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[[Image: Alaşehir Church of St. John 2.jpg|thumb|300px|right| Church of St John, Alaşehir]]
'''Alaşehir''' ({{IPA-tr|aˈɫaʃehiɾ}}), dalam zaman kuno sampai [[Abad Pertengahan]] dikenal dengan nama '''Filadelfia''' ({{lang-en|Philadelphia}};
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Dataran tinggi di wilayah ini dipenuhi tanah luas dan subur dari [[sungai Gediz]], (nama kuno: Hermus)) yang memberikan pemandangan luar biasa. Terdapat beberapa masjid dan gereja Kristen. Juga ada sejumlah industri kecil dan pusat perdagangan. Dari salah satu sumber mata air mineral keluarlah air yang bermuatan tinggi yang terkenal di seluruh Turki.
Di Turki, kota ini dikenal sebagai penghasil [[kismis]] dari [[Sultana (anggur)|anggur Sultana]]. Namun, pasaran buah-buahan segar, yang membutuhkan penanganan lebih sedikit daripada pengeringan buah, menanjak ketenarannya dalam dekade-dekade terakhir. Ketika masih bernama Filadelfia, kota ini merupakan pusat kekristenan penting pada zaman gereja mula-mula (abad pertama M) dan terus sampai ke periode [[Bizantin|Kekaisaran Bizantin]]. Sampai sekarang, tempat ini tetap dianggap sebagai takhta titular [[Gereja Katolik Roma|Gereja Katolik]].<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Philadelphia}}</ref>
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== Sejarah ==
=== Zaman kuno ===
Alaşehir mungkin salah satu kota pertama dengan nama "Filadelfia". Didirikan pada tahun 189 SM oleh Raja [[Eumenes II]] dari [[Pergamon]] (197-160 SM). [[Eumenes II]] menamai kota ini karena kasihnya pada saudara laki-lakinya, yang kelak menggantikannya, [[Attalus II]] (159-138 SM), yang kesetiaannya menyebabkan Ia diberi julukan, "Philadelphos", arti harafiahnya "orang yang mengasihi saudara laki-lakinya".
Karena tidak memiliki ahli waris, [[Attalus III|Attalus III Philometer]], raja terakhir dari dinasti Attalid di Pergamum, menyerahkan kerajaannya, termasuk kota Filadelfia, kepada sekutunya, Kerajaan Romawi, pada waktu Ia meninggal pada tahun 133 SM. Roma membentuk Provinsi Asia pada tahun 129 SM dengan menggabungkan [[Ionia]] dan bekas wilayah Kerajaan [[Pergamum]].
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Filadelfia berada dalam distrik administratif Sardis (Pliny NH 5.111). Pada tahun 17 M, kota ini rusak berat akibat gempa bumi, sehingga Kaisar [[Tiberius]] memberi keringanan tidak usah membayar pajak (Tacitus Annales 2.47, cf. Strabo 12.8.18, 13.4.10, John Lydus de mensibus 4.115). Sebagai balasan, kota itu memberikan berbagai penghormatan kepada Tiberius. Bukti dari mata uang logam menunjukkan bahwa Caligula pernah membantu kota ini. Di bawah pemerintahan [[Vespasian]], Filadelfia menerima '' cognomen''-nya, Flavia. Di bawah Caracalla, Filadelfia menjadi tempat berdirinya satu kultus imperial; mata uang logamnya bertuliskan ''Neokoron'' (arti harafiahnya, "penyapu kuil"/"''temple-sweeper''"
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Meskipun sejumlah kota kuno juga bernama Filadelfia, kota yang sekarang bernama Alaşehir ini jelas adalah salah satu dari tujuh kota di Asia Kecil yang disebutkan oleh [[Yohanes]] (pada waktu di pulau [[Patmos]]) dalam tiga pasal pertama kitab tulisannya, [[Wahyu kepada Yohanes]].<ref>[[Wahyu 1]], terutama {{Alkitab|Wahyu 1:11}}</ref> Filadelfia adalah kota keenam dari tujuh kota yang dikirimi surat oleh [[Yohanes]].
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According to this letter, the Philadelphian Christians were suffering persecution at the hands of the local Jews, whom ''Revelation'' calls "the synagogue of Satan" ({{bibleverse||Revelation|3:9|KJV}}). The city's history of earthquakes may lie behind the reference to making her church a temple pillar ({{bibleverse||Revelation|3:12|KJV}}). Permanency would have been important to the city's residents.
