Katedral Canterbury: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 16:
| province = [[Provinsi Canterbury|Canterbury]]
| diocese = [[Keuskupan Canterbury|Canterbury]]
| bishop = [[Uskup Agung Canterbury|Uskup Agung]] [[
| dean = The Very Revd [[Robert Willis (dean)|Robert Willis]]
| canons = The Ven. Sheila Watson (Archdeacon of Canterbury)<br />The Revd Canon Edward Condry<br />The Revd Canon Clare Edwards<br />
Baris 37:
| height_choir =
| tower_quantity =3
| tower_height ={{convert|72|m|ft}} (silang)<ref>
| spire_quantity =1 (now lost)
| spire_height ={{convert|58|m|ft}} (menara barat laut - dibongkar 1705)
Baris 61:
Merupakan [[katedral]] dari [[Uskup Agung Canterbury]], pemimpin [[Gereja Inggris]] dan simbol pimpinan dunia untuk [[Komuni Anglikan]]. Nama resminya adalah '''Katedral dan Gereja Kristen Metropolit Canterbury''' (''Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Christ at Canterbury'').
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==History==
===Roman===
Christianity had started to become powerful in the [[Roman Empire]] around the third century. Following the conversion of [[Augustine of Hippo]] in the 4th century, the influence of Christianity grew steadily .{{sfn|Dudley|2010|p=23}} The cathedral's first archbishop was [[Augustine of Canterbury]], previously [[abbot]] of St. Andrew's [[Order of Saint Benedict|Benedictine Abbey]] in Rome. He was sent by [[Pope Gregory I|Pope Gregory the Great]] in 596 as a missionary to the Anglo-Saxons. Augustine founded the cathedral in 597 and dedicated it to Jesus Christ, the [[Holy Saviour]].<ref>{{Cite web | title = Canterbury Cathedral- A Virtual Tour | accessdate = 7 October 2008 | url = http://www.faculty.de.gcsu.edu/~dvess/ids/medieval/canterbury/canterbury.shtml }}</ref>
Augustine also founded the [[Abbey of St. Peter and Paul]] outside the [[Defensive wall|city walls]]. This was later rededicated to St. Augustine himself and was for many centuries the burial place of the successive archbishops. The abbey is part of the [[World Heritage Site]] of Canterbury, along with the cathedral and the ancient [[Church of St. Martin, Canterbury|Church of St Martin]].<ref>{{cite book|title=UNESCO, Cultural Heritage, and Outstanding Universal Value: Value-based Analyses of the World Heritage and Intangible Cultural Heritage Conventions|first=Sophia|last=Labadi|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2013|p=170|isbn=978-0-759-12256-7}}</ref>
===Anglo-Saxon===
[[Bede]] recorded that Augustine reused a former Roman church. The oldest remains found during excavations beneath the present nave in 1993 were, however, parts of the foundations of an Anglo-Saxon building, which had been constructed across a Roman road.<ref name =archae>{{cite web|title=AD 1000 – Canterbury Cathedral|publisher=Current Archaeology|url=http://www.archaeology.co.uk/the-timeline-of-britain/canterbury-cathedral.htm|accessdate=16 March 2012}}</ref><ref name=trust/> They indicate that the original church consisted of a nave, possibly with a [[narthex]], and side-chapels to the north and south. A smaller subsidiary building was found to the south-west of these foundations.<ref name=trust/> During the ninth or tenth century this church was replaced by a larger structure (49 m. by 23 m.) with a squared west end. It appears to have had a square central tower.<ref name=trust/> The eleventh century chronicler [[Eadmer]], who had known the Saxon cathedral as a boy, wrote that, in its arrangement, it resembled St Peter's in Rome, indicating that it was of [[basilica]]n form, with an eastern apse.{{sfn|Willis|1845|pp=20–21}}
During the reforms of [[Dunstan]], archbishop from 960 until his death in 988,<ref>{{cite web|title=St Dunstan (Biographical details)|url=http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/term_details.aspx?bioId=29454|publisher=British Museum|accessdate=13 April 2014}}</ref> a Benedictine abbey named Christ Church Priory was added to the cathedral. But the formal establishment as a monastery seems to date only to c.997 and the community only became fully monastic from [[Lanfranc]]'s time onwards (with monastic constitutions addressed by him to prior Henry). Dunstan was buried on the south side of the high altar.
The cathedral was badly damaged during Danish raids on Canterbury in 1011. The Archbishop, [[Ælfheah of Canterbury|Alphege]], was taken hostage by the raiders and eventually killed at Greenwich on 19 April 1012, the first of Canterbury's five martyred archbishops. After this a western apse was added as an oratory of [[St. Mary]], probably during the archbishopric of [[Lyfing (Archbishop of Canterbury)|Lyfing]] (1013–1020) or [[Æthelnoth (archbishop of Canterbury)|Aethelnoth]] (1020–1038).
