Perang Rusia–Jepang: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=Perang
|partof=
|image=[[Berkas:
|caption=Searah jarum jam dari atas: Kapal penjelajah Rusia Pallada diserang di Port Arthur, kavaleri Rusia di Mukden, kapal penjelajah Rusia Varyag dan kapal perang Korietz di Teluk Chemulpo, tentara Jepang tewas di Port Arthur, infanteri Jepang menyeberangi Sungai Yalu.
|date=
|place=[[Manchuria]], [[Laut Kuning]]
|casus=Kolonisasi, terutama [[Manchuria]] dan [[Semenanjung Korea]]
|territory=
|result=Kemenangan Jepang
*[[Perjanjian Portsmouth]] |combatant1=
|combatant2=
|commander1=
|commander2=
|strength1=
|strength2=
|casualties1=24.844
|casualties2=47.387 terbunuh; 173.425 luka-luka; penduduk sipil Tiongkok tak diketahui
}}
{{Campaignbox Russo-Japanese War}}
'''Perang
== Asal
Pada akhir
[[Berkas:Manchuria.png|250px|
Kekalahan yang dialami
Setelah gagal mendapatkan perjanjian yang
==
=== Perang tahun 1904 ===
Port Arthur, di
Sebagai jawaban terhadap strategi Jepang yang memberikan kemenangan cepat untuk menguasai Manchuria, Rusia melakukan tindakan-tindakan penghalang untuk memperoleh cukup waktu untuk menunggu tibanya pasukan-pasukan tambahan yang datang melalui [[
Di laut, perang ini sama brutalnya. Setelah penyerangan pada
▲Port Arthur, di Jazirah Liaodong di selatan Manchuria, telah diperkuat Rusia hingga menjadi sebuah pangkalan Angkatan Laut besar. Jepang membutuhkan kekuasaan laut untuk berperang di daratan Asia, karena itu tujuan militer pertama mereka adalah menetralkan armada Rusia di Port Arthur. Pada [[8 Februari]] malam, armada Jepang di bawah pimpinan Admiral [[Heihachiro Togo]] memulai peperangan dengan sebuah serangan [[torpedo]] mendadak pada kapal-kapal Rusia di Port Arthur, sehingga membuat dua kapal perang Rusia rusak parah. Serangan-serangan itu berkembang menjadi [[Pertempuran Port Arthur]] esok paginya. Serangkaian pertempuran laut yang tidak memberikan hasil yang menentukan pun terjadi. Pada kesempatan itu, Jepang tidak berhasil menyerang Rusia dengan menggunakan meriam-meriam darat dari pelabuhan, dan armada Rusia menolak untuk meninggalkan pelabuhan itu dan pergi ke laut terbuka, khususnya setelah kematian Admiral [[Stepan Osipovich Makarov]] pada [[13 April]]. Pertempuran-pertempuran ini memberikan perlindungan bagi sebuah pasukan Jepang untuk mendarat dekat [[Incheon]] di Korea, dan dari sana mereka menduduki [[Seoul]] dan berikutnya seluruh Korea. Pada akhir April, tentara Jepang di bawah [[Kuroki Itei]] bersiap-siap menyeberangi sungai [[Yalu]] ke Manchuria yang saat itu diduduki Rusia.
▲Sebagai jawaban terhadap strategi Jepang yang memberikan kemenangan cepat untuk menguasai Manchuria, Rusia melakukan tindakan-tindakan penghalang untuk memperoleh cukup waktu untuk menunggu tibanya pasukan-pasukan tambahan yang datang melalui [[jalan kereta api Trans-Siberia]] yang panjang. Pada [[1 Mei]], pecahlah [[Pertempuran Sungai Yalu (1904)|Pertempuran Sungai Yalu]]. Dalam pertempuran ini pasukan-pasukan Jepang menyerang sebuah posisi Rusia setelah mereka menyeberangi sungai itu tanpa menghadapi perlawanan. Ini adalah sebuah pertempuran besar pertama dari perang ini di daratan. Pasukan-pasukan Jepang bergerak maju dan mendarat di beberapa titik di pantai Manchuria, serta melakukan sejumlah pertempuran hingga memukul balik pasukan-pasukan Rusia ke Port Arthur. Pertempuran-pertempuran ini, termasuk [[Pertempuran Nanshan]] pada [[25 Mei]], ditandai oleh kekalahan besar Jepang dalam penyerangan kepada sejumlah posisi kuat Rusia, tetapi tentara Rusia tetap bersikap pasif dan tidak melakukan serangan balasan.
▲Di laut, perang ini sama brutalnya. Setelah penyerangan pada [[8 Februari]] terhadap Port Arthur, pasukan Jepang berusaha mencegah pasukan Rusia menggunakan pelabuhan itu.
== Daftar pertempuran ==
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== Arti penting ==
Perang ini menandai bangkitnya kekuatan Asia menandingi kekuatan Barat yang berkuasa di Tiongkok saat itu. Kemenangan ini membuat kekuatan Barat harus memperhitungkan Jepang dalam urusan politik di Asia. Selain itu, kemenangan ini memicu kebangkitan nasional di negara-negara Asia lainnya yang sedang terjajah oleh negara Eropa. Ini membuat negara-negara Asia berpikir bahwa negara-negara di Asia dapat sejajar dengan negara-negara Barat.
