|
[[FileBerkas:Fabricius Johann Christian 1745-1808.png|240px|rightka]]
'''Johann Christian Fabricius''' ({{lahirmati|[[Tønder]], [[Denmark]]|7|1|1745|[[Denmark]]|3|3|1808}}) adalah [[entomologi|entomolog]] [[Denmark]], yang juga menulis beberapa esei di bidang ekonomi. Ia adalah murid dari [[Carolus Linnaeus]], dan dianggap sebagai entomolog terpenting dari abad ke-18, dan hasil klasifikasinya sampai sekarang menjadi dasar bagi klasifikasi serangga modern.
[[Kategori:Entomolog]]
==Riwayat hidup==
Johann Christian Fabricius lahir pada tanggal 7 Januari 1745 di [[Tønder]], dulu menjadi bagian dari [[Keadipatian Schleswig]] dari ayah seorang dokter<ref name="Damkaer"/><ref name="Sneli"/>. He studied at the [[gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]] at [[Altona, Hamburg|Altona]] and entered the [[University of Copenhagen]] in 1762.<ref name="Dansk"/> Later the same year he travelled together with his friend and relative [[Johan Zoëga]] to [[Uppsala University|Uppsala]], where he studied under [[Carl Linnaeus]] for two years.<ref name="Dansk"/> On his return, he started work on his ''{{lang|la|Systema entomologiæ}}'', which was finally published in 1775.<ref name="Dansk"/> Throughout this time, he remained dependent on subsidies from his father, who worked as a consultant at [[Frederiks Hospital]].<ref name="Dansk"/>
Fabricius was appointed a professor in Copenhagen in 1770, and in 1775 or 1776, the [[University of Kiel]] appointed Fabricius Professor of Natural History and Economics, promising that they would build a [[natural history museum]] and a [[botanical garden]].<ref name="Sneli"/> Although he tried to resign three times, on one occasion only being prevented by an appeal from his students to the [[King of Denmark|Danish King]] and [[Duke of Schleswig]], [[Christian VII of Denmark|Christian VII]],<ref name="Sneli"/> Fabricius held the position at Kiel for the rest of his life.<ref name="Damkaer"/>
During his time in Kiel, Fabricius repeatedly travelled to London in the summer to study the collections of British collectors, such as [[Joseph Banks]] and [[Dru Drury]].<ref name="petymol">{{cite web |url=http://www.tmbl.gu.se/libdb/taxon/personetymol/petymol.ef.html |chapter=Johan(n) Christian Fabricius |title=Biographical Etymology of Marine Organism Names |publisher=[[University of Gothenburg|Göteborgs Universitet]] |author=Hans G. Hansson |accessdate=September 14, 2010}}</ref> Towards the end of his career, Fabricius spent much of his time living in [[Paris]], where he frequently met with naturalists such as [[Georges Cuvier]] and [[Pierre André Latreille]],<ref name="Sneli"/> but on hearing of the [[Battle of Copenhagen (1807)|British attack on Copenhagen]] in 1807, Fabricius returned to Denmark, damaging his already fragile health. He died on the 3rd of March 1808, at the age of 63.<ref name="Sneli"/> His daughter died in an accident in Paris, but he was survived by two sons, who both studied [[medicine]].<ref name="Damkaer">{{cite book |title=The Copepodologist's Cabinet: A Biographical and Bibliographical History |series=Volume 240 of Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society |year=2002 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |isbn=9780871692405 |author=David M. Damkaer |chapter=Johan Christian Fabricius |pages=67–71 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TgUNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA67}}</ref>
==Works==
Fabricius is considered one of the greatest entomologists of the 18th century.<ref name="Sneli"/> He was a greater observer of insects than his more [[botany|botanically]]-minded mentor, [[Carl Linnaeus]]. Fabricius named 9,776 species of insects, compared to Linnaeus' tally of around 3,000.<ref name="Tuxen"/>
In contrast to Linnaeus' classification of the insects, which was based primarily on the number of [[insect wing|wings]], and their form, Fabricius used the form of the [[insect mouthparts|mouthparts]] to discriminate the orders (which he termed "classes").<ref name="Tuxen">{{cite journal |author=S. L. Tuxen |year=1967 |title=The entomologist J. C. Fabricius |journal=[[Annual Review of Entomology]] |volume=12 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1146/annurev.en.12.010167.000245}}</ref> He stated "those whose nourishment and biology are the same, must then belong to the same genus".<ref name="Grimaldi">{{cite book |author=[[David A. Grimaldi]] & [[Michael S. Engel]] |year=2005 |title=Evolution of the insects |series=Volume 1 of Cambridge Evolution Series |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780521821490 |chapter=Diversity and Evolution |pages=1–41 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA19}}</ref> Fabricius' system remains the basis of insect classification today, although the names he proposed are not. For instance, his name for the class containing the [[beetle]]s was "Eleutherata", rather than the modern "Coleoptera", and he used "Piezata" for [[Hymenoptera]]; his term [[Glossata]] is still in use, but for a slightly smaller group almong the [[Lepidoptera]], rather than the whole order. Fabricius also foresaw that the male [[genitalia]] would provide useful characters for [[systematics]], but could not apply that insight himself.<ref name="Grimaldi"/>