The 1993 excavations revealed that the new western apse was polygonal, and flanked by hexagonal towers, forming a [[westwork]]. It housed the archbishop's throne, with the altar of St Mary just to the east. At about the same time that the westwork was built, the arcade walls were strengthened and towers added to the eastern corners of the church.<ref name=trust>{{cite web|title=Canterbury Cathedral|author=Blockley, Kevin and Bennett, Paul|publisher=Canterbury Archaeological Trust|url=http://www.hillside.co.uk/arch/cathedral/nave.html|accessdate=12 March 2012}}</ref>
===Norman===
The cathedral was destroyed by fire in 1067, a year after the Norman Conquest. Rebuilding began in 1070 under the first Norman archbishop, [[Lanfranc]] (1070–77). He cleared the ruins and reconstructed the cathedral to a design based closely on that of the [[Abbaye-aux-Hommes|Abbey of St. Etienne]] in [[Caen]], where he had previously been abbot, using stone brought from France.{{sfn|Cook|1949|p=}} The new church, its central axis about 5m south of that of its predecessor,<ref name=trust/> was a cruciform building, with an aisled nave of nine bays, a pair of towers at the west end, aiseless transepts with apsidal chapels, a low crossing tower, and a short choir ending in three apses. It was dedicated in 1077.{{sfn|Cook|1949|pp=19–20}}
[[File:Canterbury Cathedral 1174b.png|thumb|right|200px|The Norman cathedral, after its expansion by [[Ernulf]] and [[Conrad (prior)|Conrad]].]]
Under Lanfranc's successor [[St Anselm|Anselm]], who was twice exiled from England, the responsibility for the rebuilding or improvement of the cathedral's fabric was largely left in the hands of the [[prior]]s.{{sfn|Withers|1897|p=4}} Following the election of Prior [[Ernulf]] in 1096, Lanfranc's inadequate east end was demolished, and replaced with an eastern arm 198 feet long, doubling the length of the cathedral. It was raised above a large and elaborately decorated [[crypt]]. Ernulf was succeeded in 1107 by Conrad, who completed the work by 1126.{{sfn|Cook|1949|p=19}} The new choir took the form of a complete church in itself, with its own transepts; the east end was semicircular in plan, with three chapels opening off an [[ambulatory]].{{sfn|Cook|1949|p=19}} A free standing [[campanile]] was built on a mound in the cathedral precinct in about 1160.<ref>{{cite web|title=Campanile mount|url=http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=464415|work=Pastscape|publisher=English Heritage}}</ref>
As with many Romanesque church buildings, the interior of the choir was richly embellished.<ref name=roman>{{cite book|title=English Romanesque Art 1066–1200|year=1984|publisher=Arts Council of Great Britain|series=Catalogue of an Exhibition held at the Hayward Gallery, London, 5 April-8 July 1984|location=London|pages=33–4}}</ref> [[William of Malmesbury]] wrote: "Nothing like it could be seen in England either for the light of its glass windows, the gleaming of its marble pavements, or the many-coloured paintings which led the eyes to the panelled ceiling above."<ref name=roman/>
Though named after the sixth century founding archbishop, [[The Chair of St. Augustine]], the ceremonial enthronement chair of the Archbishop of Canterbury, may date from the Norman period. Its first recorded use is in 1205.
===Plantagenet===
'''Martyrdom of Thomas Becket'''
[[File:Thomas-becket-window.jpg|thumb|right|Image of [[Thomas Becket]] from a [[stained glass]] window]]
[[File:Canterbury Cathedral Choir 2, Kent, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|left|The 12th-century [[choir (architecture)|choir]]]]
A pivotal moment in the history of the cathedral was the [[murder]] of the archbishop, [[Thomas Becket]], in the north-west [[transept]] (also known as the Martyrdom) on Tuesday, 29 December 1170, by knights of [[Henry II of England|King Henry II]]. The king had frequent conflicts with the strong-willed Becket and is said to have exclaimed in frustration, "Who will rid me of this turbulent priest?" The knights took it literally and murdered Becket in his own cathedral. Becket was the second of four Archbishops of Canterbury who were murdered (see also [[Alphege]]).
The posthumous veneration of Becket made the cathedral a place of pilgrimage. This brought both the need to expand the cathedral and the wealth that made it possible.
====Rebuilding of the choir====
[[File:TOMB OF THE BLACK PRINCE, CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL.jpg|thumb|Tomb of the Black Prince]]
In September 1174 the choir was severely damaged by fire, necessitating a major reconstruction,{{sfn|Cook|1949|p=23}} the progress of which was recorded in detail by a monk named [[Gervase of Canterbury|Gervase]].{{sfn|Willis|1845|p=xiv}} The crypt survived the fire intact,{{sfn|Willis|1845| p=71}} and it was found possible to retain the outer walls of the choir, which were increased in height by {{convert|12|ft|m}} in the course of the rebuilding, but with the round-headed form of their windows left unchanged.{{sfn|Willis|1845|p=79}} Everything else was replaced in the new Gothic style, with pointed arches, rib vaulting and flying buttresses. The limestone used was imported from Caen in Normandy, and [[Purbeck marble]] was used for the shafting. The choir was back in use by 1180 and in that year the remains of St Dunstan and St Alphege were moved there from the crypt.{{sfn|Cook|1949|pp=22–3}}
The master-mason appointed to rebuild the choir was a Frenchman, [[William of Sens]]. Following his injury in a fall from the scaffolding in 1179 he was replaced by one of his former assistants, known as "[[William the Englishman]]".{{sfn|Cook|1949|pp=22–3}}
====Trinity Chapel and Shrine of Thomas Becket====
[[File:Canterbury Cathedral Trinity Chapel Stained Glass, Kent, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Stained glass in the Trinity Chapel]]
[[File:Canterbury Cathedral Becket's Crown, Kent, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|upright|Becket's crown at the far east side of the cathedral]]
In 1180-4, in place of the old, square-ended, eastern chapel, the present Trinity Chapel was constructed, a broad extension with an ambulatory, designed to house the shrine of St Thomas Becket.{{sfn|Cook|1949|pp=22–3}} A further chapel, circular in plan, was added beyond that, which housed further relics of Becket, {{sfn|Cook|1949|pp=22–3}} widely believed to have included the top of his skull, struck off in the course of his assassination. This latter chapel became known as the "Corona" or "Becket's Crown".{{sfn|Withers|1897|p=88-9}} These new parts east of the choir transepts were raised on a higher crypt than Ernulf's choir, necessitating flights of steps between the two levels. Work on the chapel was completed in 1184, {{sfn|Cook|1949|pp=22–3}} but Becket's remains were not moved from his tomb in the crypt until 1220.{{sfn|Withers|1897|p=8}} Further significant interments in the Trinity Chapel included those of Edward Plantagenet (The "[[Edward, the Black Prince|Black Prince]]") and King [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]].