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During the night of February 13-14, the Japanese attempted to block the entrance to Port Arthur by sinking several cement-filled steamers in the deep water channel to the port. But the steamers sank in too deep water for it to be effective. Another attempt to block the harbor entrance on the night of May 3-4, with blockships also failed. In March, the energetic Vice Admiral Makarov took command of the First Russian Pacific Squadron with the intention of making plans to break out of the Port Arthur blockade. By then, both sides began a policy of tactical offensive minelaying by laying mines in each others ports. This was the first time in warfare that mines were used for offensive purposes. In the past, mines were used as purely defensive purposes by keeping harbors safe from invading warships. The Japanese minelaying policy was effective at restricting the Russian movement of its ships outside Port Arthur when on [[April 12]], [[1904]], two Russian battleships, the flagship ''[[Petropavlosk]]'' and the ''[[Pobieda]]'' ran into a Japanese minefield off Port Arthur, both striking mines. The Petropavlosk sank within an hour, while the Pobieda had to be towed back to Port Arthur for extensive repairs. Makarov died on the Petropavlosk by choosing to go down with his ship. But the Russians soon learned the Japanese policy of offensive minelaying and decided to play the strategy too. On [[May 15]], [[1904]], two Japanese battleships, the ''[[Yashima]] ''and the ''[[Hatsuse]],'' were both lured into a recently laid Russian minefield off Port Arthur both striking at least two mines. The ''Yashima'' sank within minutes taking 450 sailors to their deaths, while the ''Hatsuse'' sank under tow a few hours later. On [[June 23]], a breakout attempt by the Russian squadron, now under the command of Admiral Vitgef failed. By the end of the month, Japanese artillery were already putting shells into the harbor.
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Meanwhile, at sea, the Russians had already been preparing to reinforce their fleet the previous year by sending the [[Baltic Sea]] fleet under Admiral [[Zinovi Petrovich Rozhdestvenski]] around the [[Cape of Good Hope]] to Asia. On [[October 21]], [[1904]], while passing by [[United Kingdom|Britain]] (an ally of Japan but neutral in this war), they nearly provoked a war in the [[Dogger Bank incident]] by firing on British fishing boats that they mistook for torpedo boats. The duration of the journey meant that Admiral Togo was well aware of the [[Baltic Fleet]]'s progress, and he made plans to meet it before it could reach port at [[Vladivostok]]. He intercepted them in the [[Tsushima Strait]] between Korea and Japan, and in the [[Battle of Tsushima]], [[May 27]]–[[May 28|28]], [[1905]], the more modern Japanese fleet, numerically inferior but with superior speed and firing range, shelled the Russian fleet mercilessly, destroying all eight of their [[battleship]]s.
==Peace==
Although Russia still had a far larger army than Japan, these successive defeats had shaken Russian confidence. Throughout 1905, Russia was rocked by the [[Russian Revolution of 1905]], which represented a severe threat to the stability of the government. Russia elected to negotiate peace rather than continue the war so it could concentrate on internal matters.
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An offer of mediation by U.S. President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] (who earned a [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for this effort) led to the [[Treaty of Portsmouth]], signed in the U.S. Navy facility at [[Portsmouth, New Hampshire]], on [[September 5]], [[1905]]. Russia ceded to Japan the southern half of [[Sakhalin]] Island, which they had possessed historically, until regaining it in 1952 under the [[Treaty of San Francisco]] following the [[World War II|Second World War]]. They signed over their 25 year leasehold rights as well to the excellent naval base at Port Arthur and the peninsula around it. Russia further agreed to evacuate Manchuria and recognize Korea as a Japanese sphere of influence. Japan would annex Korea in [[1910]] with scant protest from other powers.
This was one of the first major victories in the modern era of an Asian country over a Western one, and Japanese prestige rose greatly as they began to be considered a modern [[Great Power]]. Concurrently, Russia having lost virtually all her ''Eastern'' and ''Baltic'' fleets and slipped downward in esteem, particularly in the view of the bellicose [[Germany]], locked in a power struggle with [[France]] over [[Morocco]]. While the [[Kaiser]] was the [[Tsar]]'s cousin, Russia was France's ally, and that loss of prestige would have a significant effect on German war plans.
In the absence of Russian competition and with the distraction of European nations during [[World War I]] and the [[Great Depression]], the Japanese military began the efforts to dominate China that would lead to the [[Pacific War]] of [[World War II]], and this victory over a Western power began a series of events that would lead to [[decolonization]]. In Russia, this defeat led in the short term to a reform of the Russian military that would allow it to face [[Germany]] in [[World War I]]. However, the revolts at home following the war and military defeat presaged the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]].
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== Referensi ==
* Nish, Ian (1985). ''The Origins of the Russo-Japanese War''. Longman. ISBN 0-582-49114-2
* [[Edmund Morris]], ''Theodore Rex'', [[The Modern Library]], pb.,
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Imperialisme Rusia di Asia dan Perang
* [[Imperialisme di Asia]]
* [[Daftar perang]]
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* {{en}} [http://www.russojapanesewar.com/ Russo-Japanese War research society]
* {{en}} [http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/1914m/portsmouth.html Text of the Treaty of Portsmouth]
* {{en}} [http://www.navy.ru/history/hrn10-e.htm Russian Navy history of war] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051211102556/http://www.navy.ru/history/hrn10-e.htm |date=2005-12-11 }}
* {{en}} [http://frontiers.loc.gov/intldl/mtfhtml/mfpercep/rj_mod.html Russo-Japanese Relations in the Far East]
{{Diplomasi kekuasaan besar}}
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