Uposatha: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Judul miring}}Hari '''''uposatha''''' ([[bahasa Pali|Pali]]; [[Sanskerta]]: उपवसथ, ''upavasatha''; [[Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia|KBBI]] untuk istilah Hindu: upawasa) merupakan hari-hari bagi pengikut [[Buddhisme]] untuk melakukan perenungan dan pengamatan yang sudah dilakukan sejak masa kehidupan [[Siddhattha Gotama|Buddha Gotama]] dan masih dipraktikkan hingga hari ini.<ref>For a description of the contemporary practice of the Uposatha in Thailand, see Khantipalo (1982a), which is also excerpted in this article below.
Kariyawasam (1995), ch. 3, also underlines the continuity of the ancient ''uposatha'' practice in Sri Lanka: "The ''poya'' [Sinhala for ''uposatha''] observance, which is as old as Buddhism itself, has been followed by the Sinhala Buddhists up to the present day, even after the Christian calendar came to be used for secular matters. Owing to its significance in the religious life of the local Buddhists, all the full-moon days have been declared public holidays by the government."</ref><ref>The uposatha day is sometimes likened to the Judeo-Christian notion of the Sabbath. Pali English dictionaries that define "Uposatha" as "Sabbath," are Buddhadatta (2002), p. 63, and, and PED(Rhys-Davids & Stede,1921-25), p. 151.
For an example of the Uposatha being equated with Sabbath by a modern Buddhist master, see Mahasi (''undated''), p. 2, where he writes: "For lay people, these rules [of discipline] comprise the [[:en:The Eight Precepts|eight precepts]] which Buddhist devotees observe on the Sabbath days (uposatha) and during periods of meditation." Harvey (1990), p. 192, also refers to the ''uposatha'' as "sabbath-like."</ref> [[Siddharta Gautama|Sang Buddha]] mengajarkan bahwa hari ''uposatha'' diperuntukkan "membersihkan pikiran dari hal-hal kotor," yang menyebabkan ketenangan batin dan kebahagiaan.<ref>Thanissaro (1997b); Anguttara Nikaya 3.70: Muluposatha Sutta.</ref> Pada hari ''uposatha'', umat awam ([[upasaka-upasika]]) dan para [[biksu]]-[[biksuni]] secara intensif akan berlatih ajaran Buddha dan memperdalam pengetahuan mereka. Selain itu, umat awam beraliran [[Theravada|Theravāda]] juga dianjurkan untuk mengamalkan [[Astasila]] (Pali: ''Aṭṭhaṅgasīla''), termasuk di dalamnya aturan untuk [[Puasa|berpuasa]] dari tengah hari sampai matahari terbit (aturan keenam), penghindaran diri dari berbagai jenis hiburan (aturan ketujuh), dan penghindaran diri dari segala jenis aktivitas seksual (aturan ketiga). Umat awam yang beraliran [[Mahāyāna|Mahayana]] menjalankan aturan berpuasa daging dengan menjalankan praktik [[vegetarian]].
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Kata "''uposatha''" diturunkan dari bahasa Sanskerta "''Upavasatha''," yang mengacu pada hari puasa [[agama Weda]] (dikenal sebagai ''upawasa'' di [[Indonesia]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uposatha|url=https://dhammacitta.org/definisi/uposatha.html|website=DhammaCitta|access-date=2024-09-01}}</ref> Secara etimologis, kata ''uposatha'' sendiri biasanya diartikan sebagai "berdiam dalam, "berdiam dekat", "mengamalkan", "menjaga", dan "merawat".<ref name="atthasila" />
Pada masa kehidupan Buddha Gotama, beberapa pertapa menggunakan bulan baru dan bulan purnama sebagai kesempatan untuk mengajarkan ajaran. Hari ''uposatha'' kemudian ditetapkan oleh Buddha Gotama atas permohonan Raja [[Bimbisara]], dan Buddha menginstruksikan kepada para biksu dan biksuni untuk memberikan ajaran (ceramah) kepada para penduduk pada hari tersebut. Buddha juga menginstruksikan kepada murid-murid-Nya untuk mengulangi [[Patimokkha]].<ref>Rhys Davids & Oldenberg (1881), pp. 240-41. Also see Khantipalo (1982a) and Pali English Dictionary(Rhys Davids & Stede, 1921-25, p. 152).</ref>