The shrine in the Trinity Chapel was placed directly above Becket's original tomb in the crypt. A marble plinth, raised on columns, supported what an early visitor, [[Walter of Coventry]], described as "a coffin wonderfully wrought of gold and silver, and marvellously adorned with precious gems".{{sfn|Blick|2005|pp=407–8}} Other accounts make clear that the gold was laid over a wooden chest, which in turn contained an iron-bound box holding Becket's remains.{{sfn|Blick|2005|p=408}} Further [[votive offering|votive treasures]] were added to the adornments of the chest over the years, while others were placed on pedestals or beams nearby, or attached to hanging drapery.{{sfn|Blick|2005|p=424}} For much of the time the chest (or "[[ferotory]]") was kept concealed by a wooden cover, which would be theatrically raised by ropes once a crowd of pilgrims had gathered.{{sfn|Withers|1897|p=8}}{{sfn|Blick|2005|p=408}} Erasmus, who visited in 1512–4, recorded that, once the cover was raised, "the Prior ... pointed out each jewel, telling its name in French, its value, and the name of its donor; for the principal of them were offerings sent by sovereign princes."{{sfn|Blick|2005|p=425}}
The income from [[pilgrim]]s (such as those portrayed in [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s ''[[Canterbury Tales]]'') who visited Becket's shrine, which was regarded as a place of healing, largely paid for the subsequent rebuilding of the cathedral and its associated buildings. This revenue included the profits from the sale of [[pilgrim badge]]s depicting Becket, his martyrdom, or his shrine.
The shrine was removed in 1538. Henry VIII summoned the dead saint to court to face charges of treason. Having failed to appear, he was found guilty in his absence and the treasures of his shrine were confiscated, carried away in two coffers and twenty-six carts.{{sfn|Withers|1897|p=13}}
====Monastic buildings====
[[File:Canterbury Cathedral Cloisters, Kent, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|Cloisters]]
A bird's-eye view of the cathedral and its monastic buildings, made in about 1165<ref name=eb/> and known as the "waterworks plan" is preserved in the Eadwine Psalter in the library of [[Trinity College, Cambridge]].<ref>{{cite book|title=English Romanesque Art 1066–1200|year=1984|publisher=Arts Councilof Great Britain|series=Catalogue of an Exhibition held at the Hayward Gallery, London, 5 April-8 July 1984|location=London|page=374}}</ref> It shows that Canterbury employed the same general principles of arrangement common to all [[Benedictine monasteries]], although, unusually, the [[cloister]] and monastic buildings were to the north, rather than the south of the church. There was a separate [[chapter-house]].<ref name=eb/>
The buildings formed separate groups around the church. Adjoining it, on the north side, stood the cloister and the buildings devoted to the monastic life. To the east and west of these were those devoted to the exercise of hospitality. To the north a large open court divided the monastic buildings from menial ones, such as the stables, granaries, barn, bakehouse, brew house and laundries, inhabited by the lay servants of the establishment. At the greatest possible distance from the church, beyond the precinct of the monastery, was the eleemosynary department. The almonry for the relief of the poor, with a great hall annexed, formed the paupers' hospitium.<ref name=eb/>
[[File:Canterbury cathedral plan.jpg|thumb|left|Plan of Canterbury Cathedral showing the complex ribbing of the [[Perpendicular Period|Perpendicular]] vaulting in the [[nave]] and [[transept]]s]]
The group of buildings devoted to monastic life included two cloisters. The great cloister was surrounded by the buildings essentially connected with the daily life of the monks,-- the church to the south, with the refectory placed as always on the side opposite, the dormitory, raised on a vaulted [[undercroft]], and the chapter-house adjacent, and the lodgings of the cellarer, responsible for providing both monks and guests with food, to the west. A passage under the dormitory lead eastwards to the smaller or infirmary cloister, appropriated to sick and infirm monks.<ref name=eb/>
The hall and chapel of the infirmary extended east of this cloister, resembling in form and arrangement the nave and chancel of an aisled church. Beneath the dormitory, overlooking the green court or herbarium, lay the "pisalis" or "calefactory," the [[common room]] of the monks. At its north-east corner access was given from the dormitory to the [[toilets|necessarium]], a building in the form of a Norman hall, 145 ft (44 m) long by 25 broad (44.2 m × 7.6 m), containing fifty-five seats. It was constructed with careful regard to hygiene, with a stream of water running through it from end to end.<ref name=eb/>
A second smaller dormitory for the conventual officers ran from east to west. Close to the refectory, but outside the cloisters, were the domestic offices connected with it: to the north, the kitchen, 47 ft (14 m) square (200 m2), with a pyramidal roof, and the kitchen court; to the west, the butteries, pantries, etc. The infirmary had a small kitchen of its own. Opposite the refectory door in the cloister were two lavatories, where the monks washed before and after eating.<ref name=eb/>
[[File:Canterbury-Cathedral-Church-of-England-1890-1900.jpg|thumb|View from the north west [[circa]] 1890–1900.]]
