Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Perbedaan antara revisi

</ref> disingkat '''GR''', adalah sebuah sistem penulisan [[bahasa Mandarin]] yang menggunakan [[huruf latin]]. Sistem ini pertama kali digagaskan oleh [[Yuen Ren Chao|Y.R. Chao]] (Zhao Yuanren) dan kemudian dikembangkan oleh sekelompok ahli [[linguistik]] termasuk Chao dan [[Lin Yutang]] dari tahun 1925 sampai dengan 1926. Chao sendiri kemudian menerbitkan karya linguistiknya yang terkenal menggunakan GR.

GR merupakan salah satu dari dua sistem romanisasi bahasa Mandarin yang mengindikasikan empat nada Mandarin menggunakan variasi ejaan pada suku katanya ("ejaan bernada").<ref>Sistem romanisasi lainnya yang menggunakan ejaan bernada adalah [[Wade Sederhana]] yang dimodifikasi dari [[Wade-Giles]].</ref> Nada-nada ini merupakan bagian yang mendasar dalam bahasa CinaTionghoa<ref>"A word pronounced in a wrong tone or inaccurate tone sounds as puzzling as if one said ''bud'' in English, meaning 'not good' or 'the thing one sleeps in.'" Chao(1948):24.</ref> dan hal ini mengizinkan penutur bahasa CinaTionghoa membedakan dua atau lebih suku kata yang sama namun berbeda artinya. Pada sistem romanisasi lainnya, nada-nada ini ditampilkan menggunakan [[diakritik]] (contohnya pada [[Pinyin]]: ''āi, ái, ǎi'' dan ''ài'') maupun menggunakan angka ([[Wade-Giles]]: ''ai¹, ai²'', dst.). GR "mengeja" empat nada tersebut menjadi ''ai'', ''ai'''r''''', ''a'''e''''' dan ''a'''y'''''. Ejaan-ejaan yang mengikuti aturan-aturan tertentu ini, mengindikasikan empat nada yang berbeda manakala masih mempertahankan cara baca suku kata ''ai''.

Pada tahun 1928, Cina mengadopsi GR sebagai sistem romanisasi resmi bahasa Mandarin.<ref name="Kratochvíl1968:169">Kratochvíl(1968):169</ref> GR digunakan untuk mengindikasikan cara baca aksara-aksara Mandarin dalam kamus-kamus bahasa Mandarin. Para pendukung sistem ini berharap bahwa sistem ini di kemudian hari dapat dijadikan sebagai sistem penulisan bahasa Mandarin yang baru. Walaupun terdapat dukungan dari para ahli linguistik dari Cina maupun luar negeri, GR tidak mendapatkan tanggapan yang baik dari publik oleh karena kerumitan ejaannya.<ref>{{cite web | author = John DeFrancis | url = http://www.pinyin.info/readings/texts/DeFr1950.html | title = Chapter 4 of DeFrancis(1950) | publisher = pinyin.info | accessdate = 2007-02-27 | archive-date = 2007-02-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070207081102/http://www.pinyin.info/readings/texts/DeFr1950.html | dead-url = no }}</ref> Salah satu sebab terbatasnya penggunaan sistem romanisasi ini adalah karena ia didasarkan pada dialek Beijing, yang pada saat itu tidak digalakkan penggunaannya oleh pemerintah Cina. Pada akhirnya GR digantikan oleh [[Pinyin]] dan sistem romanisasi lainnya. Walau demikian, sistem romanisasi ini memiliki pengaruh yang besar pada sistem-sistem romanisasi yang dikembangkan setelahnya. Penggunaan sistem romanisasi ini masih dapat terlihat pada ejaan standar untuk provinsi [[Shaanxi]] (Pinyin: ''shǎnxī''), yang tidak dapat dibedakan dari [[Shanxi]] (Pinyin: ''shānxī'') apabila keduanya ditulis menggunakan pinyin tanpa diakritik.

== Catatan ==

== Referensi ==

* {{cite book | last = Chao | first = Yuen Ren | title = Mandarin Primer: an Intensive Course in Spoken Chinese|url |= https://archive.org/details/mandarinprimerin00chao|publisher = Harvard University Press | year = 1948 }}

* {{cite book | last = Chao | first = Yuen Ren | title = A Grammar of Spoken Chinese|url |= https://archive.org/details/grammarofspokenc0000chao|publisher = University of California Press | date = 1968a | isbn = 0520002199}}

* {{cite book | last = Chao | first = Yuen Ren | title = Readings in Sayable Chinese | publisher = Asian Language Publications, Inc | date = 1968b | isbn = 0879503289}}

* {{cite book | last = Chao | first = Yuen Ren | title = Language and Symbolic Systems | publisher = Cambridge University Press | date = 1968c | isbn = 0521094577 }}

* {{cite book | last = Chao | first = Yuen Ren | coauthors = and L.S. Yang | title = Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese | publisher = Harvard University Press | year = 1947 | isbn = 0674158008}}

* {{cite book | last = Chen | first = Ping | title = Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics|url |= https://archive.org/details/modernchinesehis00chen|publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1999 | isbn = 0521645727 }}

* {{cite book | last = Ch'en | first = Ta-tuan | coauthors = P. Link, Y.J. Tai and T.T. Ch'en | title = Chinese Primer | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0691096023}}

