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{{terjemah|Inggris}}
{{Infobox Instrument
|name=VioloncelloSelo
|names=Violoncello, Cello
|image=Cello front side.jpg
| background=string
|classification=[[Alat musik gesek]]
|range=[[Berkas:Range_celloRange cello.png|130px|centerpus]]
|related=
* '''[[Keluarga biola]]''' ([[Biola]], [[Viola]], [[BassKontrabas]])
* [[Viol]] (agak jauh terkait)
|musicians=
* [[:Category:Cellis|Daftar pemain celloselo]]
|articles=
}}
 
'''Violoncello,''' yang hampir selalu disingkat menjadi '''celloSelo''' (pengucapan dalam [[bahasa Indonesia]] sama, yaitu ''célô''/''sélô''), adalah sebuah [[alat musik gesekdawai]] dan anggota dari [[keluarga biola|keluarga]] [[biola]]. Orang yang memainkan celloselo disebut '''cellis'''. CelloSelo adalah alat musik yang populer dalam banyak segi: sebagai instrumen tunggal, dalam [[musik kamar]], dan juga sebagai fondasi dalam suara orkestra modern. antara biola dan [[cello]]. Selo memiliki empat [[senar]] (C<sub id="mwJg">2</sub>-G<sub id="mwJw">2</sub>-D<sub id="mwKA">3</sub>-A<sub id="mwKQ">3</sub>) yang disetel berbeda satu sama lain dengan [[Interval (musik)|interval sempurna kelima]] namun 1 oktaf lebih rendah dari viola. [[Nada]] yang paling rendah adalah [[Nada C|C]]. Di antara [[keluarga biola]], yaitu [[Biola]], [[Viola]] dan [[Kontrabas]], cello memiliki nada yang terendah kedua karena Alat musik tersebut memiliki ukuran yang lebih besar dari [[viola]] dan [[biola]] dan memiliki suara yang lebih dalam dan lambat namun memiliki ukuran lebih kecil dan suara yang lebih tinggi dari [[Kontrabas]]. Alat musik dawai yang lainnya, [[bas]], secara teknis masuk ke dalam [[keluarga viol]]. Kertas musik untuk selo hampir selalu menggunakan atau ditulis pada [[kunci F]].
 
== Deskripsi ==
[[Berkas:Brikcius.jpg|thumbjmpl|Cellis]]
Nama "selo" berasal dari kata ''cello'', adalahyaitu singkatan dari kata dalam [[bahasa Italia]] ''violoncello'', yang berarti "violone kecil". ''[[Violone]]'' adalah sebuah instrumen yang kuno, sebuah [[viol]] besar, yang mirip dengan [[bass]] modern.
 
CelloSelo paling erat terkait dengan [[musik klasik Eropa]]. Ia adalah bagian dari [[orkestra]] standar dan memberikan suara bas dalam sebuah [[kuartet gesek]], serta bagian dari banyak kelompok [[musik kamar]]. Sejumlah besar [[concerto cello|concerto]] dan [[sonata cello|sonata]] telah digubah untuknya. Alat musik ini kurang lazim dalam [[musik pop]], namuntetapi kadang-kadang ditampilkan dalam rekaman-rekaman [[musik pop|pop]] dan [[musik rockrok|rockrok]].
 
Di antara karya-karya [[Barok]] yang paling terkenal untuk celloselo adalah karya [[Johann Sebastian Bach|J. S. Bach]] ''[[Cello Suites (Bach)|Unaccompanied Suites for Cello]],'' yang biasanya dikenal sebagai Bach Cello Suites. Sebuah contoh lagu [[Era musik klasik|era klasik]] adalah karya [[Joseph Haydn|Haydn]] ''Cello Concerto #1 in C major''. Repertoar standar [[Era musk romantik|era romantik]] termasuk ''[[Cello Concerto in B minor]]'' oleh [[Antonín Dvořák]], ''Cello Concerto in E minor'' oleh [[Sir Edward Elgar|Elgar]], dan dua sonata oleh [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]]. Komposisi-komposisi modern dari awal [[abad ke-20]] termasuk sonata-sonata celloselo tanpa iringan oleh [[Paul Hindemith]] ([[nomor opus|opus]] 25) dan [[Zoltán Kodály]] (opus 8). Rekaman-rekaman di dalam genre [[Avant Garde]] telah menghidupkan kembali keluwesan alat musik ini. Contohnya adalah ''Night of the Four Moons'' oleh [[George Crumb]].
 
