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'''Biara Santa Katarina''' ({{lang-en|Saint Catherine's Monastery}} atau ''St. Catherine's Monastery''; {{lang-el|Μονὴ τῆς Ἁγίας Αἰκατερίνης}}, ''Monì tìs Agìas Ekaterìnis''), {{lang-ar|دير القدّيسة كاترينا}}) umumnya dikenal sebagai '''Santa Katarina''' terletak di [[Semenanjung Sinai]], di mulut tebing yang terletak di kaki [[gunung Santa Katarina]], yang dianggap sebagai [[gunung Sinai]] menurut catatan [[Alkitab Ibrani]] ataudan [[Perjanjian Lama]] di [[Alkitab]] [[Kristen]]. Berada dalam wilayah kota [[Santa Katarina, Mesir|Santa Katarina]] di provinsi [[Kegubernuran Sinai Selatan]], negara [[Mesir]]. Biara [[Gereja Ortodoks Timur]] ini merupakan [[Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO]]. Dibangun antara tahun 548 dan 565,<ref>Din, Mursi Saad El et al.. Sinai: the site & the history : essays. New York: New York University Press, 1998. 80. ISBN 08147220320-8147-2203-2</ref> [[UNESCO]] melaporkan (60100 ha / Ref: 954) bahwa biara ini merupakan salah satu biara [[Kristen]] tertua yang masih digunakan di dunia, bersama dengan [[Biara Santo Antonius]], yang terletak di seberang [[Laut Merah]] di padang gurun sebelah selatan kota [[Kairo]], yang juga dianggap biara tertua di dunia. Di daerah sekitar biara ini bertumbuh kota kecil dengan sejumlah hotel dan kolam-kolam renang, yang dinamakan [[Santa Katarina, Mesir|Kota Santa Katarina]].
 
== Tradisi Kristen ==
Menurut tradisi agama Kristen, [[Katarina dari Aleksandria]] (''Catherine of Alexandria'') adalah seorang perempuan syuhada Kristen yang mulanya dihukum mati karena agamanya dengan menjalani roda pematah tulang. Namun, dia tidak mati, sehingga diputuskan untuk memenggal kepalanya. Selanjutnya dikisahkan bahwa para malaikat membawa jazadnya ke "gunung Sinai". Pada sekitar tahun 800, para biarawan dari "Sinai Monastery" menemukan bekas jenazahnya. Meskipun kemudian dikenal sebagai "Saint Catherine's" (Biara Santa Katarina), nama lengkap resmi biara ini adalah "Sacred and Imperial Monastery of the God-Trodden Mount of Sinai" (Biara Kudus dan Kerajaan di Gunung Sinai yang pernah diinjak Allah). Hari peringatan patronal biara ini adalah "Transfigurasi". [[Relikwi]] Santa Katarina dianggap dipindahkan secara ajaib ke tempat itu oleh para malaikat dan menjadi tempat favorit untuk berziarah.
 
== Sejarah ==
[[FileBerkas:PikiWiki Israel 8612 Sanatah Kattarina Monastery in the Sinai Desert in.jpg|thumbjmpl|250px]]
[[FileBerkas:Petersinai.jpg|thumbjmpl|150px|6th-century [[encaustic painting|hot wax icon]]]]
Catatan tertua kehidupan biara di Sinai adalah dari catatan perjalanan yang ditulis dalam bahasa Latin oleh seorang peziarah wanita bernama Egeria pada sekitar tahun 381-384. Ia mengunjungi banyak tempat di sekitar Israel dan gunung Sinai, di mana menurut [[Alkitab Ibrani]], [[Musa]] menerima [[Sepuluh Perintah Allah]].<ref>[http://www.ccel.org/m/mcclure/etheria/etheria.htm Pilgrimage of Etheria] text at ccel.org</ref>
 
