Bahasa Basque: Perbedaan antara revisi
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|nativename=Euskara
|familycolor=Isolate
|states=
|region={{flagicon|Basque Country}} Negeri Basque kecuali bagian paling barat dari [[Biscay]], sebagian besar [[Alava]] dan [[Navarre]]
|speakers=1,063,700 (bahasa pertama: 665,700) tahun 2006<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080626204632/http://www.eitb.com/content2/dokumentuak/inkesta_soziolinguistikoa_20080618.pdf Forth sociolinguistic enquiries] in Basque Country or ''IV. Inkesta Soziolinguistikoa''</ref>
|rank=247
|ancestor=[[Bahasa Aquitania|Aquitania]]
|family=[[Bahasa isolat|Isolat]] (lihat [[#Sejarah dan klasifikasi|bawah]])
|nation=[[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country Autonomous Community]] dan [[Navarre]]
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|iso1=eu|iso2b=baq|iso2t=eus|iso3=eus}}
[[Berkas:Euskara %.png|
[[Berkas:Basque Country location map.png|
[[Berkas:Basque Country location map.png|
[[Berkas:Basque
'''Basque''' (
== Sejarah dan klasifikasi ==
[[Bangsa Basque|Leluhur bangsa Basque]] adalah salah satu penghuni tertua [[Eropa]]
Tulisan-tulisan Latin dalam [[Aquitania]] melestarikan sejumlah kata yang mirip dengan bahasa proto-Basque,
Karena perbatasan antara Basque dan daerah Gascon lebih kabur daripada antara daerah Basque dan
Many scholars have tried to link Basque to [[Etruscan language|Etruscan]], [[African languages]], [[Languages of the Caucasus|Caucasian languages]] and so on. A connection with the [[Iberian language]] gave some hope, but it is unclear whether similarities are due to genetic relations or [[Sprachbund|mere vicinity]].
Baris 39 ⟶ 40:
For example, the name of the [[Aran Valley]] (now a [[Gascon language|Gascon]]-speaking part of [[Catalonia]]) suggests Basque ''haran'', meaning "valley". However, the growing influence of [[Latin language|Latin]] began to drive Basque out from less mountainous areas of this region.
The [[Reconquista]] temporarily counteracted this tendency, when the Christian lords called on northern peoples — Basques, [[Asturia]]ns and [[Frank]]s — to colonize the new conquests. Later the Basque language came to be used mainly by peasants, while people in the cities preferred [[Castilian language|Castilian]], [[Gascon language|Gascon]], Navarrese Romance, [[French language|French]] or [[Latin]] for high education.
Basque experienced a rapid decline in Navarre during the 1800's. However, after [[Basque nationalism]] took the language as an identity sign, and with the establishment of autonomous governments, it has made a comeback. Basque-language schools have taken the language to areas like [[Encartaciones]] or the [[Navarrese Ribera]] where it may have never been natively spoken in historic times.
==Dialects and official status==
[[Berkas:Basque
===Official status===
Historically, Latin or Romance has been the official language in this region.
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[[Azkue]]'s ''gipuzkera osotua'' was the first attempt to create a Basque standard in 1935. It did not succeed, not even in Gipuzkoa where Batua is always preferred.
Along with Batua, ''Classical Labourdin'', like [[Pierre Laffite]]'s ''Navarro-Labourdin'' is the standard form of Lapurtera taught in some schools of Lapurdi and used on radio, church and by the newspaper [[Herria]].
A group (''Jakintza Baitha'', "Wisdom House") gathered around the academian [[Federico Krutwig]] preferred to base the standard on the Labourdin of [[Joannes Leyçarraga]]'s Protestant Bible and the first printed books in Basque.
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:"Martin buys the newspapers for me."