== Konstruksi ==
[[Berkas:Celloconstruction.JPG|rightka|thumbjmpl|300px|Konstruksi sebuah celloselo]]
Ukuran celloselo lebih besar daripada [[biola]] atau [[viola]] namun lebih kecil daripada [[bass]]. Seperti anggota-anggota lainnya dari [[keluarga biola]], celloselo mempunyai empat dawai. Dawai-dawainya biasanya ditala pada [[nada]] (dari tinggi ke rendah) A, D, G, dan C (A3, D3, G2, dan C2 dalam [[notasi tala ilmiah]]). Ia seperti [[viola]] namun satu [[oktaf]] lebih rendah, dan satu seperlimadan kelima sempurna oktaf lebih rendah daripada [[biola]] (lihat [[#Penalaan dan rentangan]]). Ia dimainkan dalam posisi berdiri di antara kedua kaki si pemusik yang duduk, dan ditegakkan pada sepotong metal yang disebut [[endpin]]. Si pemain menggesekkan [[penggesek]]nya dalam posisi horisontal melintang di dawai.
 
CelloSelo adalah sebuah instrumen yang rumit yang terdiri atas banyak bagian. Meskipun pada umumnya dia dibuat ari [[kayu]], beberapa bagiannya dapat dibuat dari [[baja]] atau logam-logamlainnya dan/atau [[bahan komposit]]. Dawai-dawai modern dibuat dari baja, [[usus]], [[nilon]] atau bahan-bahan inti sintetis lainnya, yang dilapisi dengan berbagai gulungan logam.
 
=== Badan ===
Kerangka utama celloselo biasanya dibuat dari kayu, meskipun beberapa celloselo modern dibuat dari bahan [[serat karbon]]. Sebuah celloselo tradisional biasanya mempunyai bahan atas dari kayu [[spruce]], dengan [[maple]] untuk bagian belakang, sisi, dan lehernya, Kayu-kayu yang lain, seperti [[poplar]] atau [[willow]], kadang-kadang digunakan untuk bagian belakang atau sisinya. CelloSelo yang lebih murah seringkalisering kali bagian atas dan belakangnya dibuat dari [[kayu lapis]].
 
<!--Bagian atas dan belakangnya biasanya diukir dengan tangan, meskpun cello yang lebih murah seringkalisering kali dibuat dengan mesin. Sisi-sisi atau rusuknya, dibuat dengan memanaskan kayunya dan membuatnya melengkung mengikuti bentuknya. Tubuh cello mempunyai bagian atas yang luas, menyempit di tengah oleh dua C-bouts, and wide bottom bout, with the [[bridge (instrument)|bridge]] and [[f-hole]]s just below the middle.
 
===Neck, pegbox, and scroll===
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[[Berkas:Cello bridge.jpg|right|thumb|Jembatan sebuah cello]]
[[Jembatan (instrumen)|jembatan]] berguna untuk meninggikan dawai-dawainya di atas cello dan memindahkan vibrasinya ke elevates the strings above the cello and transfers their vibrations to the soundpost inside (see below). The bridge is not glued on; tension from the strings holds it in place. [[Lubang suara|Lubang f]] (disebut demikian karena bentuknya) ditempatkan pada kedua sisi dari jembatannya; lubang-lubang ini memungkinkan udara mengalir keluar masuk instrumen ini untuk menghasilkan suara. Selain itu, lubang-lubang f berperan sebagai titik akses ke dalam bagian dalam badannya apabila cello itu perlu diperbaiki atau dipelihara. Kadang-kadang sebuah pipa kecil, yang mengandung spons yang direndam di air sebelumnya, disisipkan melalui lubang-lubang f itu untuk mempertahankan tingkat [[kelembapan]]nya.
 