== Nama-nama bulan ==
Tergantung dengan budaya dan tanggalnya, hari ''uposatha'' biasa dilakukan dari tanggal 2 sampai dengan 6 setiap bulannya dalam penanggalan Buddhisme. Nama-nama Pali untuk hari ''uposatha'' berdasarkan bahasa Sanskerta ''[[Nakshatra|nakśatra]]'' (Pali: ''nakkhatta'').<ref>See [[Nakshatra]], [[Hindu calendar]], ''Sanskrit English Dictionary'' by Monier Williams, s.v. 'nakśatra'.</ref>
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Dalam [[Literatur Pali|kitab-kitab Pali]], dikatakan bahwa hari ''uposatha'' jatuh pada hari ke-8 dan ke-14 atau ke-15 dari paruh terang atau paruh gelap (''cātuddasi pañcadasī aṭṭhamī ca pakkhassa''). Jika paruh bulan (paksa atau ''pakkha'') tersebut memiliki 15 hari maka yang dipakai adalah hari ke-15, tetapi bila hanya memiliki 14 hari maka yang dipakai adalah hari ke-14. Jadi, dalam satu bulan ada empat hari ''uposatha''.<ref name="atthasila">{{cite web|author=Bhikkhu Ratanadhīro|date=April 2017|title=Aṭṭhasīla|url=https://samaggi-phala.or.id/download/vidyasena/atthasila.pdf|publisher=Vidyāsenā Production|page=62|accessdate=Juni 2022}}</ref> Secara umum, ''uposatha'' dilakukan sekali dalam seminggu di negara-negara Theravada, sesuai dengan empat fase bulan: bulan baru, bulan purnama, dan dua kali bulan separuh (perbani atau kuartal awal dan terakhir). Di beberapa komunitas, seperti di Sri Lanka, hanya bulan baru dan bulan purnama para umat melakukan perenungan hari ''uposatha''. Pada masa sebelum penjajahan, hari ''uposatha'' merupakan hari libur di Myanmar. Akan tetapi sejak masa penjajahan, hari Minggu telah menggantikan peranan hari ''uposatha''. Selama hari ''uposatha'', para biksu dan biksuni akan berkumpul dan mengulangi Patimokkha (sebuah kumpulan Vinaya).
=== Hari ''uposatha'' khusus ===
Secara umum terdapat empat hari ''uposatha'' spesial bagi kalangan umat Buddha, yaitu hari ''uposatha'' di bulan Magha yang merupakan hari raya [[Magha Puja]], di bulan Waisak yang merupakan hari raya [[Waisak]], di bulan Asadha yang merupakan hari raya [[Asadha Puja]], dan di bulan Kathina yang merupakan hari raya [[Kathina]].
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Di beberapa negara-negara [[Mahayana]] yang menggunakan penanggalan Cina, hari ''uposatha'' dilakukan enam kali dalam sebulan, yaitu pada tanggal 8, 14, 15, 23, dan dua hari terakhir pada setiap bulannya. Di Jepang, enam hari ini dikenal dengan sebutan {{nihongo|'''roku sainichi'''|六斎日|Enam Hari Puasa}}.
== Lihat juga ==
* [[Atthangasila]]
* [[Penanggalan Buddhis]]
* [[Puja (Buddhisme)]]
* [[Vassa]]
== Catatan ==
<references/>
== Referensi ==
* [[A. P. Buddhadatta Mahathera|Buddhadatta Mahathera, A. P.]] (2002). ''Concise Pali-English Dictionary''. Delhi:Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0605-0.
* [[Access to Insight|Bullitt, John T.]] (2005). ''Uposatha Observance Days''. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/dhamma/sila/uposatha.html.
*
* Harvey, Peter (1990). ''An introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, history and practices''. Cambridge: Cambridge University. ISBN 0-521-31333-3.
* Kariyawasam, A.G.S. (1995). ''Buddhist Ceremonies and Rituals of Sri Lanka'' (The Wheel Publication No. 402/404). Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society. Retrieved 2007-10-22 from "Access to Insight" (1996 transcription) at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/kariyawasam/wheel402.html.
