=America Votes 2004: U.S. Senate / Illinois|publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/IL/S/01/index.html |accessdate=April 13, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080416061340/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004//pages/results/states/IL/S/01/index.html|archivedate= April 16, 2008|deadurl= no}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Slevin, Peter|date=November 13, 2007|title=For Obama, a handsome payoff in political gambles|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A3|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/12/AR2007111201945.html|accessdate=April 13, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |news |author=Chase, John; Mendell, David|date=November 3, 2004|title=Obama scores a record landslide|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|page=1|url=http://www.noticiasdot.com/publicaciones/2004/1104/0311/noticias031104/presidenciales-usa/images/usa/chicago_tribune/chicago_tribune_031104.pdf|accessdate=April 3, 2009}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Fornek, Scott|date=November 3, 2004|title=Obama takes Senate seat in a landslide|newspaper=Chicago Sun-Times |page=6 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1553596.html|accessdate=April 3, 2009}}</ref>
* {{cite quick |news|first=Tom|last=Curry|title=What Obama's Senate Votes Reveal|date=February 21, 2008|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23276453/|publisher=msnbc.com|accessdate=June 25, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080513135618/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23276453/|archivedate= May 13, 2008|deadurl= no}}
* {{cite quick |news|url=http://nj.nationaljournal.com/voteratings/|title=Obama: Most Liberal Senator In 2007|work=National Journal|date=January 31, 2008|accessdate=June 25, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080627040734/http://nj.nationaljournal.com/voteratings/?|archivedate= June 27, 2008|deadurl= no}}
</ref>
<ref name="transition period">
{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSTRE4AF1MJ20081116|title=Obama resigns Senate seat, thanks Illinois|accessdate=March 10, 2009|date=November 16, 2008|agency=Reuters|author=Mason, Jeff}}
* {{cite quick |news|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1859020,00.html|title=Obama to Resign Senate Seat on Sunday|accessdate=November 22, 2008|date=November 13, 2008|publisher=[[Time Inc.]]|work=Time|author=Sidoti, Liz|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081122143031/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1859020,00.html|archivedate= November 22, 2008|deadurl= no}}
</ref>
<ref name="nuclear terrorism">
{{cite quick |web|title=Obama, Schiff Provision to Create Nuclear Threat Reduction Plan Approved |date=December 20, 2007 |url=http://obama.senate.gov/press/071220-obama_schiff_pr/ |publisher=Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office |accessdate=April 27, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081218154751/http://obama.senate.gov/press/071220-obama_schiff_pr/|archivedate=December 18, 2008}}
</ref>
<ref name="Kenyan">
{{cite quick |news|first=Christina |last=Larson |title=Hoosier Daddy: What Rising Democratic Star Barack Obama Can Learn from an Old Lion of the GOP |date=September 2006|url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.larson.html |work=Washington Monthly |accessdate=April 27, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080430232404/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.larson.html|archivedate= April 30, 2008|deadurl= no}}
* {{cite quick |news|first=Chuck |last=Goudie |title=Obama Meets with Arafat's Successor |date=January 12, 2006 |url=http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/local&id=3806933 |publisher=WLS-TV |accessdate=April 27, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |news|title=Obama Slates Kenya for Fraud |date=August 28, 2006 |url=http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_1989646,00.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080605213213/http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_1989646,00.html |archivedate=June 5, 2008 |publisher=News24.com |accessdate=April 27, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |news|first=Chris |last=Wamalwa |title=Envoy Hits at Obama Over Graft Remark |date=September 2, 2006 |url=http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957666 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071010050740/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957666 |archivedate=October 10, 2007 |work=The Standard (Nairobi) |accessdate=April 27, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |news|first=Vincent |last=Moracha |coauthors=Mangoa Mosota |title=Leaders Support Obama on Graft Claims |date=September 4, 2006 |url=http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957752 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071007115436/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957752 |archivedate=October 7, 2007 |work=The Standard (Nairobi) |accessdate=April 27, 2008}}
</ref>
<ref name="allocation">
{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1738331,00.html |title=The Five Mistakes Clinton Made |author=Tumulty, Karen |work=Time |date=May 8, 2008 |accessdate=November 11, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081211125310/http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1738331,00.html|archivedate= December 11, 2008|deadurl= no}}