The buildings devoted to hospitality were divided into three groups. The prior's group were "entered at the south-east angle of the green court, placed near the most sacred part of the cathedral, as befitting the distinguished ecclesiastics or nobility who were assigned to him." The cellarer's buildings, where middle class visitors were entertained, stood near the west end of the nave. The inferior pilgrims and paupers were relegated to the north hall or almonry, just within the gate.<ref name=eb>{{EB1911|wstitle= Abbey/Canterbury Cathedral}}</ref>
Priors of Christ Church Priory included [[John of Sittingbourne]] (elected 1222, previously a monk of the priory) and William Chillenden, (elected 1264, previously monk and treasurer of the priory).<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=33854 Priors of Canterbury], Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: volume 2: Monastic cathedrals (northern and southern provinces; 1971), pp. 8–12</ref> The monastery was granted the right to elect their own prior if the seat was vacant by the pope, and — from [[Gregory IX]] onwards — the right to a free election (though with the archbishop overseeing their choice). Monks of the priory have included [[Æthelric I]], [[Æthelric II]], [[Walter d'Eynsham]], [[Reginald fitz Jocelin]] (admitted as a confrater shortly before his death), [[Nigel de Longchamps]] and Ernulf. The monks often put forward candidates for Archbishop of Canterbury, either from among their number or outside, since the archbishop was nominally their abbot, but this could lead to clashes with the king and/or pope should they put forward a different man — examples are the elections of [[Baldwin of Forde]] and [[Thomas Cobham]].
[[File:Canterbury Cathedral Rood Screen, Kent, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|right|Choir screen]]
====Fourteenth and fifteenth centuries====
Early in the fourteenth century, Prior Eastry erected a stone choir screen and rebuilt the chapter house, and his successor, Prior Oxenden inserted a large five-light window into St Anselm's chapel. {{sfn|Cook|1949|pp=43–5}}
The cathedral was seriously damaged by an earthquake of 1382, losing its bells and campanile.
From the late fourteenth century the nave and transepts were rebuilt, on the Norman foundations in the Perpendicular style under the direction of the noted master mason [[Henry Yevele]].{{sfn|Willis|1845|p=45}} In contrast to the contemporary rebuilding of the nave at [[Winchester Cathedral|Winchester]], where much of the existing fabric was retained and remodelled, the piers were entirely removed, and replaced with less bulky Gothic ones, and the old aisle walls completely taken down except for a low "plinth" left on the south side. {{sfn|Willis|1845|p=121}}<ref name=trust/> More Norman fabric was retained in the transepts, especially in the east walls,{{sfn|Willis|1845|p=121}} and the old apsidal chapels were not replaced until the mid-15th century.{{sfn|Cook|1949|pp=43–5}} The arches of the new nave arcade were exceptionally high in proportion to the clerestory.{{sfn|Cook|1949|pp=43–5}} The new transepts, aisles and nave were roofed with [[Lierne (vault)|lierne vaults]], enriched with bosses. Most of the work was done during the priorate of [[Thomas Chillenden]] (1391–1411): Chillenden also built a new choir screen at the east end of the nave, into which Eastry's existing screen was incorporated.{{sfn|Cook|1949|pp=43–5}} The Norman stone floor of the nave, however survived until its replacement in 1786.<ref name=trust/>
[[File:Canterbury Cathedral Nave 1, Kent, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Perpendicular style nave]]
From 1396 the cloisters were repaired and remodelled by Yevele's pupil Stephen Lote who added the lierne vaulting. It was during this period that the wagon-vaulting of the chapter house was created.
A shortage of money, and the priority given to the rebuilding of the cloisters and chapter-house meant that the rebuilding of the west towers was neglected. The south-west tower was not replaced until 1458, and the Norman north-west tower survived until 1834, when it was replaced by a replica of its Perpendicular companion.{{sfn|Cook|1949|pp=43–5}}
In about 1430 the south transept apse was removed to make way for a chapel, founded by Lady Margaret Holland and dedicated to St Michael and All Angels. The north transept apse was replaced by a Lady Chapel, built in 1448–55.{{sfn|Cook|1949|pp=43–5}}
The 235-foot crossing tower was begun in 1433, although preparations had already been made during Chillenden's priorate, when the piers had been reinforced. Further strengthening was found necessary around the beginning of the sixteenth century, when buttressing arches were added under the southern and western tower arches. The tower is often known as the "Angel Steeple", after a gilded angel that once stood on one of its pinnacles.{{sfn|Cook|1949|pp=43–5}}
===Modern===
[[File:Canterbury Cathedral font, Kent, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The decorative font in the nave]]
====Dissolution of the monastery====
The cathedral ceased to be an abbey during the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]] when all religious houses were suppressed. Canterbury surrendered in March 1539, and reverted to its previous status of 'a college of secular canons'.