Biara ini dibangun atas perintah kaisar Romawi [[Justinian I]] (memerintah tahun 527-565), mengelilingi "Kapel [[Semak Duri Berapi]]" yang diperintahkan untuk dibangun oleh [[Helena dari Konstantinopel|Helena]], ibunda kaisar [[Konstantinus I]], di tempat di mana ratu itu merasa mendapat wahyu bahwa di sanalah Musa melihat [[semak duri berapi]]; sebuah pohon semak duri yang ada di kompleks biara itu dianggap adalah pohon yang asli. Secara struktur, biara ini merupakan bangunan tertua dengan atap ''truss'' di dunia, yaitu [[king post truss]].<ref>Feilden, Bernard M.. Conservation of historic buildings. 3rd ed. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2003. 51. ISBN 07506586300-7506-5863-0</ref> Nama lainnya adalah "St. Helen's Chapel" ("Kapel Santa Helena"). Tempat ini dipandang keramatsakral baik oleh orang [[Kristen]] maupun [[Islam]].
[[FileBerkas:LeavittHuntSinai.jpg|thumbjmpl|rightka|Biara Santa Katarina, tahun 1852]]
[[FileBerkas:The Patent of Mohammed.jpg|thumbjmpl|"[[Surat Jaminan dari Muhammad]]" (''Achtiname of Muhammad'')]]
 
Sebuah mesjidmasjid [[Fatimid]] dibangun di dalam lingkungan tembok biara, tetapi tidak pernah digunakan karena dianggap tidak berkiblat dengan tepat di arah [[Mekkah]].
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During the seventh century, the isolated Christian [[anchorite]]s of the Sinai were eliminated: only the fortified monastery remained. The monastery is still surrounded by the massive fortifications that have preserved it. Until the twentieth century, access was through a door high in the outer walls. From the time of the [[First Crusade]], the presence of Crusaders in the Sinai until 1270 spurred the interest of European Christians and increased the number of intrepid pilgrims who visited the monastery. The monastery was supported by its dependencies in Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Crete, Cyprus and Constantinople.
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== Naskah dan Ikon ==
Perpustakaan biara ini menyimpan koleksi kedua terbesar di dunia yang meliputi banyak "codex" dan naskah-naskah kuno; hanya perpustakaan [[VaticanPerpustakaan LibraryVatikan]] saja yang lebih banyak koleksinya. Naskah-naskah tersebut ditulis dalam bahasa-bahasa [[bahasa Yunani|Yunani]], [[bahasa Arab|Arab]], [[bahasa Armenia|Armenia]], [[bahasa Koptik|Koptik]], [[bahasa Ibrani|Ibrani]], [[bahasa Georgia|Georgia]], dan [[bahasa Aram|Aram]].
 
