Alexander Berkman: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Berkas:Goldmanberkman.jpg|
'''Alexander Berkman''' ({{lahirmati||21|11|1870||28|6|1936}}) adalah seorang [[penulis]] asal [[Rusia]] dan juga seorang [[aktivis]] yang hidup dan banyak menghabiskan waktunya dalam bekerja di [[Amerika Serikat]], di mana dia adalah seorang anggota terkemuka dari sebuah pergerakan [[Anarkisme|anarkis]] disana. Berkman mempunyai hubungan yang erat dengan [[Emma Goldman]] salah seorang tokoh [[Daftar pemikir anarkis|anarkis]] kelahiran [[Lithuania]], dengannya pula ia sering berkolaborasi dan mengorganisir kampanye [[hak sipil|hak-hak sipil]] dan kampanye [[anti perang]].
== Tahun-tahun awal ==
Berkman dilahirkan dengan nama '''Ovsei Osipovich Berkkan''' di [[Vilnius]], [[Lithuania]], dalam keluarga pengusaha [[Yahudi]] yang kaya. Ia dibesarkan di [[St Petersburg]], [[Rusia]] dan di sana ia dikenal sebagai ''Alexander'', sebuah nama yang lebih lazim di negara itu. Belakangan ia dikenal di antara teman-temannya sebagai ''Sasha'' (nama panggilan umum dalam [[bahasa Rusia]] untuk Alexander). Kedua orangtuanya meninggal ketika ia masih muda, dan pada usia 17 tahun ia pindah ke Amerika Serikat.
Segera setelah tiba di AS, Berkman menjadi terlibat dengan kegiatan politik dan tertarik dalam [[anarkisme]] melalui keterlibatannya dalam kampanye untuk membebaskan orang-orang yang dinyatakan bersalah dalam [[Kerusuhan Haymarket|pengeboman Haymarket]] pada 1886. Di [[New York City]], Berkman berjumpa dan menjalin cinta singkat dengan [[Emma Goldman]], juga seorang imigran Rusia yang saat itu bekerja di sebuah pabrik pakaian dan yang belakangan menjadi seorang pemimpin anarkis. Berkman dan Goldman tetap bersahabat baik dan menjadi rekan kerja seumur hidup mereka.
<!--[[Berkas:Alexander_Berkman,_1892.jpg|left|200px|thumb|Alexander Berkman, 1892]] Salah satu pengaruh awal yang dialami Berkman dan Goldman ditimbulkan oleh anarkis Jerman, [[Johann Most]]. Pada 1892, dalam usia 22, Berkman — di bawah pengaruh dukungan Most terhadap ''[[propaganda of the deed]]'' — attempted to assassinate [[Henry Clay Frick]], a wealthy industrialist involved in a bitter dispute with steelworkers in [[Homestead, Pennsylvania]]. The Amalgamated Iron and Steel Workers Union had called its members to go on strike at the Homestead steel plant owned by Frick and [[Andrew Carnegie]]. Frick took the controversial decision to hire three hundred strikebreakers from the [[Pinkerton Detective Agency]], brought in on armed barges. The strikers were waiting for them and a day-long battle took place. Ten men were killed and sixty wounded before the governor declared [[martial law]]. After gaining entrance to Frick's office, Berkman shot him twice in the neck, missed the third shot, and then stabbed him twice with a poisoned knife, but [[Henry_Clay_Frick#Assassination_Attempt|Frick survived the attack]]. Berkman was convicted of attempted murder and sentenced to twenty-two years' imprisonment, of which he served fourteen years, many of them in solitary confinement. He was released from prison in May 1906.
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== Soviet Russia ==
From 1914, Berkman and Goldman opposed the [[World War I|First World War]], and from 1917, when the US entered, they campaigned against conscription, for which they were repeatedly imprisoned between 1917 and 1919. Berkman and Goldman were targeted during the [[Palmer Raids]] during the post-war [[Red Scare]] of 1919. They were deported, along with hundreds of other radicals of Russian origin, to the [[Soviet Union]].
Both Goldman and Berkman supported the [[Bolshevik]]s when they came to power in Russia after the [[October Revolution]] of [[1917]], but during the two years they spent in the USSR, they gradually became disillusioned as the communist regime became increasingly repressive. The brutal suppression of the [[Kronstadt rebellion]] in March 1921 was the final straw and Berkman and Goldman moved to [[Germany]].
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{{wikiquote}}
* {{en}} [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/berkman/berkman.html Arsip Alexander Berkman]
* {{en}} [http://libcom.org/library/alexander-berkman Arsip Alexander Berkman di libcom.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012013020/http://libcom.org/library/alexander-berkman |date=2006-10-12 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=760184 ABC of Anarchism], buku karangan Alexander Berkman.
* {{en}} [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/goldman/berkman.html "Sebuah sketa Alexander Berkman"] (oleh Emma Goldman)
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* {{en}} [http://www.spunk.org/library/writers/berkman/ Arsip online Spunk]
* {{en}} [http://www.isbn.nu/author/Berkman,%20Alexander/ Daftar ISBN karya-karya Alexander Berkman]
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[[Kategori:Aktivis|Berkman, Alexander]]
[[Kategori:Pemikir anarkis|Berkman, Alexander]]
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[[Kategori:Penulis Rusia|Berkman, Alexander]]
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