Philadelphia shares with Smyrna the distinction of receiving nothing but praise from Christ. This explains why modern Protestant churches sometimes use "Philadelphia" as a component in the local church's name as a way of emphasizing its faithfulness.
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=== Zaman Bizantin ===
Filadelfia merupakan kota makmur pada zaman [[Bizantin]], sehingga disebut "[[Atena]] kecil" ("''little Athens''") pada abad ke-6 M karena banyaknya festival dan kuil-kuil.<ref>Lydus de mensibus 4.58</ref> Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa saat itu kota ini tidak seluruhnya beralih ke agama [[Kristen]]. Ada catatan seorang nabiah Kristen, Ammia, berasal dari Filadelfia.<ref>[[Eusebius]], ''[[Church History (Eusebius)|Historia Ecclesiastica]]'' 5.17.</ref> Sekitar tahun 600 "Basilica of St. John" yang berkubah bulat mulai dibangun, reruntuhannya menjadi atraksi arkeologi utama sampai sekarang.
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▲Philadelphia was a prosperous Byzantine city, called the "little [[Athens]]" in the 6th century AD because of its festivals and temples.<ref>Lydus de mensibus 4.58</ref> Presumably this indicates that the city wasn't entirely converted to [[Christianity]]. [[Montanism#History|Ammia]], the Christian prophetess, was from Philadelphia, however.<ref>[[Eusebius]], ''[[Church History (Eusebius)|Historia Ecclesiastica]]'' 5.17.</ref> In about the year 600 the domed Basilica of St. John was built, remains of which are the main archaeological attraction in the modern city. The Byzantine walls that once surrounded the city have all but crumbled away. A few remnants are still visible at the northeast edge of town, near the bus stand. The city was taken by the Seljuk Turks in 1074 and 1093-94. In 1098, during the [[First Crusade]], it was recovered by [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Alexios I Komnenos|Alexios I]]. In the 11th to 15th centuries AD, it was the seat of the ''doux'' (governor) and ''[[stratopedarches]]'' (military commander) of the [[Thrakesion]] theme.
Kota ini juga menjadi pusat pemberontakan melawan para penguasa Bizantin:
* tahun 1182, dipimpin oleh [[John Komnenos Vatatzes]]
It was the center of several revolts against ruling Byzantine emperors- in 1182, led by [[John Komnenos Vatatzes]], and 1188-1205 or 1206, led by [[Theodore Mangaphas]], a local Philadelphian, against [[Isaac II Angelos]]. At that time, the bishopric of Philadelphia was promoted to [[Metropolis of Philadelphia|metropolis]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kiminas|first=Demetrius|title=The Ecumenical Patriarchate|year=2009|publisher=Wildside Press LLC|isbn=9781434458766|url=http://books.google.gr/books?id=QLWqXrW2X-8C&pg=PA81&dq=pergamos+metropolitanate&hl=el&sa=X&ei=1TaMUMzGGIfgtQaX04DgCw&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=pergamos%20metropolitanate&f=false|page=89}}</ref> In the 14th century, Philadelphia was made the metropolis of Lydia by the Greek Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople, a status it still holds. It was granted this honor because the city did not capitulate to the Ottomans. The city was prosperous especially in the 13th and 14th centuries; there was a Genoese trading colony and the city was an important producer of leather goods and red-dyed silk (whence, perhaps, its Turkish name, which probably means "red city").<ref>I. Beldiceanu-Steinherr, "Notes pour l’histoire d’Alaşehir (Philadelphie) au XIVe siècle." In H. Ahrweiler, 1984, ''Philadelphie et autres etudes. Byzantina Sorbonensia 4''. Centre de recherches d’histoire et de civilisation Byzantines. Paris, p. 33</ref> By the 14th century, the city was surrounded by Turkish emirates but maintained nominal allegiance to the Byzantine emperor. The town remained prosperous through trade and its strategic location.▼
* tahun 1188-1205 atau 1206, dipimpin oleh [[Theodore Mangaphas]], seorang asli Filadelfia, melawan [[Isaac II Angelos]].
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By the 14th century, the city was surrounded by Turkish emirates but maintained nominal allegiance to the Byzantine emperor. The town remained prosperous through trade and its strategic location.
Philadelphia was an independent, neutral city under the influence of the Latin [[Knights of Rhodes]], when taken in 1390 by [[Sultan Bayezid I]] and an auxiliary [[Christian]] force under the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] emperor [[Manuel II Palaiologos|Manuel II]] after a prolonged resistance, by which time all the other cities of Asia Minor had surrendered to the Ottomans. Manuel had been forced by Bayezid to participate in subjugating Philadelphia to Turkish rule, a bitter irony given its long resistance. Twelve years later it was captured by [[Timur]], who built a wall with the corpses of his prisoners.
