Gnostisisme: Perbedaan antara revisi

{{Gnosticism}}

'''GnosticismGnostisisme''' ({{Lang-el|γνῶσις}} ''gnōsis'', [[pengetahuan]]) merujuk pada bermacam-macam gerakan keagamaan yang beraliran [[sinkretisme]] pada zaman dahulu kala. Gerakan ini mencampurkan pelbagaiberbagai ajaran agama, yang biasanya pada intinya mengajarkan bahwa manusia pada dasarnya adalah [[jiwa]] yang terperangkap di dalam alam semesta yang diciptakan oleh tuhan yang tidak sempurna. Secara umum dapat dikatakan Gnostisisme adalah [[agama]] [[dualistik]], yang dipengaruhi dan memengaruhi [[filosofi Yunani]], [[Yudaisme]], dan [[Kekristenan Kalsedonia|Kekristenan]].

Istilah ''gnōsis'' merujuk pada suatu pengetahuan [[esoteris]] yang telah dipaparkan. Dari sana manusia melalui unsur-unsur rohaninya diingatkan kembali akan asal-muasal mereka dari Tuhan yang superior. [[Yesus Kristus]] dipandang oleh sebagian sekte Gnostis sebagai perwujudan dari makhluk ilahi yang menjadi manusia untuk membawa ''gnōsis'' ke bumi.<ref name="nhlintro">{{cite web | title = An Introduction to Gnosticism and The Nag Hammadi Library | publisher = The Gnostic Society Library | url = http://www.gnosis.org/gnintro.htm | accessdate = 2009-12-02 | archive-date = 1998-12-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/19981203064740/http://www.gnosis.org/gnintro.htm | dead-url = no }}</ref>.

Pada mulanya Gnostisisme dianggap sebagai cabang aliran sesat dari Kekristenan, namun sekte Gnostis telah ada sejak sebelum [[kelahiran Yesus]].<ref name="newadvent">{{cite web | title = Gnosticism | publisher = Catholic Encyclopedia | url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06592a.htm | accessdate = 2009-02-12 | archive-date = 2020-06-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200619082257/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06592a.htm | dead-url = no }}</ref><ref>[[Bart D. Ehrman]] ''Lost Christianities''. Oxford University press, 2003, p.188-202</ref>. Keberadaan kaum Gnostik sejak Abad Pertengahan semakin berkurang dikarenakan pengikutnya memeluk [[Islam]] atau akibat dari [[Perang Salib Albigensian]] ([[1209]]–[[1229]]). Gagasan Gnostis kembali muncul seiring dengan bertumbuhnya gerakan [[mistis]] [[esoteris]] pada akhir abad ke-19 dan abad ke-20 di [[Eropa]] dan [[Amerika Utara]].

* {{cite book | authorlink = Bentley Layton | last = Layton | first = Bentley | title = The Gnostic Scriptures | publisher = SCM Press | year = 1987 | isbn = 0-334-02022-0 | pages = 526 pages }}

* {{cite book | authorlink = James M. Robinson | last = Robinson | first = James | title = The Nag Hammadi Library in English | publisher = | year = 1978 | isbn = 0-06-066934-9 | pages = 549 pages }}

* {{cite book | author = [[Plotinus]] | other = translated by A.H. Armstrong | title = The [[Enneads]] | publisher = [[Harvard University|Harvard University Press]] | year = 1989 | id = }} (in 7 volumes), vol. 1: ISBN 0-674-99484-1

* {{cite book | last = Aland | first = Barbara | title = [[Festschrift]] für Hans Jonas | publisher = Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht | year = 1978 | isbn = 3-525-58111-4 }}

* {{cite book | last= Burstein | first = Dan | title = Secrets of Mary Magdalene|url= https://archive.org/details/secretsofmarymag0000unse_z4d3| publisher = CDS Books | year = 2006 | isbn = 1-59315-205-1 }}

* {{cite book | last = Freke | first = Timothy | coauthors = Gandy, Peter | title = Jesus and the Lost Goddess : The Secret Teachings of the Original Christians|url = https://archive.org/details/jesuslostgoddess0000frek| publisher = Three Rivers Press | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-00-710071-X }}

* {{cite book | last = Green | first = Henry | title = Economic and Social Origins of Gnosticism | publisher = Scholars P.,U.S. | year = 1985 | isbn = 0-89130-843-1 }}

* {{cite book | last = Haardt | first = Robert | title = Die Gnosis: Wesen und Zeugnisse | publisher = Otto-Müller-Verlag, Salzburg | year = 1967 | id = | pages = 352 pages }}, translated as {{cite book | last = Haardt | first = Robert | title = Gnosis: Character and Testimony |url = https://archive.org/details/gnosischaractert0000haar|publisher = Brill, Leiden | year = 1971 | id = }}

* {{cite book | authorlink = Stephan A. Hoeller | last = Hoeller | first = Stephan A. | title = Gnosticism - New Light on the Ancient Tradition of Inner Knowing|url |= https://archive.org/details/gnosticismnewlig0000hoel|publisher = | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-8356-0816-6 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/gnosticismnewlig0000hoel/page/257 257] pages }}