''Martin-ek'' is the agent (transitive subject), so it is marked with the ergative case ending ''-k'' (with an [[epenthesis|epenthetic]] ''-e-''). ''Egunkariak'' has an ''-ak'' ending which marks plural object (plural absolutive, direct object case). The verb is ''erosten dizkit'', in which ''erosten'' is a kind of gerund ("buying") and the auxiliary ''dizkit'' indicates:
* ''di-'' marks a verb with the equivalent of both a direct and an indirect object, in the present tense;
* ''-zki-'' marks the equivalent of a plural direct object (in this case the newspapers; if it were singular there would be no infix); and
* ''-t'' is the equivalent of the indirect object mark: "to/for me".
* in this instance an unmarked or "null case" equates to the "nork", which in most European languages would be the subject.
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:''Zuek egunkariak erosten dizkidazue''
The auxiliary verb is composed as di-zki-da-zue
( equivalent terms in European languages )
*''di-'' = direct object
*''-zki-'' = marks plural of direct object
*''-da-'' = indirect object ( to/for me ) {-t becomes -da- when intercalated.}
*''-zue'' = subject ( you pl. )
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The sound represented by ''j'' has a variety of realizations according to the regional dialect: {{IPA|[j, ʝ, ɟ, ʒ, ʃ, x]}} (the last one is typical of the Spanish Basque Country).
The vowel system is the same as Spanish for most speakers. It consists of five pure vowels, {{IPA|/i e a o u/}}.
Speakers of the Souletin dialect also have a sixth, front rounded vowel (represented in writing by ''ü'' but pronounced {{IPA|/ø/}}, much like a German ''ö''), as well as a set of contrasting nasalized vowels.
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== Sistem penulisan ==
Bahasa Basque ditulis dengan menggunakan [[abjad Latin]]. Huruf khusus yang universal adalah ''ñ''; kadang-kadang ''ç'' dan ''ü'' juga digunakan. Bahasa Basque tidak menggunakan ''c, q, v, w, y'' kecuali untuk kata-kata pinjaman; huruf-huruf ini tidak dianggap sebagai bagian dari abjad Basque.
: Aa Bb Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ññ Oo Pp Rr Ss Tt Uu Xx Zz
''dd, ll, rr, ts, tt, tx, tz'' tidak diperlakukan sebagai [[Digraf (ortografi)|digraf]].
Dalam ortografi [[Sabino Arana]] (1865..1903), ''ll'' dan ''rr'' digantikan masing-masing dengan ''[[ĺ]]'' dan ''[[ŕ]]''.
== Ungkapan ==
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* '''Bai''' = Ya
* '''Ez''' = Tidak
* '''Kaixo!''', '''Agur!''' = Hallo
* '''Agur!''', '''Adio!''' = Selamat tinggal!
* '''Ikusi arte''' = Sampai jumpa!
* '''Eskerrik asko!''' = Terima kasih!
* '''Egun on''' = Selamat pagi (arti harafiah: Selamat siang)
* '''Egun on, bai''' = Jawaban standar untuk '''Egun on'''
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* '''Gabon''' = Selamat malam (Good night)
* '''Mesedez''' = Tolong (please)
* '''Barkatu''' = Maaf
* '''Aizu!''' = Dengarkan! (meminta perhatian seseorang, tidak begitu sopan, hanya untuk digunakan dengan teman)
* '''Kafe hutsa nahi nuke''' = Bisakah saya minta kopi?
* '''Kafe ebakia nahi nuke''' = Bisakah saya minta macchiato?
* '''Kafesnea nahi nuke''' = Bisakah saya minta café latte?
* '''Garagardoa nahi nuke''' = Bisakah saya
* '''Komunak''' = Kamar kecil
* '''Komuna, non dago?''' = Di mana kamar kecil?
* '''Non dago tren-geltokia?''' = Di mana stasiun kereta api?
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=== Ungkapan-ungkapan yang lebih sulit ===
* '''Eup!'''= Cara menyapa orang di jalan dalam bahasa sehari-hari, juga '''apa''' atau '''aupa'''.
* '''Kaixo aspaldiko! '''= Seperti Kaixo, tetapi menambahkan arti "Lama tak jumpa".
