John Philip Sousa: Perbedaan antara revisi
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== Biografi ==
John Philip Sousa dilahirkan di Washington, D.C., 6 November 1854, dari pasangan John Antonio Sousa dan Maria Elisabeth Trinkhaus. Ia keturunan Portugis dan Bavaria.<ref name="JPSOUSA">{{cite web|title = The [[Library of Congress]] Biography: John Philip Sousa|url = http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.200152755/default.html|accessdate = January 10, 2008|archiveurl =
[[Berkas:John Philip Sousa cph.3b35816.jpg|
Pada 30 Desember 1879, Sousa menikahi Jane van Middlesworth Bellis (1862–1944). Keduanya dikaruniai tiga orang anak: John Philip, Jr. (1 April 1881 – 18 Mei 18, 1937), Jane Priscilla (7 Agustus 1882 – 28 Oktober 1958), dan Helen (21 Januari 1887 – 14 Oktober 1975). Ketiganya dimakamkan di kompleks pemakaman keluarga John Philip Sousa di [[Congressional Cemetery]].
Sousa berdinas di [[Korps Marinir Amerika Serikat]] dari tahun 1868 hingga 1875 sebagai pemusik magang, dan kemudian sebagai pemimpin Korps Musik Marinir dari tahun 1880 hingga 1892. Ia berpangkat [[sersan mayor]] hampir sepanjang kariernya di marinir, dan sebagai [[pembantu letnan dua]] pada saat mengundurkan diri.
Setelah beberapa tahun magang di Korps Marinir, Sousa bergabung dengan sebuah orkestra teater, tempatnya belajar menjadi dirigen. Ia kembali bergabung dengan [[Korps Marinir Amerika Serikat]] sebagai pemimpin pada tahun 1880, dan berdinas sebagai dirigen hingga tahun 1892. Sousa memimpin "Korps Musik Kepresidenan" di bawah pemerintahan lima presiden, mulai dari [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] hingga [[Benjamin Harrison]]. Marching band pimpinan Sousa bermain di dua Resepsi Pelantikan Presiden, [[James A. Garfield]] (1881) dan [[Benjamin Harrison]] (1889).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/124/pres36.html|title=Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States|author=James A. Garfield|4=Inaugural Address|year=1989|archiveurl
{{listen|filename=Washington Post.ogg|title=The Washington Post|description=[[Korps Musik Marinir Amerika Serikat]] memainkan ''[[The Washington Post (lagu mars)|The Washington Post]]'' yang merupakan salah satu lagu mars paling terkenal ciptaan Sousa|format=[[OGG]]}}
Sousa mendirikan marching band sendiri setelah keluar dari korps musik Marinir. The Sousa Band mengadakan tur keliling Amerika dari tahun 1892 hingga 1931, tampil di sejumlah 15.623 konser.<ref name="INCREDIBLEBAND">Bierley, Paul Edmund, “The Incredible Band of John Philip Sousa”. [[University of Illinois Press]], 2006.</ref> Pada tahun 1900, band yang dipimpinnya mewakili Amerika Serikat di [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris Exposition]] sebelum kemudian mengadakan tur keliling Eropa. Di Paris, Sousa Band memainkan lagu mars di jalan-jalan, termasuk dari [[Champs-Élysées]] hingga ke [[Arc de Triomphe]]. Parade di Paris tersebut merupakan satu dari delapan parade yang pernah dilakukan oleh Sousa Band selama lebih dari 40 tahun.
Semasa [[Perang Dunia I]], ia berdinas di
Sousa Band menciptakan alat musik unik yang disebut [[sousafon]], hasil modifikasi dari [[Helicon (alat musik)|helicon]]. Sousafon dibuat oleh pabrik alat musik [[J. W. Pepper & Son, Inc.|J. W. Pepper]] di Philadelphia pada tahun 1893 atas permintaan Sousa berdasarkan desain yang dibuatnya sendiri. Ia menginginkan sebuah [[tuba]] yang dapat mengeluarkan suara ke atas ketika pemainnya sedang duduk atau melakukan mars. Sousaphone didesain kembali pada tahun 1898 oleh [[C.G. Conn]], dan model inilah yang lebih disukai Sousa.
