Pencemaran udara: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
k r2.7.1) (bot Mengubah: ru:Загрязнение атмосферы Земли |
Wadaihangit (bicara | kontrib) k Menambahkan foto ke halaman #WPWP |
||
| (102 revisi perantara oleh 74 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1:
{{refimprove}}
[[Berkas:Smoke over the river Volga.jpg|jmpl|Pencemaran udara di sekitar sungai Volga di Nizhni Novgorod di Rusia.]]
'''Pencemaran udara''' adalah kehadiran satu atau lebih substansi [[fisik]], [[kimia]], atau [[biologi]] di [[atmosfer]] dalam jumlah yang dapat membahayakan kesehatan manusia, hewan, dan tumbuhan, mengganggu estetika dan kenyamanan, atau merusak properti.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Parker,|first=Sybil, P.|date=1984|title=McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Biology|publisher=McGraw-Hill Company|url-status=live}}</ref>
Pencemaran udara dapat ditimbulkan oleh sumber-sumber alami maupun kegiatan manusia. Beberapa definisi gangguan fisik seperti [[polusi suara]], [[panas]], [[radiasi]] atau [[polusi cahaya]] dianggap sebagai polusi udara. Sifat alami udara mengakibatkan dampak pencemaran udara dapat bersifat langsung dan [[lokal]], [[regional]], maupun [[global]].
Pencemaran udara di dalam ruangan dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan manusia sama buruknya dengan pencemaran udara di ruang terbuka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worstpolluted.org/ |title=Reports |publisher=WorstPolluted.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811155338/http://www.worstpolluted.org/ |archivedate=2010-08-11 |deadurl=no }}</ref>
== Sumber
Pencemar udara dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu, pencemar primer dan pencemar sekunder. Pencemar primer adalah substansi pencemar yang ditimbulkan langsung dari sumber pencemaran udara. [[Karbon monoksida]] adalah sebuah contoh dari pencemar udara primer karena ia merupakan hasil dari [[pembakaran]]. Pencemar sekunder adalah substansi pencemar yang terbentuk dari reaksi pencemar-pencemar primer di [[atmosfer]]. Pembentukan [[ozon]] dalam [[smog fotokimia]] adalah sebuah contoh dari pencemaran udara sekunder.
Belakangan ini tumbuh keprihatinan akan efek dari emisi polusi udara dalam konteks global dan hubungannya dengan [[pemanasan global
* Transportasi
* Industri
* Pembangkit listrik
* Pembakaran (perapian, kompor, ''furnace'', [[insinerator]] dengan berbagai jenis bahan bakar) termasuk pembakaran biomassa secara tradisional<ref>{{cite web|title=Biomass Pollution Basics|author=David Pennise and Kirk Smith|publisher=WHO|url=http://www.who.int/indoorair/interventions/antiguamod21.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indoor air pollution and household energy|publisher=WHO and UNEP|year=2011|url=http://www.who.int/heli/risks/indoorair/indoorair/en/index.html}}</ref>
* Gas buang pabrik yang menghasilkan gas berbahaya seperti
Sumber alami
* [[Gunung berapi]]
* [[Rawa-rawa]]
* [[Kebakaran hutan]]
* [[Denitrifikasi]]
* Dalam kondisi tertentu, [[vegetasi]] dapat menghasilkan senyawa organik volatil yang signifikan yang mampu bereaksi dengan polutan antropogenik membentuk polutan sekunder<ref name="Goldstein, Allen H., Charles D. Koven, Colette L. Heald, Inez Y. Fung">{{cite web|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/106/22/8835.full|title=Biogenic carbon and anthropogenic pollutants combine to form a cooling haze over the southeastern United States|work=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]|author=Goldstein, Allen H., Charles D. Koven, Colette L. Heald, Inez Y. Fung|date=2009-05-05|accessdate=2010-12-05}}</ref>
Sumber-sumber lain
* Transportasi
* Kebocoran tangki
*
* Uap pelarut organik
== Jenis-jenis
* [[
* [[
* [[
* [[klorofluorokarbon|CFC]]
* [[
* [[senyawa organik volatil]]<ref name="Goldstein, Allen H., Charles D. Koven, Colette L. Heald, Inez Y. Fung"/>
* [[Partikulat]]<ref>{{Wayback |date=20100603014952 |url=http://www.newsroom.heart.org/index.php?s=43&item=1029 |title=Evidence growing of air pollution’s link to heart disease, death}} // American Heart Association. May 10, 2010</ref>
* [[Radikal bebas]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.physorg.com/pdf138201201.pdf |title=Newly detected air pollutant mimics damaging effects of cigarette smoke |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090722123751.htm |title=Infant Inhalation Of Ultrafine Air Pollution Linked To Adult Lung Disease |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=2009-07-23 |accessdate=2010-08-29}}</ref>
== Dampak ==
Baris 44 ⟶ 48:
Substansi pencemar yang terdapat di udara dapat masuk ke dalam tubuh melalui [[sistem pernapasan]]. Jauhnya penetrasi zat pencemar ke dalam tubuh bergantung kepada jenis pencemar. Partikulat berukuran besar dapat tertahan di saluran pernapasan bagian atas, sedangkan partikulat berukuran kecil dan gas dapat mencapai paru-paru. Dari paru-paru, zat pencemar diserap oleh [[sistem peredaran darah]] dan menyebar ke seluruh tubuh.