===Internal features===
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==Development==
The cello developed from the bass violin, first used by [[Claudio Monteverdi|Monteverdi]], which was a three-string consort instrument. The invention of wire-wound [[strings (music)|strings]] (fine wire around a thin gut core), around 1660 in [[Bologna]], allowed for a finer bass sound than was possible with purely gut strings on such a short body. Bolognese makers exploited this new technology to create the cello, a somewhat smaller instrument suitable for solo repertoire due to both the timbre of the instrument and the fact that the smaller size made it easier to play [[virtuoso|virtuosic]] passages. This instrument had disadvantages as well, however. The cello's light sound was not as suitable for church and ensemble playing, so it had to be doubled by [[double bass|basses]] or [[violone]]s.
 
Around 1700 Italian players popularized the cello in northern Europe, although the bass violin continued to be used for another two decades in France and England. The sizes, names, and tunings of the cello varied widely by geography and time. The size was not standardized until around 1750.
 
Despite superficial similarities, the cello is not in fact related to the [[viol|viola da gamba]]. The cello is actually part of the viola da braccio family, meaning viol of the arm, which includes, among others, the [[violin]]. There are actually paintings of people playing the cello on the shoulder, like a giant violin. It was only somewhat later that the cello began to be played while being supported by the calves, and even later, by an endpin (spike).
 
[[Baroque]] era cellos differed from the modern instrument in several ways. The neck has a different form and angle which matches the baroque bass-bar and stringing. Modern cellos have a retractable metal (or sometimes carbon fibre) spike at the bottom to support the instrument (and transmit some of the sound through the floor), while Baroque cellos are held only by the calves of the player. Modern bows curve in and are held at the frog; Baroque bows curve out and are held closer to the bow's point of balance. Modern strings normally have a metal core, although some use a synthetic core; Baroque strings are made of [[gut]], with the G and C strings wire-wound. Modern cellos often have fine-tuners connecting the strings to the tailpiece, which make it much easier to tune the instrument. Overall, the modern instrument has much higher string tension than the Baroque cello, resulting in a louder, more direct, tone, with fewer overtones.
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====Additional left hand techniques====
; Vibrato : [[Vibrato]] consists of oscillating the finger of the left hand up and down while playing a note. As a result, the pitch of the note will waver slightly, much as a singer's voice on a sustained note. A well developed vibrato technique is a key expressive device and an essential element of an accomplished cello player. In some styles of music, such as that of the [[Romantic Music|Romantic]] period, vibrato is used on almost every note. However, in other styles, such as [[Baroque]] pieces, vibrato is not used, or used only rarely, as an ornament. Typically, the lower the pitch of the note played, the wider the vibrato used. The left-hand stays in the same place on the bottom of the fingerboard while the finger holding down the string wiggles up and down but does not move up and down the string.
; Glissandi : [[Glissandi]] are notes played by sliding the finger up or down the fingerboard without releasing the string. This causes the pitch to rise and fall smoothly, without separate, discernable steps.
; Harmonics : [[Harmonics]] are produced by lightly touching, but not fully depressing, the string with the finger at certain places, and then bowing (or even plucking) the string. For example, the halfway point of the string will produce a harmonic that is one octave above the unfingered (open) string (in effect doubling the frequency of the open string). There are also artificial harmonics, in which the player depresses the string with one finger while touching the same string lightly with another finger (at certain intervals, mostly of a perfect fourth higher). This technique produces a distinctive sound effect, resembling the flute. Artificial harmonics are performed routinely with the thumb (pressed fully) and the third finger (lightly touching the same string, a fourth higher).
 