* {{cite book | authorlink = Hans Jonas | last = Jonas | first = Hans | title = Gnosis und spätantiker Geist vol. 2:1-2, Von der Mythologie zur mystischen Philosophie | publisher = | year = | isbn = 3-525-53841-3 }}

* {{cite book | authorlink = Charles William King | last = King | first = Charles William | title = The Gnostics and Their Remains | year = 1887|url = http://www.sacred-texts.com/gno/gar/|access-date = 2009-08-29|archive-date = 2023-04-10|archive-url = httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20230410004851/https://www.sacred-texts.com/gno/gar/|dead-url = no}}

* {{cite book | authorlink = Karen Leigh King| last = King | first = Karen L. | title = What is Gnosticism?|url |= https://archive.org/details/whatisgnosticism0000king|publisher = Harvard University Press | year = 2003 | isbn = 0-674-01071-X | pages = [https://archive.org/details/whatisgnosticism0000king/page/343 343] pages }}

* {{cite book | last = Klimkeit | first = Hans-Joachim | title = Gnosis on the Silk Road: Gnostic Texts from Central Asia | publisher = Harper, San Francisco | year = 1993 | isbn = 0-06-064586-5 }}

* {{cite book | last = Layton | first = Bentley | editor = edited by [[L. Michael White]], O. Larry Yarbrough | chapter = Prolegomena to the study of ancient gnosticism | title = The Social World of the First Christians: Essays in Honor of Wayne A. Meeks |url = https://archive.org/details/socialworldoffir0000unse|publisher = Fortress Press, Minneapolis | year = 1995 | isbn = 0-8006-2585-4 }}

* {{cite book | author = Layton, Bentley (ed.) | title = The Rediscovery of Gnosticism: Sethian Gnosticism | publisher = E.J. Brill | year = 1981 }}

* {{cite book | last = Markschies | first = Christoph | other = trans. John Bowden | title = Gnosis: An Introduction | publisher = T & T Clark | year = 2000 | isbn = 0-567-08945-2 | pages = 145 pages }}

* {{cite book | last = Mins | first = Denis | title = Irenaeus | publisher = Geoffrey Chapman | year = 1994 | id = }}

* {{cite book | authorlink = Elaine Pagels | last = Pagels | first = Elaine | title = The Gnostic Gospels | publisher = | year = 1979 | isbn = 0-679-72453-2 | pages = 182 pages }}

* {{cite book | authorlink = Elaine Pagels | last = Pagels | first = Elaine | title = The Johannine Gospel in Gnostic Exegesis | publisher = | year = 1989 | isbn = 1-55540-334-4 | pages = 128 pages }}

* {{cite book | last = Rudolph | first = Kurt | authorlink= Kurt Rudolph | title = Gnosis: The Nature & Structure of Gnosticism |url = https://archive.org/details/gnosisnaturehist00rudo|publisher = Harper & Row | year = 1987 | isbn = 0-06-067018-5 }}

* {{cite book | last = [[Benjamin Walker|Walker]] | first = [[Benjamin Walker|Benjamin]] | title = Gnosticism: Its History and Influence | publisher = Harper Collins | year = 1990 | isbn = 1-85274-057-4 }}

* {{cite book | last = Williams | first = Michael | title = Rethinking Gnosticism: An Argument for Dismantling a Dubious Category|url |= https://archive.org/details/rethinkinggnosti0000will|publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-691-01127-3 }}

* [http://www.religioustolerance.org/gnostic.htm Religious Tolerance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204625/http://www.religioustolerance.org/gnostic.htm |date=2016-03-03 }} - A survey of Gnosticism

* [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/gnostics.html Early Christian Writings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229071733/http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/gnostics.html |date=2020-02-29 }} - primary texts

* [http://www.gnosis.org/library.html The Gnostic Society Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617130953/http://www.gnosis.org/library.html |date=2020-06-17 }} - primary sources and commentaries.

* [http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/gnostic.htm Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Gnosticism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412075114/http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/gnostic.htm |date=2009-04-12 }}

* [http://www.kheper.net/topics/Gnosticism/intro.htm Introduction to Gnosticism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080426222739/http://www.kheper.net/topics/Gnosticism/intro.htm |date=2008-04-26 }}

* [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=280&letter=G&search=gnosticism Jewish Encyclopedia: Gnosticism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927010851/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=280&letter=G&search=gnosticism |date=2011-09-27 }}

* [http://www.theandros.com/pregnostic.html Proto-Gnostic elements in the Gospel according to John] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130181107/http://theandros.com/pregnostic.html |date=2010-11-30 }}

* [http://www9.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/gospel/index.html Gnostic version of the Bible and more on Gnostics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010234456/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/gospel/index.html |date=2008-10-10 }}

* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06592a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Gnosticism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619082257/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06592a.htm |date=2020-06-19 }}

* [http://www.gnosiskultur.de Gnosis Germany] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021071326/http://www.gnosiskultur.de/ |date=2016-10-21 }}