Dampak kesehatan yang paling umum dijumpai adalah [[ISNA|ISPA]] (infeksi saluran
=== Dampak terhadap tanaman ===
Tanaman yang tumbuh di daerah
=== Hujan asam ===
Baris 62 ⟶ 66:
=== Efek rumah kaca ===
[[Efek rumah kaca]] disebabkan oleh keberadaan CO2, [[CFC]], metana, ozon, dan N2O di lapisan [[troposfer]] yang menyerap radiasi panas matahari yang dipantulkan oleh permukaan bumi. Akibatnya panas terperangkap dalam lapisan troposfer dan menimbulkan fenomena [[pemanasan global]].
Dampak dari pemanasan global adalah:
* Peningkatan suhu rata-rata bumi
* Pencairan es di kutub
* Perubahan iklim regional dan global
Baris 71 ⟶ 76:
=== Kerusakan lapisan ozon ===
[[Lapisan ozon]] yang berada di [[stratosfer]] (ketinggian
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.urbanairquality.org/ International Conference on Urban Air Quality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216144156/http://www.urbanairquality.org/ |date=2008-12-16 }}.
* [http://www.unep.org/urban%5Fenvironment/ UNEP Urban Issues] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329182347/http://www.unep.org/urban%5Fenvironment/ |date=2010-03-29 }}
* [http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/index.htm European Commission > Environment > Policies > Air >Air Quality].
* [http://www.unep.org/pcfv/ UNEP Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425051159/http://www.unep.org/pcfv/ |date=2010-04-25 }}
* [http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/en/index.html Database: outdoor air pollution in cities] from the [[World Health Organisation]]
* [http://www.npr.org/2011/11/07/142089991/poisoned-places-air-pollution-in-your-town Interactive map of US facilities emitting air pollution]
* [http://www.stuffintheair.com/airqualitymodeling.html Stuff in the Air] Standard air quality modelling procedure for industrial sources.
* [http://atmosphericdispersion.wikia.com/ Wiki on Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling]. Addresses the international community of atmospheric dispersion modellers — primarily researchers, but also users of models. Its purpose is to pool experiences gained by dispersion modellers during their work.
* [http://www.air-dispersion.com/formulas.html Air Dispersion Modeling Conversions and Formulas] One of six technical articles devoted to air quality and air pollution dispersion modeling.
* [http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/EE-WHO_warns_on_urban_air_pollution-2809116.html Fine particle pollution map 1] and [http://mrbarlow.wordpress.com/2010/09/27/nasa-maps-global-air-pollution/ fine particle pollution map 2]
* [http://www.environment.no/Topics/Air-pollution/Local-air-pollution/ Map showing loss of months in life expectancy due to air pollution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201170116/http://www.environment.no/Topics/Air-pollution/Local-air-pollution/ |date=2014-02-01 }}
* [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ World Health Organization Fact Sheet on Air quality and health]
* [http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/44436/story.htm Air Pollution Triggers Blood Clots]
* [http://www.ownyourair.org/ American Lung Association of New England on air quality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119054007/http://www.ownyourair.org/ |date=2019-01-19 }}.
* [http://www.iom-world.org/pubs/IOM_TM9609.pdf Dispersion of traffic pollution from street canyons in Edinburgh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035930/http://www.iom-world.org/pubs/IOM_TM9609.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }} by A Searl and D Buchanan. [[Institute of Occupational Medicine]] Research Report TM/96/09
* [http://www.iom-world.org/pubs/IOM_TM0301.pdf Impact assessment of the mortality effects of longer-term exposure to air pollution: exploring cause-specific mortality and susceptibility] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035825/http://www.iom-world.org/pubs/IOM_TM0301.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }} by BG Miller. [[Institute of Occupational Medicine]] Research Report TM/03/01
* [http://www.iom-world.org/pubs/IOM_TM0601.pdf Comparing estimated risks for air pollution with risks for other health effects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035832/http://www.iom-world.org/pubs/IOM_TM0601.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }} by BG Miller and JF Hurley. [[Institute of Occupational Medicine]] Research Report TM/06/01
* [http://comeap.org.uk/documents/reports/128-the-mortality-effects-of-long-term-exposure-to-particulate-air-pollution-in-the-uk.html The Mortality Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution in the United Kingdom], UK Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollution, 2010.
{{Pencemaran}}
{{teknologi lingkungan}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Kategori:Pencemaran udara| ]]
[[Kategori:Lingkungan]]
| |||