Fabricius was the first to divide the [[Staphylinidae]] (rove beetles), which Linnaeus had considered a single genus he called "Staphylinus," establishing in 1775 the genus ''[[Paederus]]''. He also described 77 species of Staphylinidae.<ref name=amnh>{{cite journal|title=Biographical sketches: Fabricius, Johann Christian|journal=Bulletin AMNH|year=1901|pages=61–62|url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/handle/2246/5826//v3/dspace/updateIngest/pdfs/0053-0066_bios02.pdf?sequence=17|accessdate=28 July 2011}}</ref>
His major works on systematic entomology were:<ref name="Tuxen"/>
*''{{lang|la|Systema entomologiæ}}'' (1775)
*''{{lang|la|Genera insectorum}}'' (1776)
*''{{lang|la|Species insectorum}}'' (1781)
*''{{lang|la|Mantissa insectorum}}'' (1787)
*''{{lang|la|Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta}}'' (1792–1799)
*''{{lang|la|Systema eleuthatorum}}'' (1801)
*''{{lang|la|Systema rhyngotorum}}'' (1803)
*''{{lang|la|Systema piezatorum}}'' (1804)
*''{{lang|la|Systema antliatorum}}'' (1805)
*''{{lang|la|Systema glossatorum}}'' (1807)
Fabricius' collections are shared between the [[Natural History Museum]], London, the {{lang|fr|[[Muséum national d'histoire naturelle]]}}, Paris, the [[Hope Department of Entomology]], Oxford, the [[Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery]], Glasgow, the [[Zoological Museum in Kiel]], Kiel, and the {{lang|da|[[Statens Naturhistoriske Museum]]}}, [[Copenhagen]].<ref name="Sneli">{{cite journal |author=Jon-Arne Sneli, Jørgen Knudsen & Antonia Vedelsby |year=2009 |title=Johan Christian Fabricius and his molluscan species, ''Acesta excavata'' (J. C. Fabricius, 1779) |journal=[[Steenstrupia]] |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=153–162 |url=http://zoologi.snm.ku.dk/english/publications/steenstrupia/early_volumes/sneli_et_al2009.pdf/ |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref>
Fabricius also wrote a few works on [[economics]], although these are much less important than his zoological works. They include ''{{Lang|da|Begyndelsesgrundene i de økonomiske Videnskaber}}'' (1773), ''{{Lang|de|Polizeischriften}}'' (1786–1790) and ''{{lang|de|Von der Volksvermehrung, insonderheit in Dänemark}}'' (1781).<ref name="Dansk">{{cite book |url=http://runeberg.org/dbl/5/0026.html |chapter=Johan Christian Fabricius |title=[[Dansk biografisk leksikon]] |edition=1st |volume=5 |year=1891 |pages=24–30 |publisher=[[Projekt Runeberg]] |language=Danish}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Further reading==
* {{de-ADB|6|521|522|Fabricius, Johann Christian|Henning Ratjen}}
* {{NDB|4|736|737|Fabricius, Johann Christian|Friedrich Hoffmann}}
* [http://www.zmuc.dk/EntoWeb/collections-databaser/Diptera/dipterasites.htm ZMCU Collection contents online]
* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ Digital version of ''Entomologia systematica, emendata et aucta'']
* Henriksen, Kai L. (1932) Johann Christian Fabricius, pp. 76–80 in: Meisen, V. Prominent Danish Scientists through the Ages. University Library of Copenhagen 450th Anniversary. Levin & Munksgaard, Copenhagen.
==External links==
*[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/75488#page/20/mode/1up An accentuated list of the British Lepidoptera London 1858] Biography on page XVI givesFabricius own account of his travels
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME = Fabricius, Johan Christian
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Danish zoologist
| DATE OF BIRTH = 7 January 1745
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 3 March 1808
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fabricius, Johan Christian}}
[[Category:1745 births]]
[[Category:1808 deaths]]
[[Category:Danish entomologists]]
[[Category:Arachnologists]]
[[Category:Carcinologists]]
[[Category:People from Tønder Municipality]]
[[Category:18th-century Danish people]]
[[an:Johan Christian Fabricius]]
[[be:Іаган Хрысціян Фабрыцый]]
[[ca:Johan Christian Fabricius]]
[[cs:Johan Christian Fabricius]]
[[da:Johann Christian Fabricius]]
[[de:Johann Christian Fabricius]]
[[en:Johan Christian Fabricius]]
[[es:Johan Christian Fabricius]]
[[fr:Johan Christian Fabricius]]
[[it:Johan Christian Fabricius]]
[[la:Iohannes Christianus Fabricius]]
[[lt:Johan Christian Fabricius]]
[[nl:Johann Christian Fabricius]]
[[no:Johann Christian Fabricius]]
[[pl:Johan Christian Fabricius]]
[[pt:Johan Christian Fabricius]]
[[ru:Фабриций, Иоганн Христиан]]
[[sk:Johann Christian Fabricius]]
[[sl:Johan Christian Fabricius]]
[[fi:Johann Christian Fabricius]]
[[sv:Johan Christian Fabricius]]
[[uk:Йоганн Християн Фабрицій]]
[[zh:约翰·克里斯蒂安·法布里丘斯]]
| 