TheBiara Monasteryini alsojuga hasmenyimpan asebuah copy of thesalinan [[AchtinameSurat ofJaminan Muhammad|"Surat Jaminan Muhammad" (''Achtiname of Muhammad'')]], indi which themana ProphetNabi [[Muhammad]] isSAW claimedmenyatakan toperlindungannya haveatas bestowedbiara his protection upon the monasteryini.<ref>Brandie Ratliff, "The monastery of Saint Catherine at Mount Sinai and the Christian communities of the Caliphate." [http://www.saintcatherinefoundation.org/pdfs/sinaiticus08.pdf ''Sinaiticus. The bulletin of the Saint Catherine Foundation'' (2008)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121092420/http://www.saintcatherinefoundation.org/pdfs/sinaiticus08.pdf |date=2008-11-21 }}.</ref>▼
Pada bulan Mei 1844, [[Konstantin von Tischendorf]] mengunjungi biara ini untuk melakukan penelitian dan menemukan [[Codex Sinaiticus]], bertarikh abad ke-4 M, saat itu merupakan naskah Alkitab tertua yang hampir lengkap. Naskah itu meninggalkan biara tersebut pada abad ke-19 untuk disimpan di Rusia, kemudian dibeli oleh pemerintah [[Britania Raya|Britania]] dan sekarang disimpan di [[British Library]]. Beberapa waktu sebelum tanggal 1 September 2009, ditemukan lagi sebuah fragmen Codex Sinaiticus yang sebelumnya tidak terlihat.<ref>"[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/fragment-from-worlds-oldest-bible-found-hidden-in-egyptian-monastery-1780274.html Fragmen dari Alkitab tertua di dunia yang tersembunyi dalam sebuah biara di Mesir]". [[The Independent]], 2 September 2009.</ref><ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4739369.stm Oldest known Bible to go online]". [[BBC News]], 3 August 2005.</ref> ▼
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Pada bulan Februari 1892, Agnes Smith Lewis mengidentifikasi sebuah [[palimpsest]] in St Catherine's library that became known as the [[Syriac Sinaiticus]] and is still in the Monastery's possession. Agnes and her sister [[Agnes and Margaret Smith|Margaret Dunlop Gibson]] returned with a team of scholars that included [[J. Rendel Harris]], to photograph and transcribe the work in its entirety.<ref>{{cite book|last=Soskice|first=Janet|title=The Sisters of Sinai: How two lady adventureres discovered the hidden gospels|year=2009|publisher=Vintage|location=London|isbn=978-1-4000-3474-1|pages=Chapter 14}}</ref> As the manuscript predates the Codex Sinaiticus, it became crucial in understanding the history of the New Testament. ▼
 
▲Pada bulan Mei 1844, [[Konstantin von Tischendorf]] mengunjungi biara ini untuk melakukan penelitian dan menemukan [[Codex Sinaiticus]], bertarikh abad ke-4 M, saat itu merupakan naskah Alkitab tertua yang hampir lengkap. Naskah itu meninggalkan biara tersebut pada abad ke-19 untuk disimpan di Rusia, kemudian dibeli oleh pemerintah [[Britania Raya|Britania]] dan sekarang disimpan di [[British Library]]. Beberapa waktu sebelum tanggal 1 September 2009, ditemukan lagi sebuah fragmen Codex Sinaiticus yang sebelumnya tidak terlihat.<ref>"[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/fragment-from-worlds-oldest-bible-found-hidden-in-egyptian-monastery-1780274.html Fragmen dari Alkitab tertua di dunia yang tersembunyi dalam sebuah biara di Mesir]". [[The Independent]], 2 September 2009.</ref><ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4739369.stm Oldest known Bible to go online]". [[BBC News]], 3 August 2005.</ref>
▲The Monastery also has a copy of the [[Achtiname of Muhammad|''Achtiname'']], in which the Prophet [[Muhammad]] is claimed to have bestowed his protection upon the monastery.<ref>Brandie Ratliff, "The monastery of Saint Catherine at Mount Sinai and the Christian communities of the Caliphate." [http://www.saintcatherinefoundation.org/pdfs/sinaiticus08.pdf ''Sinaiticus. The bulletin of the Saint Catherine Foundation'' (2008)].</ref>
 
▲Pada bulan Februari 1892, [[Agnes Smith Lewis]] mengidentifikasi sebuah [[palimpsest]] indi Stperpustakaan Catherine'sbiara libraryini thatyang becamekemudian knowndikenal as thesebagai [[Syriac Sinaiticus]] anddan ismasih stilldisimpan indi thebiara Monastery's possessiontersebut. Agnes anddan hersaudara sisterperempuannya, [[Agnes and Margaret Smith|Margaret Dunlop Gibson]], returnedkembali withdengan a team oftim scholarspakar thatyang includedmeliputi [[J. Rendel Harris]], tountuk photographmemotret anddan transcribementranskrip the workkarya intersebut itssecara entiretylengkap.<ref>{{cite book|last=Soskice|first=Janet|title=The Sisters of Sinai: How two lady adventureres discovered the hidden gospels|url=https://archive.org/details/sistersofsinaiho0000sosk_b7v2|year=2009|publisher=Vintage|location=London|isbn=978-1-4000-3474-1|pages=Chapter 14}}</ref> AsMengingat thenaskah manuscriptini predateslebih thetua dari [[Codex Sinaiticus]], itmaka becamenilainya crucialsangat inpenting understandinguntuk thememahami historysejarah of[[Perjanjian the New TestamentBaru]].
 