* {{cite quick |news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/us/politics/08recon.html |title=The Long Road to a Clinton Exit |author=Baker, Peter and Rutenberg, Jim |work=The New York Times |date=June 8, 2008 |accessdate=November 29, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081209030041/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/us/politics/08recon.html|archivedate= December 9, 2008|deadurl= no}}
</ref>
<ref name="delegates">
{{cite quick |news|author=Tom Baldwin|title=Hillary Clinton: 'Barack is my candidate'|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/us_elections/article4616719.ece|work=The Times |place=London |date=August 27, 2008|accessdate=August 27, 2008 }}
* {{cite quick |news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/28/us/politics/28DEMSDAY.html?pagewanted=all|title=Obama Wins Nomination as Biden and Bill Clinton Rally the Party|work=The New York Times |author=Nagourney, Adam|date=August 27, 2008|accessdate=August 27, 2008}}
</ref>
<ref name="acceptance">
{{cite quick |news|title=Obama accepts Democrat nomination|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7586375.stm|publisher=BBC News Online|date=August 29, 2008|accessdate=August 29, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080828234350/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7586375.stm|archivedate= August 28, 2008|deadurl= no}}
* {{cite quick |news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2008/0829/soaring-speech-from-obama-plus-some-specifics|title=Soaring speech from Obama, plus some specifics|work=The Christian Science Monitor|author=Marks, Alexandra|date=August 29, 2008|accessdate=September 20, 2008|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100314121702/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2008/0829/soaring-speech-from-obama-plus-some-specifics|archivedate=March 14, 2010}}
</ref>
<ref name="small donations">
{{cite quick |news|first=Jim|last=Malone|title=Obama Fundraising Suggests Close Race for Party Nomination|date=July 2, 2007|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007-07/2007-07-02-voa52.cfm|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070914032004/http://voanews.com/english/archive/2007-07/2007-07-02-voa52.cfm|archivedate=September 14, 2007 |publisher=Voice of America|accessdate=January 14, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |news|first=Jeanne|last=Cummings|title=Small Donors Rewrite Fundraising Handbook|date=September 26, 2007|url=http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=3ECB3515-3048-5C12-004D622CB6F4E214|work=Politico|accessdate=January 14, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080201140941/http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=3ECB3515-3048-5C12-004D622CB6F4E214|archivedate= February 1, 2008|deadurl= no}}
* {{cite quick |news|first=Emily|last=Cadei|title=Obama Outshines Other Candidates in January Fundraising|date=February 21, 2008|url=http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-000002674309|publisher=CQ Politics|accessdate=February 24, 2008 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080613213513/http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-000002674309 |archivedate=June 13, 2008}}
</ref>
<ref name="presidential debates">
{{cite quick |web|accessdate=July 6, 2008|url=http://www.debates.org/pages/news_111907.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080706070658/http://www.debates.org/pages/news_111907.html|archivedate=July 6, 2008|title=Commission on Presidential Debates Announces Sites, Dates, Formats and Candidate Selection Criteria for 2008 General Election|publisher=[[Commission on Presidential Debates]]|date=November 19, 2007}}
* {{cite quick |news|accessdate=July 6, 2008|url=http://www.courant.com/topic/|title=Gun Ruling Reverberates|work=[[Hartford Courant]]|date=June 27, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080705225819/http://www.courant.com/topic/|archivedate= July 5, 2008|deadurl= no}}
</ref>
<ref name="electoral votes">
{{cite quick |news|publisher=msnbc.com|accessdate=February 20, 2009|date=November 4, 2008|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27531033/|title=Barack Obama elected 44th president|author=Johnson, Alex|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090220052714/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27531033/|archivedate= February 20, 2009|deadurl= no}}
* {{cite quick |news|url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/president/|title=CNN Electoral Map Calculator—Election Center 2008|publisher=CNN |year=2008|accessdate=December 14, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081212014309/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/president/|archivedate= December 12, 2008|deadurl= no}}
</ref>
<ref name="direct assistance">
{{cite quick |news|url=http://stimulus.org/|title=Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget, Stimulus Watch|accessdate=April 9, 2011}}
* {{cite quick |news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/17/obama.stimulus.remarks/|title=Obama's remarks on signing the stimulus plan|accessdate=February 17, 2009|publisher=CNN |date=February 17, 2009|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090220074825/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/17/obama.stimulus.remarks/|archivedate= February 20, 2009|deadurl= no}}