[[Berkas:John Philip Sousa 1940 Issue-2c.jpg|
Sousa tinggal di [[Sands Point, New York]]. Namanya diabadikan untuk nama sekolah (John Philip Sousa Elementary) dan sebatang pohon peringatan ditanam di [[Port Washington, New York|Port Washington]] yang berdekatan. Rumah pinggir laut ''[[John Philip Sousa House|Wild Bank]]'' di Hicks Lane telah ditetapkan sebagai [[Markah Tanah Bersejarah Nasional]], meskipun rumah tersebut dipertahankan sebagai rumah pribadi dan tidak dibuka untuk umum.<ref>{{citation|title={{PDFlink|[http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/66000532.pdf National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: John Philip Sousa Home]|351 KB}}|author=Richard Greenwood|date=May 30, 1975|publisher=National Park Service}} and {{PDFlink|[http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Photos/66000532.pdf ''Accompanying photos, exterior, from 1975'']|1.09 MB}}</ref>
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* "[[Manhattan Beach (lagu mars)|Manhattan Beach March]]" (1893)
* "[[King Cotton (lagu mars)|King Cotton]]" (1895)
* "[[Stars and Stripes Forever]]" (1896) (mars nasional Amerika Serikat)<ref name="national march">{{cite web |title=US Code: Title 36, 304 |publisher=Cornell Law School |date=October 30, 2006 |url=http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode36/usc_sec_36_00000304----000-.html |accessdate=November 2, 2006 |archiveurl
* "[[El Capitan (operetta)|El Capitan]]" (1896)
* "[[Hands Across the Sea]]" (diciptakan untuk [[Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets]] – the [[Highty-Tighties]]) (1899)
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* "[[The Gallant Seventh]]" (1922)
* "Nobles of the Mystic Shrine" (1923)
* "The Black Horse Troop" (1924) (Diciptakan untuk menghormati
* "Pride of the Wolverines" (1926)
* "[[Minnesota March]]" (1927)
* "[[New Mexico]] March" (1928)
* "Salvation Army March" (1930) (diciptakan untuk peringatan 50 tahun Bala Keselamatan di Amerika Serikat)
=== Operet ===
* ''The Smugglers'' (1882)
* ''[[Désirée]]'' (1883)
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== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}
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'''''Buku/Koleksi'''''
* J. P. Sousa Collection. Washington D.C.: Archives of the U.S. Marine Band, 2011.
* The Sousa Archives and Center for American Music. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2011.
* Berger, Kenneth W. The March King and His Band
* Bierley, Paul E. John Philip Sousa: A Descriptive Catalog of His Works. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1973.
* Bierley, Paul E. John Philip Sousa: American Phenomenon. Miami, FL: Warner Bros. Publications, 2001.
* Bierley, Paul E. The Incredible Band of John Philip Sousa. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2006.
* Bierley, Paul E. The Works of John Philip Sousa. Columbus, OH: Integrity Press, 1984.
* Delaplaine, Edward S. John Philip Sousa and the National Anthem. Frederick, MD: Great Southern Press, 1983.
* Heslip, Malcolm. Nostalgic Happenings in the Three Bands of John Philip Sousa. Westerville, OH: Integrity Press, 1992.
* Lingg, Ann M. John Philip Sousa. New York: Holt, 1954.
* Newsom, Jon, ed. Perspectives on John Philip Sousa. Washington: Library of Congress, 1983.
* Sousa, John Philip. Marching Along: Recollections of Men, Women and Music. Edited by Paul E. Bierley. Boston: Hale, Cushman & Flint, 1928, rev. 1994.
* Sousa, John Philip. National, Patriotic and Typical Airs of All Lands. N.Y.: [[Da Capo Press]], 1977.
* Sousa, John Philip. Through the Year with Sousa: Excerpts from the Operas, Marches, Miscellaneous Compositions, Novels, Letters, Magazine Articles, Songs, Sayings and Rhymes of John Philip Sousa. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell &, 1910.
'''''Artikel'''''
* Bennett, Jeb. "John Philip Sousa: 100th Anniversary." Marine Corps Gazzette 64, no. 10 (1980): 31-34.
* Bierley, Paul E. "Sousa: America's Greatest Composer?" Musical Journal 25, no. 1 (1967): 83-87.
* Bierley, Paul E. "Sousa on Programming." Instrumentalist, December 1973.
* Bierley, Paul E. "Sousa's Mystery March." Instrumentalist, February 1966.
* Dvorak, Raymond F. "Recollections of Sousa's March Performances." School Musician, Director and Teacher, December 1969.
* Evenson, Orville. "The March Style of Sousa." Instrumentalist, November 1954.
* Fennell, Frederick. "Sousa: Still a Somebody." Instrumentalist, March 1982.
* Gaydos, Jeff. "Stars and Stripes and Sousa Forever!" Bandwagon, June 1980.
* Goldberg, Isaac. "Sousa." American Mercury 27 (1932): 193-200.
* Goldman, Richard Franko. "John Philip Sousa." HiFi/Stereo Review 19, no. 1 (1967): 35-47.
* Gordon, Marjorie M. "John Philip Sousa: A Centennial-Year Salute to the March King." Musical Journal 11, no. 11 (1954): 28-34.
* Heney, John J. "On the Road with the Sousa Band." School Musician, Director and Teacher, 1976.
* Howard, George S. "A New Era for Brass: Sousa's Role." Music Journal, January 1966.
* Interavia, Lawrence. "Wind Band Scoring Practices of Gilmore and Sousa." Instrumentalist, March 1965.
* Larson, Cedric. "John Philip Sousa as an Author." Etude, August 1941.
* Mangrum, Mary Gailey. "I Remember Sousa." Instrumentalist 24, no. 5 (1969): 38-41.
* Mangrum, Mary Gailey. "Sousa the Patriot." Instrumentalist 24, no. 6 (1970): 33-35.
