Hak asasi manusia di Amerika Serikat: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[Berkas:Us declaration independenceUnited_States_Declaration_of_Independence.jpg|thumbjmpl|200px|Pada tahun 1776, [[Thomas Jefferson]] dalam [[Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Amerika Serikat]] mengajukan filosofi bahwa hak asasi manusia melekat pada semua orang, menegaskan bahwa "semua semua orang diciptakan sederajat, bahwa mereka dikaruniai oleh Penciptanya dengan Hak-hak yang tidak dapat disangkal, dan bahwa di antara hak-hak itu adalah Kehidupan, Kemerdekaan, dan upaya mengejar Kebahagiaan." Sejarawan [[Joseph J. Ellis]] menyebut Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Amerika Serikat sebagai "pernyataan hak asasi manusia dalam sejarah tertulis yang paling sering dikutip".<ref name="Ellis-1998">{{Cite book| last = Ellis | first = Joseph J. | authorlink = Joseph Ellis | title = [[American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson]] | publisher = Vintage Books | origyear = 1996 | year = 1998 | page = [https://archive.org/details/americansphinx00jose/page/63 63]| isbn =0-679-76441-0 }}</ref>]]

'''Hak asasi manusia di Amerika Serikat''' secara hukum dilindungi oleh [[Konstitusi Amerika Serikat]] dan [[Undang-Undang Hak Asasi Amerika Serikat|amendemen-amandemennyaamendemennya]],<ref>{{Cite book| last = Lauren | first = Paul Gordon | editors = Soohoo, Cynthia; Albisa, Catherine; Davis, Martha F. | title = Bringing Human Rights Home: Portraits of the Movement

| chapter = A Human Rights Lens on U.S. History: Human Rights at Home and Human Rights Abroad | volume = III | page = 4 | publisher = Praeger Publishers | year = 2007 | isbn = 0-275-98824-4}}</ref><ref>Brennan, William, J., ed. Schwartz, Bernard, The Burger Court: counter-revolution or confirmation?, Oxford University Press US, 1998,ISBN 0-19-512259-3, page 10</ref> disepakati melalui traktat, dan ditetapkan secara legislatif melalui Kongres, badan perundang-undangan negara bagian, dan plebisit (referendum negara bagian). Pengadilan federal di Amerika Serikat memiliki yurisdiksi atas hukum hak asasi internasional sebagai pertanyaan federal, yang terjadi berdasarkan hukum internasional yang merupakan bagian dari hukum Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/wlulr/vol55/iss3/6/ |title=Human rights in the United States courts: The role of lawyers|last=Schneebaum|first=Steven M. |date=Summer, 1998|publisher=Washington & Lee Law Review|accessdate=2009-06-10|archive-date=2023-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604233819/https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/wlulr/vol55/iss3/6/|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Di [[Tiga Belas Koloni]] [[Amerika Britania]], organisasi hak asasi manusia pertama kali didirikan oleh [[Anthony Benezet]] pada tahun 1775 dengan tujuan menghapus perbudakan. Setahun kemudian, [[Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Amerika Serikat]] menganjurkan [[kemerdekaan sipil]] berdasarkan "[[pembuktian sendiri|kebenaran yang dapat membuktikan dirinya sendiri]]" “bahwa mereka dikaruniai oleh Penciptanya dengan Hak-hak yang tidak dapat disangkal, dan bahwa di antara hak-hak itu adalah Kehidupan, Kemerdekaan, dan upaya mengejar Kebahagiaan.”<ref>Declaration of Independence</ref> Pandangan kemerdekaan manusia ini menerima sebagai dalil bahwa hak-hak fundamental tidak diberikan oleh pemerintah, melainkan tidak dapat disangkal dan melekat pada setiap individu, anteseden pemerintah.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Henkin|first1=Louis|last2=Rosenthal|first2=Albert J.|title=Constitutionalism and rights: the influence of the United States constitution abroad|url=https://archive.org/details/constit_xxx_1990_00_0171|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1990|isbn=0-231-06570-1|pages=2–3[https://archive.org/details/constit_xxx_1990_00_0171/page/2 2]–3}}</ref>

Dengan menjunjung prinsip-prinsip tersebut, Konstitusi Amerika Serikat diadopsi pada tahun 1787, sehingga terbentuk sebuah [[republik]] yang menjamin sejumlah kemerdekaan sipil dan hak-hak. Kemerdekaan dan hak-hak tersebut lebih lanjut dikodifikasi dalam [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]] (sepuluh amandemenamendemen Konstitusi) dan selanjutnya diperluas dari masa ke masa untuk dapat diterapkan secara menyeluruh melalui putusan yudisial dan undang-undang, serta mencerminkan norma-norma masyarakat yang terus berkembang. Perbudakan dihapus secara konstitusional pada tahun 1865, dan hak pilih wanita ditetapkan secara nasional pada tahun 1920.

Pada abad ke-20, Amerika Serikat memegang peran utama dalam pendirian [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] dan penyusunan [[Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia]].<ref name="Ignatieff1">{{Cite book| last = Ignatieff | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael Ignatieff | chapter = Introduction: American Exceptionalism and Human Rights | title = American Exceptionalism and Human Rights | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-691-11648-2}}</ref> Sebagian besar Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia mengambil model sebagian dari [[United States Bill of Rights|U.S. Bill of Rights]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Drafting and Adoption: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights|url=http://www.udhr.org/history/overview.htm|accessdate=02-07-2008|author=National Coordinating Committee for UDHR|publisher=Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute|year=1998|archive-date=2012-05-25|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120525091118/http://www.udhr.org/history/overview.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

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| publisher = Princeton University Press

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| editors = Soohoo, Cynthia; Albisa, Catherine; Davis, Martha F.

| title = Bringing Human Rights Home: A History of Human Rights in the United States

| volume = I

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| year = 2007

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| author = ed. by Cynthia Soohoo ...}}

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| editors = Soohoo, Cynthia; Albisa, Catherine; Davis, Martha F.

| title = Bringing Human Rights Home: From Civil Rights to Human Rights

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| publisher = Praeger Publishers

| year = 2007

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| coauthors = Sharda Sekaran

| editors = Soohoo, Cynthia; Albisa, Catherine; Davis, Martha F.

| title = Bringing Human Rights Home: Portraits of the Movement

| volume = III

| chapter = A Call for the Right to Return in the Gulf Coast

| pages = 291–304

| publisher = Praeger Publishers

| year = 2007

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* {{en}} [http://netnebraska.org/extras/humanrights/ Human Rights in the US and the International Community] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116035322/http://www.netnebraska.org/extras/humanrights/ |date=2011-01-16 }}, UNL Initiative on Human Rights & Human Diversity, sumber pembelajaran dan penelitian untuk siswa

* {{en}} [http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/united-states Freedom in The World: United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430091912/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/united-states |date=2012-04-30 }} laporan [[Freedom House]]

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* {{en}} [http://hrw.org/wr2k6/us/index.htm United States: Human Rights World Report 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081114115158/http://www.hrw.org/wr2k6/us/index.htm |date=2008-11-14 }} dari Human Rights Watch