The New Foundation came into being on 8 April 1541.<ref>Barrie Dobson, 'Canterbury in the Later Middle Ages, 1220–1540', in ''A History of Canterbury Cathedral'', OUP 1995, p. 153.</ref>
====Furnishings====
In 1688, the joiner Roger Davis, citizen of London, removed the 13th century [[misericords]] and replaced them with two rows of his own work on each side of the choir. Some of Davis's misericords have a distinctly medieval flavour and he may have copied some of the original designs. When [[Sir George Gilbert Scott]] carried out renovations in the 19th century, he replaced the front row of Davis' misericords, with new ones of his own design, which seem to include many copies of those at [[Gloucester Cathedral]], [[Worcester Cathedral]] and [[New College, Oxford]].
[[File:Canterbury Cathedral, view of the Western Towers engraved by J.LeKeux after a picture by G.Cattermole, 1821 edited.jpg|thumb|upright|The west front in 1821 showing the [[Normans|Norman]] north west tower prior to rebuilding, (coloured engraving)]]
====Eighteenth century to the present====
The original Norman northwest tower, which had a lead spire until 1705,{{sfn|Withers|1897|p=27}} was demolished in 1834 owing to structural concerns.{{sfn|Cook|1949|pp=43–5}} It was replaced with a Perpendicular-style twin of the southwest tower, now known as the "Arundel Tower"'. This was the last major structural alteration to the cathedral to be made.
In September 1872 a large portion of the Trinity Chapel roof was completely destroyed by fire. There was no significant damage to the stonework or interior and the damage was quickly repaired.<ref>{{cite news |title=The fire in the Canterbury Cathedral 1872 |url=http://www.machadoink.com/The%20Cathedral_4.htm |newspaper=Illustrated London News |date=14 September 1872}}</ref>
In 2015 [[Sarah Mullally]] and [[Rachel Treweek]] became the first women to be ordained as bishops in the cathedral.<ref name="anglicannews1">[http://www.anglicannews.org/news/2015/07/first-female-diocesan-bishop-in-c-of-e-consecrated.aspx First female diocesan bishop in C of E consecrated]. Anglicannews.org. Retrieved on 23 July 2015.</ref>
The cathedral is the Regimental Church of the [[Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment]].
==Conservation==
Much of the [[stonework]] at Canterbury Cathedral is damaged and crumbling, the roofs are leaking and much of the [[stained glass]] is badly corroded. The last quinquennial structural review<ref name=newsletterMay2014>{{cite web|title=Spring/Summer Newsletter 2014|url=http://www.canterbury-cathedral.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/trust_newsletter_web.pdf|publisher=Canterbury Cathedral Trust}}</ref> revealed that a combination of centuries of weathering, pollution and constant use had taken its toll on the ancient building and some serious problems were in need of urgent action.
The single biggest challenge is the roof. The cathedral is covered by a huge expanse of lead and whilst the majority of the wooden framework remains sound, much of the lead itself needs replacing. In addition, a large amount of concrete encasing the bottom of the roof beams needs to be removed and replaced with traditional wooden footers.
Conservation of the external masonry, particularly on the northern side of the building, is equally important. The cathedral is in part built of [[Caen stone]]. Detailed archaeological studies are undertaken to identify exactly which stones need to be replaced or repaired. In addition, specialist cleaning techniques are used to remove accumulated chemical deposits which are very damaging to the building. As regards the interior, priorities include decoration of the vaults of the [[Trinity Chapel]], major improvements to the Treasury building which contains, amongst other things, the choir practice rooms, and conservation work in several other chapels.
The earliest coloured glass windows in the cathedral date from the late 12th century, whilst others are as new as the four [[Ervin Bossányi]] windows in the south east transept (1957). Many have already been conserved and protected by the team of stained glass conservators led by [[Leonie Seliger]]. However, much conservation work remains to be done, notably on the late 12th century [[Oculus window]] in the south east transept – a late 12th century round window.<ref name="BBC News" />
==Foundation==
The Foundation is the authorised staffing establishment of the cathedral, few of whom are clergy. The head of the cathedral is the [[Dean of Canterbury|dean]], currently [[Robert Willis (priest)|Robert Willis]], who is assisted by a chapter of 30 [[canon (priest)|canons]], four of whom are residentiary, the others being honorary appointments of senior clergy in the [[diocese]]. There are also a number of lay canons who altogether form the greater chapter which has the legal responsibility both for the cathedral itself and also for the formal election of an archbishop when there is a vacancy-in-see. By English law and custom they may only elect the person who has been nominated by the [[monarch]] on the advice of the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|prime minister]]. The Foundation also includes the choristers, lay clerks, organists, [[The King's School, Canterbury#Traditions|King's Scholars]], the [[Six Preachers]] and a range of other officers; some of these posts are moribund, such as that of the cathedral barber. The cathedral has a work force of over 300 (many of whom work part-time), and approximately 800 volunteers.