* Khantipalo, Bhikkhu (1982a). ''Lay Buddhist Practice: The Shrine Room, Uposatha Day, Rains Residence'' (The Wheel No. 206/207). Kandy, Sri Lanka:Buddhist Publication Society. Also transcribed (1995) and available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/khantipalo/wheel206.html.
* Khantipalo, Bhikkhu (trans.) (1982b). ''Visakhuposatha Sutta: The Discourse to Visakha on the Uposatha with the Eight Practices'' [AN 8.43]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an08/an08.043.khan.html.
* [[Mahasi Sayadaw]] (''undated''). ''Practical Vipassana Exercises''. Buddha Dharma Education Association. Available on-line at http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/mahasit1.pdf.
* Ñanavara Thera (Somdet Phra Buddhaghosacariya) & Bhikkhu Kantasilo (trans.) (1993). ''Uposatha Sila: The Eight-Precept Observance''. Thailand:The Office of the Secretary of the Supreme Patriarch. Available on-line at [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/nanavara/uposatha.html http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/nanavara/Uposatha.html].
* [[Narada Maha Thera|Narada Thera]] (trans.) (1985). ''Maha-mangala Sutta: Blessings'' [Sn 2.4]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/snp/snp.2.04.nara.html.
* [[Nyanaponika Thera]] and [[Bhikkhu Bodhi]] (trans. and ed.) (1999). ''Numerical Discourses of the Buddha: An Anthology of Suttas from the Anguttara Nikaya''. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press. ISBN 0-7425-0405-0.
* [[Piyadassi Thera]] (trans.) (1999a). ''Karaniya Metta Sutta: The Discourse on Loving-kindness'' [Sn 1.8]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/snp/snp.1.08.piya.html.
* Piyadassi Thera (trans.) (1999b). ''Ratana Sutta: The Jewel Discourse'' [Sn 2.1]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/snp/snp.2.01.piya.html.
* [[Thomas William Rhys Davids|Rhys Davids]],T.W. & Hermann Oldenberg (trans.) ([1881]). ''Vinaya Texts (Part I)''. Oxford:Clarendon Press. Available on-line at http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/sbe13/sbe1313.htm. The chapter on the Uposatha, "Second Khandhaka (The Uposatha Ceremony, and the Pâtimokkha)," is available at http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/sbe13/sbe1313.htm. The chapter on Pavarana Day, "Fourth Khandhaka (The Parâvanâ Ceremony)," is available at http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/sbe13/sbe1315.htm.
* Rhys Davids, T.W., and William Stede, ''The Pali Text Society's Pali-English Dictionary'', 1921–25. [[Pali Text Society]], London: Chipstead. The entry on "Uposatha" is available on-line at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:4011.pali{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. A general on-line search engine for the PED is available at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/.
* [[Thanissaro Bhikkhu]] (trans.) (1993). ''Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta: Setting the Wheel of Dhamma in Motion'' [SN 56.11]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn56/sn56.011.than.html.
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997a). ''Buddhavagga: Awakened'' [ [[Dhammapada|Dhp]] XIV]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/dhp/dhp.14.than.html.
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997b). ''Muluposatha Sutta: The Roots of the Uposatha'' [AN 3.70]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an03/an03.070.than.html.
* Thanissaro, Bhikkhu (trans.) (1999). ''The Ten Recollections: A Study Guide''. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/study/recollections.html.
* Thanissaro, Bhikkhu (trans.) (2006). ''Anapanasati Sutta: Mindfulness of Breathing'' [MN 118]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.118.than.html.
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.buddhanet.net/festival.htm "Buddhist Ceremonies: Festivals and Special Days"], on www.buddhanet.net
* [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/dhamma/sila/uposatha2011.html "Calendar of Uposatha Days" (2011)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604120709/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/dhamma/sila/uposatha2011.html |date=2012-06-04 }}, [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/dhamma/sila/uposatha2010.html (2010)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604110943/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/dhamma/sila/uposatha2010.html |date=2012-06-04 }}, [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/dhamma/sila/uposatha2009.html (2009)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204154203/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/dhamma/sila/uposatha2009.html |date=2013-02-04 }} on www.accesstoinsight.org.
* [http://www.buddhistgateway.com/library/rituals/ "The Rituals and Festivals of the Buddhist Life"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208032453/http://www.buddhistgateway.com/library/rituals/ |date=2006-12-08 }}, by Robert C. Lester (1987), on buddhistgateway.com.
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