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[[Berkas:Harrods at night.jpg|
'''Toko serba ada''' atau '''toserba'''
Barang-barang yang tersedia di supermarket antara lain
Untuk
Toserba
▲Toserba atau Pasar raya biasanya menawarkan produk dengan harga rendah bahkan sampai mengurangkan margin untuk menarik konsumen datang. Produk-produk tertentu biasanya mie instan, susu,sabun,shampo sering dijual dengan mendekati harga beli. Untuk memastikan keuntungan, toserba atau pasar raya menutup margin rendah dengan jumlah hasil penjualan keseluruhan yang tinggi, dan jualan barang yang bermargin tinggi.
Pelanggan biasanya berbelanja dengan menempatkan barang yang dipilih sendiri oleh konsumen ke keranjang belanja ([[troli]]) atau keranjang dan membayar di kassa.
Toserba yang populer asli Indonesia antara lain: Macan Yauhan
== Lihat juga ==
* [[Toko serba ada di Jepang|Toserba di Jepang]]
* [[Toko serba ada di Amerika Serikat|Toserba di Amerika Serikat]]
* [[Toserba Sarinah]]
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
{{Refbegin|33em}}
* Abelson, Elaine S. ''When Ladies Go A-Thieving: Middle Class Shoplifters in the Victorian Department Store.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
* {{cite journal |last=Adams |first=Samuel Hopkins |authorlink=Samuel Hopkins Adams |year=1897 |month=January |title=The Department Store |journal=Scribner's Magazine |volume=XXI |issue=1 |pages=4–28 |id= |url=http://books.google.com/?id=Z2IAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4 |accessdate=2009-08-23 |quote= }}
* Barth, Gunther. "The Department Store," in ''City People: The Rise of Modern City Culture in Nineteenth-Century America.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.
* Benson, Susan Porter. ''Counter Culture: Saleswomen, Managers and Customers in American Department Stores, 1890-1940.'' Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1988. ISBN 0-252-06013-X.
* Ershkowicz, Herbert. ''John Wanamaker, Philadelphia Merchant.'' New York: DaCapo Press, 1999.
* Gibbons, Herbert Adams. ''John Wanamaker.'' New York: Harper & Row, 1926.
* Hendrickson, Robert. ''The Grand Emporiums: The Illustrated History of America's Great Department Stores.'' New York: Stein and Day, 1979.
* Leach, William. ''Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture.'' New York: Pantheon, 1993. ISBN 0-679-75411-3.
* Parker, K. (2003). "Sign Consumption in the 19th-Century Department Store: An Examination of Visual Merchandising in the Grand Emporiums (1846-1900)." ''Journal of Sociology'' 39 (4): 353-371.
* Schlereth, Thomas J. ''Victorian America: Transformations in Everyday Life, 1876-1915''. New York: HarperCollins, 1991.
* [[Robert Sobel|Sobel, Robert]]. "John Wanamaker: The Triumph of Content Over Form," in ''The Entrepreneurs: Explorations Within the American Business Tradition'' New York: Weybright & Talley, 1974. ISBN 0-679-40064-8.
* Spang, Rebecca L. ''The Invention of the Restaurant: Paris and Modern Gastronomic Culture.'' Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000. 325 p.
* Whitaker, Jan ''Service and Style: How the American Department Store Fashioned the Middle Class.'' New York: St. Martin's Press, 2006. ISBN 0-312-32635-1.
* Whitaker, Jan. ''The World of Department Stores'' New York: The Vedome Press, 2011.
{{Refend}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{commonscat|Department stores}}
* [http://www.historicaleye.com/departmentstore22.html The rise of the department store in Britain]
* [http://www.cndirect.com/ CNDirect Department] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619034401/http://www.cndirect.com/ |date=2013-06-19 }}
* [http://www.lowermanhattan.info/about/history/did_you_know/did_you_know_that_62478.aspx A.T. Stewart's] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222052814/http://www.lowermanhattan.info/about/history/did_you_know/did_you_know_that_62478.aspx |date=2008-02-22 }}
* {{cite journal | last=Tamilia | first=Robert D. | title=The Wonderful World of the Department Store in Historical Perspective: A Comprehensive International Bibliography Partially Annotated | date=May 2002 | url=http://faculty.quinnipiac.edu/charm/dept.store.pdf | format=PDF | id= | accessdate=2008-09-13 | journal= | archive-date=2012-02-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229085358/http://faculty.quinnipiac.edu/charm/dept.store.pdf | dead-url=yes }} <small>(292 [[Kibibyte|KiB]])</small>
* [http://www.iads.org International Association of Department Stores]
* [http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/09/22/030922fa_fact New York Journal. Under One Roof The death and life of the New York department store. by Adam Gopnik]
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[[Kategori:Pasar]]
[[Kategori:Pusat perbelanjaan]]
[[Kategori:Ekonomi mikro]]
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