===Current office holders===
*Dean – [[Robert Willis (priest)|Robert Willis]] (since 1 July 2001)<ref>[http://www.whitstablechoral.org.uk/about/honorary-patron/ Whitstable Choral Society – Honorary Patron] (Accessed 5 January 2013)</ref>
*Archdeacon of Canterbury – [[Sheila Watson (priest)|Sheila Watson]] (since 28 April 2007<ref>[http://www.oks.org.uk/assets/documents/MayOffcuts07.pdf OKS – Offcuts, May 2007] (Accessed 5 January 2013)</ref>)
*Archdeacon of Ashford – [[Philip Down]] (since 13 March 2011)
*Canon Pastor – Clare Edwards (since June 2004)
*Canon Librarian – Christopher Irvine (since 2007)
*Canon Treasurer – Nick Papadopulos (since 10 March 2013<ref>[http://www.canterbury-cathedral.org/community/who-does-what/chapter-members/ Canterbury Cathedral Chapter Members]</ref>)
===Finance===
Canterbury Cathedral receives no government or State funding and only occasional grants from [[English Heritage]]. It is not funded by the [[Church of England]]. The [[Church Commissioners]] pay the salary of the [[Dean (religion)|Dean]] and two of the residentiary [[Canon (priest)|Canons]] only. The Cathedral is therefore largely self-funded.
Around £18,500 is spent each day on running costs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Canterbury Cathedral appeals to its American friends|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-kent-17488467|work=[[BBC News]]|date=25 March 2012}}</ref> In order to meet these huge costs the cathedral has to rely on income from a number of commercial operations such as property rental, the Cathedral Shop, Hotel and Conference Centre and from entry charges to the Cathedral. This income is only just sufficient, however, to cover the daily costs of running the Cathedral and cannot meet the costs of the conservation and development projects that are vital{{According to whom|date=January 2011}} for the survival of the building.
====Appeal====
The "Save Canterbury Cathedral" Appeal was launched in October 2006 to protect and enhance the cathedral's future as a centre of worship, [[Cultural heritage|heritage]] and culture. The aim was to raise £50 million; by the end of 2010 the appeal had raised £11.5 million,<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news|title=Canterbury Cathedral appeal reaches £11.5m|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-kent-11978543|work=[[BBC News]]|date=12 December 2010}}</ref> and as at May 2014 over £20 million had been raised.<ref name=newsletterMay2014 />
The core part of the fundraising programme is focused on the Cathedral's fabric. The major [[conservation-restoration]] projects already identified will cost £30 million. Fabric conservation is, undoubtedly, the most urgent element of the campaign. The Appeal - the third of its kind, following major fundraising drives at Canterbury in the 1950s and 1970s - was launched to fund these projects. [[Fundraising]] for the Appeal will take place over a number of years both nationally and internationally, stressing the Cathedral's role as the [[Mother Church]] of the worldwide [[Anglican Communion]] and as a [[World Heritage Site]]. An integrated conservation programme that addresses the priority areas has been drawn up by the Cathedral's Surveyor to the Fabric, John Burton.
Major repair and conservation projects to be funded by the Appeal include: roofs of the nave, [[aisle]]s, and North West and South East [[Transept]]s; stone carvings, [[pinnacle]]s and stone facings of the [[Bell Harry Tower]]; work on the North side of the Corona Chapel;<ref name="BBC News" /> conservation of the [[Christ Church Gate]] entry to the Precincts; conservation of stained glass and surrounding stonework throughout the Cathedral; and preservation of the collection of historic books and [[manuscript]]s.
In addition, there are plans to refurbish the Cathedral [[pipe organ]], and renovations to the [[Choir House]] have already been completed, providing better facilities for choristers. Improvements are planned to the fabric of the library buildings, and to the Cathedral's audio-visual and lighting systems which will significantly benefit visitors including the disabled, visually impaired and hard of hearing. The Appeal also aims to develop the outmoded workshop area and [[Stained Glass]] Studio, in order to ensure the survival of Canterbury as a [[centre of excellence]] for vital craft skills and to promote a sustainable maintenance base for work on the Cathedral which can be viewed by the public.
==Music==
===Organ===
The organ at Canterbury is of three manuals with cases in the choir gallery and the north choir aisle. It was built in 1886 by [[Henry Willis]] and subsequently rebuilt by the same firm in the mid 20th century. It was rebuilt by N.P. Mander in 1978 and reduced to three manuals at about that time. There are plans to replace the current organ and work starts in 2015.<ref>[http://www.npor.org.uk/cgi-bin/Rsearch.cgi?Fn=Rsearch&rec_index=N14638 Canterbury Cathedral Organ from the National Pipe Organ Register], retrieved 1 March 2013</ref>
===Organists===
{{See also|List of musicians at English cathedrals}}
Organists and Assistant Organists at Canterbury Cathedral have included composers [[Clement Charlton Palmer]], [[Gerald Hocken Knight]] and [[Philip Moore (organist)|Philip Moore]] and musical directors [[Allan Wicks]] and [[Stephen Darlington]]. The current Organist and Master of the Choristers is David Flood and his assistant organist, who is also Director of the Girls' Choir, is David Newsholme.<ref name=choir/>
===Choirs===
There has been a choral tradition at Canterbury Cathedral for 1400 years. The Cathedral Choir consists of 25 boy choristers and 12 lay clerks. The boys are aged eight to thirteen. They receive scholarships and attend [[St Edmund's School]], Canterbury.<ref name=choir>[http://www.canterbury-cathedral.org/community/choir.aspx Canterbury Cathedral Choir], retrieved 1 March 2013</ref> There are seven choral services a week with Choral Evensong at 5.30pm on Monday-Friday, with the boys alone on Thursday and Men on Wednesday. On Saturday and Sunday there is evensong at 3.15pm and Eucharist on Sunday at 11am. There are numerous extra services especially at Christmas, Easter and Pentecost.