* {{cite journal | last = Ching | first = Eugene | title = Review of Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage by Lin Yutang | journal = The Journal of Asian Studies | volume = 34 | issue = 2 | pages = 521–524 | year = 1975 | url =http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-9118%28197502%2934%3A2%3C521%3ACDOMU%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0 | doi = 10.2307/2052772 | last2 = Yutang | first2 = Lin | last3 = Li | first3 = Choh-Ming | jstor = 10.2307/2052772 | publisher = Association for Asian Studies }}

* {{cite journal | last = Chiung | first = Wi-vun Taiffalo | title = Romanization and Language Planning in Taiwan | journal = The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–43 | year = 2001 | url = http://www.de-han.org/pehoeji/lomaji/index.htm | access-date = 2011-01-31 | archive-date = 2023-06-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230610151956/http://www.de-han.org/pehoeji/lomaji/index.htm | dead-url = no }}

* {{cite book | last = DeFrancis | first = John | title = Nationalism and Language Reform in China | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 1950}} [http://www.pinyin.info/readings/texts/DeFr1950.html Chapter 4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070207081102/http://www.pinyin.info/readings/texts/DeFr1950.html |date=2007-02-07 }} is available online.

* {{cite book | last = Karlgren | first = Bernhard | title = The Romanization of Chinese | publisher = London: China Society | year = 1928}}

* {{cite book | last = Kratochvíl | first = Paul | title = The Chinese Language Today | publisher = Hutchinson | year = 1968 | isbn = 0090846516}}

* {{cite book | last = Lin | first = Yutang | title = Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage|url |= https://archive.org/details/chineseenglishdi0000liny|publisher = Chinese University of Hong Kong | year = 1972 | isbn = 0070996954}}

* {{cite book | last = Liu | first = Y.C. | title = Fifty Chinese Stories (Yan-wen dueyjaw Jonggwo Guhshyh wuushyr pian / 言文对照中国故事五十篇) | publisher = Lund Humphries & Co. Ltd | year = 1960 | isbn = 0853310548}}

* {{cite journal | last = McGinnis | first = Scott | title = Tonal Spelling versus Diacritics for Teaching Pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese | journal = The Modern Language Journal | volume = 81 | issue = 2 | pages = 228–236 | url =http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0026-7902%28199722%2981%3A2%3C228%3ATSVDFT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R&size=SMALL

* {{cite journal | last = Simon | first = Harry F. | title = Some Remarks on the Structure of the Verb Complex in Standard Chinese | journal = Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies | volume = 21 | issue = 1/3 | pages = 553–577 | year = 1958 | url =http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0041-977X(1958)21%3A1%2F3%3C553%3ASROTSO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-7 | doi = 10.1017/S0041977X00060171 }}

* {{cite book | last = Simon | first = Walter | title = The New Official Chinese Latin Script Gwoyeu Romatzyh. Tables, Rules, Illustrative Examples | publisher = Arthur Probsthain | year = 1942}}

* {{cite book | last = Simon | first = Walter | title = A Beginners' <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[sic]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> Chinese-English Dictionary | publisher = Lund Humphries & Co. Ltd | year = 1947}}

== Pranala luar ==

* {{cite web | url= http://www.pinyin.info/readings/texts/DeFr1950.html | title= Chapter 4 of DeFrancis (1950) | accessdate= 2007-02-27 | archive-date= 2007-02-07 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070207081102/http://www.pinyin.info/readings/texts/DeFr1950.html | dead-url= no }}

* {{cite web | url= http://www.elgin.free-online.co.uk/read_gr.htm | title= A short course (10 pages) | accessdate= 2007-03-31 | archive-date= 2012-11-05 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121105212234/http://www.elgin.free-online.co.uk/read_gr.htm | dead-url= no }}

* {{cite web | url= http://home.iprimus.com.au/richwarm/gr/gr.htm | title= GR Junction | accessdate= 2007-03-31 | archive-date= 2013-01-21 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130121061136/http://home.iprimus.com.au/richwarm/gr/gr.htm | dead-url= yes }}

* {{cite web | url= http://www.languages.umd.edu/branner/yuenren/GwoyeuRomatzyh.html | title= A Guide to Gwoyeu Romatzyh Tonal Spelling of Chinese | accessdate= 2007-03-31 | archiveurl = httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20060903133711/http://www.languages.umd.edu/branner/yuenren/GwoyeuRomatzyh.html | archivedate = September2006-09-03 3,| dead-url= no 2006}}

* {{cite web | url= http://www.pinyin.info/romanization/gwoyeu_romatzyh/index.html | title= Gwoyeu Romatzyh | accessdate= 2007-03-31 | archive-date= 2007-04-30 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070430011934/http://www.pinyin.info/romanization/gwoyeu_romatzyh/index.html | dead-url= no }}

* {{cite web | url= http://www.pinyin.info/romanization/compare/gwoyeu_romatzyh.html | title= Romanization comparison chart | accessdate= 2007-03-31 | archive-date= 2020-08-21 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200821234048/http://www.pinyin.info/romanization/compare/gwoyeu_romatzyh.html | dead-url= no }}

* [http://ctext.org/pinyin.pl?if=en Chinese Phonetic Conversion Tool] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418181513/http://ctext.org/pinyin.pl?if=en |date=2015-04-18 }} - Converts between Gwoyeu Romatzyh and other formats

[[Kategori: Romanisasi Cina]]