</ref>
<ref name="markets opened">
{{cite quick |news|title=U.S. Expands Plan to Buy Banks' Troubled Assets|date=March 23, 2009|work=The New York Times |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/24/business/economy/24bailout.html |first1=Edmund L. |last1=Andrews |first2=Eric |last2=Dash |accessdate=April 12, 2010}}
* {{cite quick |news|title=Wall Street soars 7% on bank plan debut|date=March 23, 2009|publisher=Reuters|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSTRE52H2FA20090323?feedType=RSS&feedName=businessNews}}
</ref>
<ref name="preceding administration">
{{cite quick |news|title=Biden vows break with Bush era foreign policy|url=http://www.canada.com/news/unveils+changes+foreign+policy/1265065/story.html|accessdate=June 15, 2009}}
* {{cite quick |news|first=Kim|last=Ghattas|title= Clinton's gaffes and gains on tour|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7931699.stm|accessdate=June 15, 2009|publisher=BBC News Online |date=March 8, 2009}}
</ref>
<ref name="middleeast">
{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/06/04/egypt.obama.speech|title=Obama in Egypt reaches out to Muslim world|date=June 4, 2009|publisher=CNN|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref>
* {{cite quick |news|first=Jeff|last= Zeleny|first2= Alan |last2=Cowell|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/05/world/middleeast/05prexy.html|title=Addressing Muslims, Obama Pushes Mideast Peace|work=The New York Times|date=June 4, 2009|accessdate=January 30, 2011|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110203080106/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/05/world/middleeast/05prexy.html|archivedate= February 3, 2011}}
* {{cite quick |web|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/The-President-in-the-Middle-East/|title=The President in the Middle East|date=June 3, 2009|first=Jesse|last= Lee|publisher=The White House|accessdate=June 4, 2009|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090606220531/http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/The-President-in-the-Middle-East/|archivedate= June 6, 2009|deadurl= no}}
</ref>
<ref name="counterinsurgency tactics">
{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/11/AR2009051101864.html|title=Top U.S. Commander in Afghanistan Is Fired|date=May 12, 2009|work=The Washington Post}}
* {{cite quick |news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/05/13/new-commander-brings-counterinsurgency-experience-afghanistan/|title=New U.S. Commander Brings Counterinsurgency Experience to Afghanistan|date=May 13, 2009|publisher=Fox News Channel}}
</ref>
<ref name="exceptional orator">
{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/a-classic-orator-obama-learnt-from-the-masters-20081129-6nf1.html|title=Obama: Oratory and originality|last=Holmes|first=Stephanie|date=November 30, 2008|accessdate=December 11, 2008|work=The Age |location=Melbourne|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081218154747/http://www.theage.com.au/world/a-classic-orator-obama-learnt-from-the-masters-20081129-6nf1.html|archivedate= December 18, 2008|deadurl= no}}
* {{cite quick |news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/mar2008/sb2008033_156351.htm|title=How to Inspire People Like Obama Does|last=Gallo|first=Carmine|date=March 3, 2008|accessdate=February 21, 2009|work=BusinessWeek |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090226003326/http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/mar2008/sb2008033_156351.htm|archivedate= February 26, 2009|deadurl= no}}
* {{cite quick |news|url=http://www.thestar.com/living/article/551538|title=New emotion dubbed 'elevation|date=December 11, 2008|work=Toronto Star|accessdate=December 11, 2008 |first=Diana |last=Zlomislic|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081212193736/http://www.thestar.com/living/article/551538|archivedate= December 12, 2008|deadurl= no}}
* {{cite quick |news|title=Obama Is America's Third Greatest Presidential Orator in Modern Era|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-greene/obama-is-americas-3rd-gre_b_813868.html|date=January 25, 2011|first=Richard|last=Greene|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|accessdate=July 2, 2011}}
</ref>
<ref name="in Jakarta">
{{cite quick |web|title=Obama's Indonesian Redux|url=http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1025|author=Zimmer, Benjamin|year=2009|accessdate=March 12, 2009|publisher=Language Log|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090303094040/http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1025|archivedate= March 3, 2009|deadurl= no}}
* [http://cetak.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/11/26/00223862/obama.saya.kangen.nasi.goreng.bakso.dan.rambutan Obama: Saya Kangen Nasi Goreng, Bakso, dan Rambutan]
</ref>
<ref name="corruption charges">
{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/16/AR2006121600729.html|title=Obama says he regrets land deal with fundraiser|work=The Washington Post|date=December 17, 2006|accessdate=June 10, 2008|last=Slevin|first=Peter}}
* {{cite quick |news|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24973282/|title=Rezko found guilty in corruption case|accessdate=June 24, 2008|date=June 4, 2008|agency=Associated Press|publisher=msnbc.com|last=Robinson|first=Mike|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080607025656/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24973282/|archivedate= June 7, 2008|deadurl= no}}