The Girls' Choir of Canterbury Cathedral was founded in 2014 and their first performance at Evensong, in January, was attended by more than 600 people and widely covered by the international press.<ref>{{cite news |title=Schoolgirls end Canterbury Cathedral tradition of male-only choral singing |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/09/canterbury-cathedral-schoolgirls-end-tradition-male-only-choral-singing |last=Meikle |first=James |newspaper=The Guardian |date=9 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=All-girl choir makes history at Canterbury |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7-MGTGDEIg |publisher=Press Association |date=26 January 2014}}</ref> They gave their first concert in December of that year.<ref>{{cite news |title=First Canterbury Cathedral all-girl choir makes its Christmas concert debut |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/11261520/First-Canterbury-Cathedral-all-girl-choir-makes-its-Christmas-concert-debut.html |last=Furness |first=Hannah |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=28 November 2014}}</ref> They typically perform at Evensong twice every month, often with the Lay Clerks of the Cathedral Choir. The girls are aged twelve to eighteen. They attend local schools in Canterbury, and some further afield.<ref>[http://www.canterbury-cathedral.org/worship/girls-choir/ Canterbury Cathedral Girls' Choir], retrieved 9 December 2014</ref>
==Bells==
[[File:Dunstan 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Great Dunstan]]
The cathedral has a total of twenty one bells in the three towers:
The South West Tower (Oxford Tower) contains the cathedral’s main ring of bells, hung for [[change ringing]] in the English style. There are fourteen bells – a ring of twelve with two semi-tones, which allow for ringing on ten, eight or six bells while still remaining in tune. All of the bells were cast in 1981 by the [[Whitechapel Bell Foundry]] from seven bells of the old peal of twelve with new metal added, and re-hung in a new frame. The length (draught) of the ropes was increased by lowering the floor of the ringing chamber to the level of the south aisle vault at the same time, also allowing for the new bells to be set lower in the belfry than the old, with the intention of reducing strain on the Medieval structure. The heaviest bell of this ring weighs 34cwt (1.72 tonnes). The ringers practice on Thursday at 7.15pm.
The North West Tower (Arundel Tower) contains the cathedral’s clock chime. The five quarter chimes were taken from the old peal of twelve in the Oxford Tower (where the clock was originally), and hung from beams in the Arundel Tower. The chimes are stuck on the eighth Gregorian tone, which is also used at [[Merton College, Oxford]]. The hour is struck on Great Dunstan, the largest bell in Kent 63cwt (3.2 tonnes), which is also swung on Sunday mornings for [[Matins]].
In 1316 Prior Henry of Eastry gave a large bell dedicated to St Thomas, which weighed 71½ cwt (3.63 tonnes). Later, in 1343, Prior Hathbrand gave bells dedicated to Jesus and St Dunstan. At this time the bells in campanile were rehung and their names recorded as "Jesus", "Dunstan", "Mary", "Crundale", "Elphy" (Alphege) and "Thomas". In the great earthquake of 1382 the campanile fell, destroying the first three named bells. Following its reconstruction, the other three bells were rehung, together with two others, of whose casting no record remains.
The oldest bell in the cathedral is Bell Harry, which hangs in a cage atop the central tower to which the bell lends its name. This bell was cast by [[Joseph Hatch (bellfounder)|Joseph Hatch]] in 1635, and is struck at 8am and 9pm every day to announce the opening and closing of the cathedral, and also occasionally for services as a Sanctus bell.<ref>{{harvnb|Stahlschmidt|1887|pp=192, 195}}; {{cite web |url=http://kent.lovesguide.com/canterbury_cathedral.htm |title=Love's Guide to the Church Bells of Kent |author=Love, Dickon |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=20 November 2010}}</ref>
The cathedral also has custody of the bell of [[HMS Canterbury (1915)|HMS Canterbury]], a World War I-era light cruiser, hung near the Buff's Chapel in the South West Transept.