* '''Ez horregatik '''= Terima kasih kembali
* '''Ez dut ulertzen '''= Saya tidak mengerti
* '''Ez dakit euskaraz'''= Saya tidak bisa berbahasa Basque
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* '''Jakina!'''/'''Noski! '''= Pasti! OK!
* '''Nongoa zara? '''= Anda dari mana?
* '''Non dago...? '''= Di mana...?
* '''Badakizu euskaraz? '''= Anda dapat berbahasa Basque?
* '''Bai ote? '''= Sungguh? Mungkin?
* '''Bizi gara!! '''= Kami masih hidup!!
* '''Bagarela!! '''= Kami juga!! (Jawaban untuk ungkapan di atas)
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== Lihat pula ==
* [[Bahasa-bahasa di
* [[Bahasa-bahasa di Spanyol]]
* [[Daftar Swadesh Basque|Daftar Swadesh tentang kata-kata Basque]]
== Kamus ==
* [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/translation/Basque/ Basque Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203053554/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/translation/Basque/ |date=2007-02-03 }} from [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org Webster's Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223164907/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/ |date=2012-02-23 }}
== Pranala luar ==
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* [http://basque.unr.edu/ Center for Basque Studies at University of Nevada, Reno]
* [http://www.hermanboel.be/taal-en-basque.htm Concise course of Basque]
* [http://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/users/larryt/basque.sketch.html Larry Trask: A Linguistic Sketch of Basque] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051215085614/http://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/users/larryt/basque.sketch.html |date=2005-12-15 }}
* [http://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/users/larryt/basque.words.html Larry Trask: Some Important Basque Words (And a Bit of Culture)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051220195018/http://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/users/larryt/basque.words.html |date=2005-12-20 }}
* [http://bips.bi.ehu.es/ahoweb/files/sampa.html A proposal for Basque SAMPA]
* [http://basque.unr.edu/09/9.3/9.3.18t/9.3.18.05.misc1.htm Basque Studies Program Newsletter] · Issue 18, 1978. Miguel Echegaray memberikan sejumlah usulan tentang kemungkinan hubungan etimologis antara kata-kata Basque dan Inggris.
* [http://www.francemonthly.com/n/0205/index.php#article7 The Devil Wanted to Learn Basque] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060506115347/http://www.francemonthly.com/n/0205/index.php#article7 |date=2006-05-06 }} dari [http://www.francemonthly.com/ France Monthly] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516012919/http://www.francemonthly.com/ |date=2006-05-16 }}
=== Tata bahasa ===
* [http://www.ehu.es/grammar/ University of the Basque Country: A Brief Grammar of Euskara, the Basque Language]
* [http://www.euskalnet.net/chief/aditz/ Basque Verb Tables] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051215124814/http://www.euskalnet.net/chief/aditz/ |date=2005-12-15 }}
=== Kamus ===
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* [http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/mt26s.html A Final (?) Response to the Basque Debate in Mother Tongue 1 by John D. Bengston (scanned pages)]
==
{{reflist}}
== Pustaka ==
* [[Joxe Azurmendi|AZURMENDI, Joxe]]: "Die Bedeutung der Sprache in Renaissance und Reformation und die Entstehung der baskischen Literatur im religiösen und politischen Konfliktgebiet zwischen Spanien und Frankreich" In: Wolfgang W. Moelleken (Herausgeber), Peter J. Weber (Herausgeber): ''Neue Forschungsarbeiten zur Kontaktlinguistik'', Bonn: Dümmler, 1997. ISBN 978-3-537-86419-2
* HUALDE, José Ignacio & DE URBINA, Jon Ortiz (eds.): ''A Grammar of Basque''. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2003. ISBN 3-11-017683-1.
* TRASK, R. Larry: ''History of Basque''. New York/London: Routledge, 1996. ISBN 0-415-13116-2.
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{{InterWiki|code=eu}}
[[Kategori:Bahasa di
[[Kategori:Bahasa di Spanyol]]
[[Kategori:Bahasa yang terisolasi]]
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