===Right hand technique===
In cello playing, the bow is much like the breath of a [[wind instrument]] player. Arguably, it is the major determinant in the expressiveness of the playing. The right hand holds the bow and controls the duration and character of the notes. The bow is drawn over along the strings in the area between the [[fingerboard]] and bridge, in a direction perpendicular to the strings. The bow is held with all five fingers of the right hand, the thumb opposite the fingers and closer to the cellist's body. The shape of the hand should resemble that of its relaxed state, with all fingers curved, including the thumb. The transmission of power from the arm to the bow happens through the [[pronation]] (inward rotation) of the underarm, thus pushing the index finger and to a lesser degree the middle finger onto the bow. The necessary counterforce is provided by the thumb. The little finger controls the angle to the string and the balance of the bow when it is lifted off the string (''see'' [[spiccato]]). The shoulder remains relaxed, as well as the arm.
On a "down-bow", the bow is drawn to the right of the player, moving the hand by first using the upper arm, then the forearm, then the wrist (turning slightly inward) in order to maintain a straight stroke. On an "up-bow", the bow is drawn to the left way, moving first the forearm, then the upper arm, then the wrist (pushing slightly upward). The bow is always held perpendicular to the string being played. In order to perform string changes the whole arm is either lowered or lifted, with as little wrist movement as possible in order to maintain the angle to the string. However, a certain flexibility of the wrist is necessary when changing the bow direction from up-bow to down-bow and vice versa. For very fast bow movements, the wrist is used to accomplish the horizontal movement of bow. For longer strokes, the arm is used as well as the wrist.
 
Tone production and volume of sound depend on a combination of several factors. The three most important ones are: bow speed, pressure applied to the string, and point of contact of the bow hair with the string. A good player will be capable of a very even tone, and will counter the natural tendency to play with the most force with the part of the bow nearest to the frog or heel, and the least force near the tip. The closer to the bridge the string is bowed, the louder and brighter the tone, with the extreme (''sul ponticello'') producing a metallic, shimmery sound. If bowing closer to the fingerboard (''sul tasto''), the sound produced will be softer, more mellow, and less defined.
 
====Additional right hand techniques====
; Double stops : [[Double stop]]s involve the playing of two notes at the same time. Two strings are fingered simultaneously, and the bow is drawn so as to sound them both at once. Triple and quadruple stops may also be played (in a "broken" fashion), but are difficult to sustain.
; Pizzicato : In [[pizzicato]] playing, the string is plucked with the right hand fingers, or very rarely those of the left hand, and the bow is simply held away from the strings by the rest of the hand or even set down. A single string can be played ''pizzicato,'' or double, triple, or quadruple stops can be played. Occasionally, a player must bow one string with the right hand and simultaneously pluck another with the left. This is marked by a "+" above the note. Strumming of chords is also possible, in guitar fashion.
; Col legno : [[Col legno]] is the technique in which the player taps the wooden stick of the bow on the strings, which gives a percussive sound that is quite often used in contemporary music. A famous example is the opening of 'Mars' from Gustav Holst's 'Planets' suite, where the entire string section of the orchestra plays ''Col legno''.
; Spiccato : In [[spiccato]], or "bouncy bow" playing, the strings are not "drawn" by the bow but struck by it, while still retaining some horizontal motion, to form a more percussive, crisp sound. It may be performed by using the wrist to "dip" the bow into the strings. Spiccato is usually associated with lively playing. On a violin, ''spiccato'' bowing comes off the string, but on a cello, the wood of the bow may rise briskly up without the hair actually leaving the string.
; Staccato: In [[staccato]], the player moves the bow a very short distance, and applies greater pressure to create a forced sound.
 