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== Perpustakaan ==
Perpustakaan katedral memuat koleksi sekitar 30.000 buku dan pamflet yang dicetak sebelum abad ke-20 dan sekitar 20.000 buku dan seri yang dicetak kemudian. Kebanyakan buku tua itu diperoleh dari sumbangan. Koleksinya kaya akan sejarah gereja, teologi kuno, sejarah Britania (termasuk sejarah setempat), perjalanan, ilmu alam dan kedokteran, serta [[:en:Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|gerakan anti perbudakan di Britania Raya]]. Koleksi perpustakaan ini dimasukkan ke dalam katalog online perpustakaan [[:en:University of Kent|Universitas Kent]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.canterbury-cathedral.org/history/libraries.aspx|title= History and heritage; Library|publisher= Canterbury Cathedral|access-date= 2015-09-03|archive-date= 2010-09-14|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100914211157/http://www.canterbury-cathedral.org/history/libraries.aspx|dead-url= yes}}</ref>
== Lihat pula ==
{{Portal|Kristen}}
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* [[:en:Dean of Canterbury|Daftar Deans of Canterbury Cathedral]]
* [[:en:Priors of Canterbury Cathedral|Daftar Priors of Canterbury Cathedral]]
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== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|2}}
== Pustaka ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation|title=The Romance of Canterbury Cathedral|first=Margaret|last= Babington|publisher=Raphael Tuck|year=1955 }}
* {{citation|last=Blick|first=Sarah|chapter=Reconstructing the Shrine of St. Thomas Becket, Canterbury Cathedral|title=Art and architecture of late medieval pilgrimage in Northern Europe and the British Isles |editor=Blick, Sarah and Tekippe, Rita|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden and Boston|year=2005}}
* {{citation|title=A History of Canterbury Cathedral|editor1-last= Collinson|editor1-first= Patrick|editor2-last=Ramsay|editor2-first=Nigel|editor3-last=Sparks|editor3-first=Margaret |publisher=Oxford University Press |origyear=1995|edition= revised|year=2002|isbn=0-19-820051-X}}
* {{citation|first=G. H.|last=Cook|title=Portrait of Canterbury Cathedral|publisher=Phoenix House|location=London|year=1949}}
* {{citation|title=Canterbury Cathedral: Aspects of Its Sacramental Geometry|first=Colin Joseph|last=Dudley|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|year=2010|isbn=978-1-450-06022-6}}
* {{citation|title=William Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury – his life and letters|author= Iremonger, F. A.|authorlink=Frederic Iremonger|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1948}}
* {{citation|title=Fisher of Lambeth: a portrait from life|first=William|last= Purcell|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |year=1969 |isbn=0-340-02938-2}}
* {{citation|title=The Architectural History of Canterbury Cathedral|last=Willis|first=Robert|publisher=Longman|location=London|year=1845|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=v1kgAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq}}
* {{citation|series=Bell's Cathedral Series|title=The Cathedral Church of Canterbury|first=Hartley|last=Withers|url=|edition=2nd revised|year=1897|publisher=George Bell|location=London}}
* {{citation|last=Stahlschmidt|first=J.C.L.|title=The Church Bells of Kent: Their Inscriptions, Founders, Uses and Traditions|publisher=Stock|year=1887|oclc=12772194}}
{{refend}}
== Pustaka tambahan ==
* Butler, John (2011), The Red Dean of Canterbury: The Public and Private Faces of Hewlett Johnson, Scala Publishing, ISBN 1-85759-736-2
* Foyle, Jonathan (2013), The Architecture of Canterbury Cathedral, Scala Arts and Heritage Publishers, ISBN 978-1-85759-701-1
* Guy, John (2012), [[Thomas Becket]]: Warrior, Priest, Rebel, [[Random House]], ISBN 1-4000-6907-6
* Keates Jonathan & Hornak Angelo (2013), Canterbury Cathedral, Scala Arts and Heritage Publishers, ISBN 978-1-85759-027-2
* Michael M A (2004), The Stained Glass of Canterbury Cathedral, Scala Arts and Heritage Publishers, ISBN 978-1-85759-365-5
* Newman, John (2013), Pevsner's Buildings of England, Kent: North and North East, [[Yale University Press]], ISBN 978-0-300-18506-5
* Sparks Margaret (2007), Canterbury Cathedral Precincts: an historical survey, Dean & Chapter of Canterbury, ISBN 978-0-9501392-0-3
* Sparks, Margaret & Brayshaw, Karen (2011) ''The Library of Canterbury Cathedral''. Canterbury: Friends of Canterbury Cathedral, ISBN 978-0-906211-63-2
* Weaver, Jeffrey (2013) ''The Ancestors of Christ Windows at Canterbury Cathedral''. Los Angeles: Getty Publications, ISBN 978-1-60606-146-6
== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons category|Canterbury Cathedral}}
* {{en}} [http://www.canterbury-cathedral.org/ Canterbury Cathedral website]
* {{en}} [http://www.canterbury-cathedral.org/visit/tour.html Virtual Tour of Canterbury Cathedral] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520003242/http://canterbury-cathedral.org/visit/tour.html |date=2011-05-20 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.canterburygift.org/ The Canterbury Gift] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729063523/http://canterburygift.org/ |date=2013-07-29 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.sacred-destinations.com/england/canterbury-cathedral.htm Sacred Destinations: Canterbury Cathedral]
* {{en}} [http://kent.lovesguide.com/canterbury_cathedral.htm Details on bell towers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713235639/http://kent.lovesguide.com/canterbury_cathedral.htm |date=2011-07-13 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.ofchoristers.net/Chapters/Canterbury.htm History of choir school and choristers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514180233/http://www.ofchoristers.net/Chapters/Canterbury.htm |date=2007-05-14 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/UK/Britain_South_and_West/Canterbury_Cathedral/Canterbury.htm Canterbury Cathedral on Adrian Fletcher’s Paradoxplace] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716111700/http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/UK/Britain_South_and_West/Canterbury_Cathedral/Canterbury.htm |date=2006-07-16 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.flickr.com/search/?w=all&q=Canterbury+Cathedral&m=text Flickr images tagged Canterbury Cathedral]
* {{en}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/kent/6275224.stm BBC news item re. Caen stone sourced for cathedral repairs]
* {{en}} [http://www.gotik-romanik.de/Canterbury%20Thumbnails/Thumbnails.html Photos and plans of Canterbury Cathedral]
* {{en}} [http://www.sacred-destinations.com/england/canterbury-cathedral-stained-glass-windows.htm Medieval Stained Glass of Canterbury Cathedral] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905034822/http://www.sacred-destinations.com/england/canterbury-cathedral-stained-glass-windows.htm |date=2009-09-05 }}
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