</ref>
<ref name="social change">Obama (2006), pp. 202–208. Portions excerpted in: {{cite quick |news|first=Barack|last=Obama|title=My Spiritual Journey|date=October 16, 2006|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1546579,00.html|work=Time|accessdate=April 28, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080430051154/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1546579,00.html|archivedate= April 30, 2008|deadurl= no}}
* {{cite quick |web|url=http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/|title='Call to Renewal' Keynote Address|accessdate=June 16, 2008|last=Obama|first=Barack|date=June 28, 2006|publisher=Barack Obama: U.S. Senator for Illinois|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090104231501/http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/|archivedate=January 4, 2009}}
</ref>
<ref name="Trinity">{{cite quick|news|last1=Garrett|first1=Major|last2=Obama|first2=Barack|date=March 14, 2008|title=Obama talks to Major Garrett on 'Hannity & Colmes'|publisher=RealClearPolitics|url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/03/obama_talks_to_major_garrett_o.html|accessdate=November 10, 2012|quote=Major Garrett, Fox News correspondent: So the first question, how long have you been a member in good standing of that church? Sen. Barack Obama (D-IL), presidential candidate: You know, I've been a member since 1991 or '92. And -- but I have known Trinity even before then when I was a community organizer on the South Side, helping steel workers find jobs...Garrett: As a member in good standing, were you a regular attendee of Sunday services? Obama: You know, I won't say that I was a perfect attendee. I was regular in spurts, because there was times when, for example, our child had just been born, our first child. And so we didn't go as regularly then.}}
* {{cite quick|news|author=Associated Press|date=April 29, 2008|title=Obama denounces former pastor|publisher=MSNBC.com|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24371827/|accessdate=November 10, 2012|quote=I have been a member of Trinity United Church of Christ since 1992, and have known Reverend Wright for 20 years," Obama said. "The person I saw yesterday was not the person that I met 20 years ago.}}
* {{cite quick|news|last=Miller|first=Lisa|date=July 11, 2008|title=Finding his faith|work=Newsweek|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/11/finding-his-faith.html|accessdate=November 10, 2012|quote=He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago.}}
* {{cite quick|book|last=Remnick|first=David|year=2010|title=[[The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama]]
|location=New York|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|page=<span class="plainlinks">[http://books.google.com/books?id=F6HAasv2v-4C&pg=PA177 177]</span>|isbn=978-1-4000-4360-6|quote=In late October 1987, his third year as an organizer, Obama went with Kellman to a conference on the black church and social justice at the Harvard Divinity School.}}
* Maraniss (2012), <span class="plainlinks">[http://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&pg=PT887 p. 557]</span>: It would take time for Obama to join and become fully engaged in Wright's church, a place where he would be baptized and married; that would not happen until later, during his second time around in Chicago, but the process started then, in October 1987...Jerry Kellman: "He wasn't a member of the church during those first three years, but he was drawn to it, he was drawn to Jeremiah."</ref>
}}
==
* {{cite quick |book |last=
* {{cite quick |book |
* {{cite quick |book |author=[[David Mendell|Mendell, David]] |year=2007 |title=[[Obama: From Promise to Power]] |place=New York |publisher=Amistad/[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=978-0-06-085820-9}}
* {{cite quick |book |last=Obama |first=Barack |year=1995, 2004 |title=[[Dreams from My Father|Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance]] |place=New York |publisher=[[Three Rivers Press]] |isbn=978-1-4000-8277-3}}
* {{cite quick |book |last=Obama |first=Barack |year=2006 |title=[[The Audacity of Hope|The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream]] |place=New York |publisher=[[Crown Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-307-23769-9}}
* {{cite quick |book |last=Scott |first=Janny |year=2011 |title=[[A Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother]] |location=New York |publisher=[[Riverhead Books]] |isbn=978-1-59448-797-2}}
== Bacaan lanjutan ==
* Graff, Garrett. "[http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html The Legend of Barack Obama]", ''Washingtonian'', November 1, 2006. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
* Koltun, Dave (2005) ''"The 2004 Illinois Senate Race: Obama Wins Open Seat and Becomes National Political "Star""'' in ''"The Road to Congress 2004"'' Editors: Sunil Ahuja ([[Youngstown State University]]) and Robert Dewhirst ([[Truman State University]]), [[Nova Publishers|Nova Science Publishers]], Hauppauge, New York, 2005, ISBN 1-59454-360-7
* Lizza, Ryan. "[http://www.gq.com/news-politics/newsmakers/200708/obama-barack-election-president Above the Fray]", ''GQ'', September 2007. Retrieved October 27, 2010.