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=== Zaman modern ===
<blockquote>"Di Alaşehir, pompa tangan digunakan untuk membasahi tembok-tembok bangunan dengan Kerosen. Ketika memeriksa puing-puing kota, kami menemukan sejumlah tulang-tulang dan tengkorak, hangus dan hitam, dengan sisa rambut dan daging melekat padanya. Atas desakan kami, sejumlah kuburan yang tampaknya baru dibuat, telah digali kembali untuk kami dan kami dapat memastikan bahwa jenazah-jenazah ini tidak lebih dari empat minggu sebelumnya."</blockquote>
▲The Greek army occupied the city during the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)]]. According to a number of sources, the retreating Greek army carried out a scorched-earth policy while retreating from [[Anatolia]] during the final phase of the war.<ref name="Sydney Nettleton Fisher 1969, p. 386">[[Sydney Nettleton Fisher]], ''The Middle East: a History'', New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969, p. 386</ref> James Loder Park, the U.S. Vice-Consul in Constantinople at the time, who toured much of the devastated area immediately after the Greek evacuation, described the situation in the surrounding cities and towns of İzmir he has seen, as follows:<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923">U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park ''to [[Secretary of State]], [[Smyrna]], 11 April 1923.'' US archives US767.68116/34</ref>
== Demografi ==▼
▲According to Park, 70% of the buildings of Alaşehir were destroyed by fire, while Kinross wrote "Alaşehir was no more than a dark scorched cavity, defacing the hillside. Village after village had been reduced to an ash-heap."<ref name="Kinross 1960 318">{{harv|Kinross|1960|p=318}}</ref> It is estimated some 3,000 lives had been lost in the burning of Alaşehir.<ref name="Mango, Atatürk, p. 343">Mango, ''Atatürk'', p. 343.</ref>
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▲==Demografi ==
Jumlah penduduk Alaşehir pada tahun 1990 adalah 36,649.
== Tokoh terkenal dari Alaşehir ==
* [[Joannes Laurentius Lydus]] (lahir 490) penulis dan administrator Yunani
* [[Theodore Mangaphas]] juga dikenal sebagai ''Morotheodoros'' (lahir
* [[Kenan Evren]], presiden dan jenderal Turki
Baris 95 ⟶ 101:
* [[John of Philadelphia|John]] (pada [[Third Council of Constantinople]], 680)
* [[Theoleptus]] (1283–1322): led defense of P. against Turkish attack in 1310; writings include religious poetry, monastic treatises, anti-Arsenite writings, letters
* [[Macarius Chrysocephalas]] (1336–82): candidate for patriarchate in 1353, wrote Rhodonia (anthology of proverbs and gnomai), catenae (“chains,” quotations from theologians attached to Bible verses) on Matthew and Luke, homilies, and a vita of St. Meletios of Galesios
* [[Gabrius Severus]] (1577)
* [[Gerasimus Blachus]] (1679),
* [[Meletius Typaldus]] (1685),
== Referensi ==
Baris 104 ⟶ 110:
== Pranala luar ==
* ''The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia And their place in the plan of the Apocalypse'', [[William Mitchell Ramsay|W. M. Ramsay]], D.C.L, Litt.D., LL.D., Professor of Humanity in the University of Aberdeen, 1904
* http://www.ephesusguide.com/seven_churches_philadelphia.php {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050301023115/http://www.ephesusguide.com/seven_churches_philadelphia.php |date=2005-03-01 }}
* http://www.enjoyturkey.com/Tours/Interest/Biblicals/philadelphia.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123070132/http://www.enjoyturkey.com/Tours/Interest/Biblicals/philadelphia.htm |date=2010-01-23 }}
* http://www.toursforchurches.co.uk/turkey-churches.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050909080034/http://toursforchurches.co.uk/turkey-churches.htm |date=2005-09-09 }}
* http://www.luthersem.edu/ckoester/Revelation/Philadelphia/main.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904154514/http://www.luthersem.edu/ckoester/Revelation/Philadelphia/main.htm |date=2009-09-04 }}
* http://www.deeperstudy.com/link/philadelphia_satellite.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501162822/http://deeperstudy.com/link/philadelphia_satellite.html |date=2011-05-01 }}
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