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== Ukuran ==
CelloSelo-celloselo berukuran standar disebut "ukuran penuh". Namun ada pula cello dengan ukuran-ukuran yang lebih kecil, dari yang 'tujuh-perdelapan" dan "tiga-perempat" hingga "seperenambelas". CelloSelo yang berukuran lebih kecil sama saja dengan celloselo-celloselo standar dalam konstruksi, rentangan nada, dan penggunaannya, namuntetapi diperkecil ukurannya untuk memudahkan anak-anak dan orang dewasa yang lebih pendek tubuhnya. CelloSelo yang berukuran "setengah" sebetulnya bukan setengah dari yang 'ukuran penuh", melainkan hanya lebih kecil sedikit. Demikian pula dengan ukuran-ukuran lainnya. Banyak cellis lebih kecil tubuhnya lebih suka memainkan cello "tujuh-perdelapan" karena rentangan tangan dalam posisi-posisi yang lebih bawah tidak terlalu sulit. Meskipun jarang, celloselo-celloselo yang lebih besar daripada yang "ukuran penuh" (empat-perempat) juga ada. Cellis yang ukuran tangannya besar mungkin lebih menyukai celloselo yang lebih besar ini. CelloSelo-celloselo yang dibuat oleh para empu dari abad ke-17 dan 18 (mis. [[Stradivarius]] dan [[Guarneri]]) cenderung sedikit lebih kecil daripada apa yang kini dianggap ukuran penuh.
 
<!--==Accessories==
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Though the cello is less common in [[popular music]] than in [[European classical music|"classical" music]], it is sometimes featured in [[Pop music|pop]] and [[Rock music|rock]] recordings. The cello is rarely part of a group's standard lineup (though like its cousin the [[violin]] it is becoming more common in mainstream pop).
 
[[The Beatles]] pioneered the use of a cello in popular music, in songs such as "[[Eleanor Rigby]]" and "[[Strawberry Fields Forever]]". In the 1970s, the [[Electric Light Orchestra]] enjoyed great commercial success taking inspiration from so-called "Beatlesque" arrangements, adding the cello (and violin) to the standard rock combo line-up.
 
Established non-traditional cello groups include [[Apocalyptica]], a group of Finnish cellists best known for their versions of heavy metal songs, [[Rasputina]], a group of two female cellists committed to an intricate cello style intermingled with Gothic music, and [[Break of Reality]]. These groups are examples of a style that has become known as [[cello rock]]. The crossover string quartet [[Bond (band)|bond]] also includes a cellist.
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* [[Stefano Scarampella]]
* [[Antonio Stradivari]]
* [[David Tecchler]]
* [[Carlo Giuseppe Testore]]
* [[Jean Baptiste Vuillaume]]
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== Cellis ==
{{main|Daftar cellis}}
Orang yang memainkan celloselo disebut ''cellis.'' Untuk daftar para cellis yang terkemuka, lihat [[Daftar Cellis|Daftar cellis]]. Lihat pula [[:Kategori:Cellis]].
 
== RujukanReferensi ==
Stephen Bonta. "Violoncello", ''[[Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians|Grove Music Online]]'', ed. L. Macy (diakses [[28 Januari]] [[2006]]), [http://www.grovemusic.com/ grovemusic.com]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516041031/http://www.grovemusic.com/ |date=2008-05-16 }} (diakses berdasarkan langganan).
 
== Lihat pula ==
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* [http://www.cello.org/ The Internet Cello Society]: sebuah komunitas cellis online; termasuk sejumlah forum.
* [http://cellist.nl/ cellist.nl]: Daftar internasional para cellis profesional, guru dan siswa.
* [http://www.apocalyptica.com/home/ Apocalyptica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711033029/http://www.apocalyptica.com/home/ |date=2007-07-11 }}: European Rock Cello Quartet (play both original pieces and Metallica songs)
* [http://www.breakofreality.com/ Break of Reality]: A contemporary of [[Apocalyptica]] from the [[Eastman School of Music]].
* [http://www.chrisbsmusic.com/cellohistory.html Cello History]: A brief history of the cello
* [http://www.artsforthesoul.net/ Arts for the Soul Summer Vacation Retreat] – in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, cellist John Sant’Ambrogio, founder and artistic director
 
=== Mendengarkan ===
* [http://www2.bowed.org/ Bowed Radio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050809013635/http://www2.bowed.org/ |date=2005-08-09 }} (podcast focusing on new music for bowed string instruments)
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