* MacFarquhar, Larissa. "[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/05/07/070507fa_fact_macfarquhar The Conciliator: Where is Barack Obama Coming From?]", ''[[The New Yorker]]'', May 7, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
* McClelland, Edward, ''[http://www.bloomsburypress.com/books/catalog/young_mr_obama_hc_607 Young Mr. Obama: Chicago and the Making of a Black President] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006234058/http://www.bloomsburypress.com/books/catalog/young_mr_obama_hc_607 |date=2012-10-06 }}'', Bloomsbury Press, 2010.
* Zutter, Hank De. "[http://www.chicagoreader.com/obama/951208/ What Makes Obama Run?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401142811/http://www.chicagoreader.com/obama/951208/ |date=2009-04-01 }}", ''Chicago Reader'', December 8, 1995. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
== Pranala luar ==
{{Sister project links|author=yes|wikt=no|v=no|b=no|n=Category:Barack Obama}}
<!--
Please keep this section brief and simple to navigate. Specific pages already referenced within the article should not be repeated here. -->
=== Resmi ===
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president_obama/ Presiden Barack Obama di situs web resmi Gedung Putih]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313093444/http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/President_Obama |date=2011-03-13 }}
* [http://www.barackobama.com/ Situs web resmi kampanye Barack Obama]
=== Lainnya ===
* {{CongLinks|congbio=o000167|votesmart=9490|washpo=gJQAugUh6W|govtrack=400629|c-span=barackobama|ontheissues=Barack_Obama.htm|legistorm=76/Sen_Barack_Obama.html|fec=S4IL00180|opensecrets=N00009638|followthemoney=17677|c-span=barackobama|rose=233|imdb=1682433|nyt=o/barack_obama|wsj=person/O/barack-obama/4328|guardian=world/barack-obama|worldcat=lccn-n94-112934|nndb=208/000055043}}
* [http://articles.chicagotribune.com/keyword/barack-obama Collected news and commentary] at the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081006221648/http://www.springfield-ma.gov/COS/control_board.0.html Collected news and commentary] at the Annenberg Public Policy Center's [[FactCheck.org]]
* [http://www.politifact.com/personalities/barack-obama/ Collected news and commentary] at the ''Tampa Bay Times's'' [[PolitiFact.com]]
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/2011/02/25/ABjfuEJ_category.html?blogId=fact-checker&tag=barack%20obama Collected news and commentary] at ''The Washington Post's'' Fact Checker blog
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{{s-bef|before=[[John Kerry]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Daftar calon presiden Amerika Serikat dari Partai Demokrat|Calon presiden]] dari [[Partai Demokrat (Amerika Serikat)|Partai Demokrat]]|years=[[Pemilihan umum presiden Amerika Serikat 2008|2008]], [[Pemilihan umum presiden Amerika Serikat 2012|2012]]}}
{{s-inc|recent}}
{{s-par|us-sen}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Peter Fitzgerald (politikus)|Peter Fitzgerald]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Daftar Senator Amerika Serikat dari Illinois|Senator Amerika Serikat (Kelas 3) dari Illinois]]|years=2005–2008|alongside=[[Dick Durbin]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Roland Burris]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[George Allen (politikus A.S.)|George Allen]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Ketua [[Subkomite Hubungan Luar Negeri Senat Amerika Serikat untuk Urusan Eropa|Subkomite Hubungan Luar Negeri Senat untuk Urusan Eropa]]|years=2007–2008}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jeanne Shaheen]]}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[George W. Bush]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Presiden Amerika Serikat]]|years=2009–sekarang}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Nicolas Sarkozy]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Ketua [[G8|Group of 8]]|years=2012}}
{{s-aft|after=[[David Cameron]]}}
{{s-ach}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Martti Ahtisaari]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Hadiah Nobel Perdamaian|Penerima Hadiah Nobel Perdamaian]]|years=2009}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Liu Xiaobo]]}}
{{s-end}}
}}
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