* Marek, George Richard. "John Philip Sousa." HiFi/Musical America 23, no. 11 (1973): 57-61.
* Mathews, William Smith Babcock. "An Interview with John Philip Sousa." Music: A Monthly Magazine 9 (1896): 487-92.
* Mayer, Francis N. "John Philip Sousa: His Instrumentation and Scoring." Music Educator's Journal, January 1960.
* Peterson, O. A. "The Human Side of Sousa." Musical Messenger, May 1916.
* Pleasants, Henry. "A Look at Sousa: Ormandy and Critics." International Herald Tribune (Paris Edition), December 1969.
* "Sousa and His Mission." Music: A Monthly Magazine 16 (July 1899): 272-76.
* "Sousa as He Is." Music: A Monthly Magazine 14 (May 1899).
* "Sousa's New Marine Band." Musical Courier, November 9, 1892.
* Stoddard, Hope. "Sousa: Symbol of an Era." International Musician, December 1948.
* Thomson, Grace F. "Memories of the March King." Musical Journal 22, no. 5 (1964): 27-49.
* Trimborn, Thomas J. "In the Footsteps of Sousa." Instrumentalist 35, no. 4 (1980): 10-13.
* Wimbush, Roger. "Sousa at the "Proms"" Monthly Musical Record 68:238-40.
'''''Disertasi'''''
* Bly, Leon Joseph. “The March in American Society.” Diss., University of Miami, 1977.
* Bowie, Gordon W. “R. B. Hall and the Community Bands of Maine.” Diss., University of Maine, 1993.
* Carpenter, Kenneth William. “A History of the United States Marine Band.” Diss., University of Iowa, 1971.
* Church, Charles Fremont. “The Life and Influence of John Philip Sousa.” Diss., Ohio State University, 1942.
* Darling, Matthew H. “A Study and Catalogue of the Solos Composed, Arranged, and Transcribed for Xylophone and Band by John Joseph Heney (1902-1978), Percussionist (1926-31) and Xylophone Soloist (1931) with the John Philip Sousa Band.” Diss., University of Arizona, 1998.
* Hemberger, Glen J. “Selected Songs for Chamber Winds and Soprano: Rediscovering a Forgotten Repertoire of John Philip Sousa.” Diss., University of North Texas, 2001.
* Hester, Michael E. “A Study of the Saxophone Soloists Performing with the John Philip Sousa Band, 1893-1930.” Diss., University of Arizona, 1995.
* Jorgensen, Michael R. “John Philip Sousa's Operetta El Capitan: A Historical, Analytical, and Performance Guide.” Diss., Ball State University, 1995.
* Korzun, Jonathan Nicholas. “The Orchestral Transcriptions for Band of John Philip Sousa: a Description and Analysis.” Diss., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1994.
* Kreitner, Mona Bulpitt. “'A Splendid Group of American Girls': The Women Who Sang with the Sousa Band.” Diss., University of Memphis, 2007.
* Norton, Pauline Elizabeth Hosack. “March Music in Nineteenth Century America.” Diss., University of Michigan, 1983.
* Stacy, William Barney. “John Philip Sousa and His Band Suites.” Diss., University of Colorado, 1973.
* Summers, C. Oland. “The Development of Original Band Scoring from Sousa to Husa.” Diss., Ball State University, 1986.
* Warfield, Patrick. “"Salesman of Americanism, Globetrotter and Musician" the Nineteenth-century John Philip Sousa; 1854 - 1893.” Diss., Indiana University, 2003.
* Whisler, John A. “The Songs of John Philip Sousa.” Diss., Memphis State University, 1975.
* Wright, Maurice. “The Fifth String: an Opera in One Act.” Diss., Columbia University, 1989.
== Bacaan lanjutan ==
* [http://readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=20078 75 years after death here, Sousa sells out the Abe – Reading Eagle Newspaper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503011457/http://readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=20078 |date=2009-05-03 }}
* ''Congressional hearing'': dalam [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID532882_code159088.pdf?abstractid=532882 Copyright's Communication Policy] by Professor Tim Woo, [[Universitas Virginia]], May 2004 – Dokumen besar, 560k [[Portable Document Format|PDF]].
* [http://www.ht10.com John Philip Sousa was raised as a freemason at the Hiram-Takoma Lodge No.10 in the District of Washington]
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== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{en}} [http://www.library.uiuc.edu/sousa/ The Sousa Archives and Center for American Music]
* {{en}} [http://www.dws.org/sousa/works.htm The Works of John Philip Sousa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008215050/http://www.dws.org/sousa/works.htm |date=2010-10-08 }}
* [http://www.angelfire.com/ks/landzastanza/index.html#sousa MIDI sequences of piano transcriptions of compositions by Sousa]
* {{en}} [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.200152753/default.html Harris, Neil: "John Philip Sousa and the Culture of Reassurance"]
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* [http://cylinders.library.ucsb.edu/search.php?query=Sousa&queryType=%40attr+1%3D1 Rekaman oleh Sousa] (Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project)
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