TheSaat mostini importantbanyak manuscriptsnaskah havepaling sincepenting beentelah filmeddibuatkan orfilm digitized,digital anddan sodapat arediakses accessibleoleh topara scholarspakar. ThisHal isini certainlyberbeda notdari thekisah casepenemuan forpada the discoveries oftahun 1975, which previously could be viewedyang andhanya evaluateddapat exclusivelydilihat byoleh [[Kurt Aland]] anddan [[Barbara Aland]] from thedari [[Institute for New Testament Textual Research]] indi [[Münster]], Germany[[Jerman]] inpada tahun 1982. A teamSuatu oftim imaging scientistsdari and[[Amerika scholarsSerikat]] from the USA and Europe is currently using spectral imaging techniques developed for imaging thedan [[Archimedes PalimpsestEropa]] tomenggunakan studyteknik moreimaging thanspektral oneuntuk hundredmempelajari palimpsestsratusan in''palimpsest'' thedi monasteryperpustakaan library.biara tersebut.<ref name="imaging">{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/in-the-sinai-a-global-team-is-revolutionizing-the-preservation-of-ancient-manuscripts/2012/08/30/1c203ef4-ca1f-11e1-aea8-34e2e47d1571_story.html|title=In the Sinai, a global team is revolutionizing the preservation of ancient manuscripts|Washington POST Magazine Sept. 8, 2012|accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref>▼
 
▲The most important manuscripts have since been filmed or digitized, and so are accessible to scholars. This is certainly not the case for the discoveries of 1975, which previously could be viewed and evaluated exclusively by [[Kurt Aland]] and [[Barbara Aland]] from the [[Institute for New Testament Textual Research]] in Münster, Germany in 1982. A team of imaging scientists and scholars from the USA and Europe is currently using spectral imaging techniques developed for imaging the [[Archimedes Palimpsest]] to study more than one hundred palimpsests in the monastery library. <ref name="imaging">{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/in-the-sinai-a-global-team-is-revolutionizing-the-preservation-of-ancient-manuscripts/2012/08/30/1c203ef4-ca1f-11e1-aea8-34e2e47d1571_story.html|title=In the Sinai, a global team is revolutionizing the preservation of ancient manuscripts|Washington POST Magazine Sept. 8, 2012|accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref>
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== Karya seni ==
The complex houses irreplaceable works of art: mosaics, the best collection of early [[icon]]s in the world, many in [[Encaustic painting|encaustic]], as well as liturgical objects, chalices and reliquaries, and church buildings. The large icon collection begins with a few dating to the 5th (possibly) and 6th centuries, which are unique survivals, the monastery having been untouched by [[iconoclasm (Byzantine)|Byzantine iconoclasm]], and never sacked. The oldest icon on an [[Old Testament]] theme is also preserved there. A project to catalogue the collections has been ongoing since the 1960s. The monastery was an important centre for the development of the hybrid style of [[Crusader art]], and still retains over 120 [[icon]]s created in the style, by far the largest collection in existence. Many were evidently created by Latins, probably monks, based in or around the monastery in the 13th century.<ref>[[Kurt Weitzmann]] in ''The Icon'', Evans Brothers Ltd, London (1982), pp. 201-207 (trans. of ''Le Icone'', Montadori 1981), ISBN 0-237-45645-1</ref>
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== Ikon ==
<gallery>
Baris 77 ⟶ 78:
File:The Ladder of Divine Ascent.jpg|[[Climax Paradisi]]
File:John VIII Palaiologos, Sinai.jpg|Kaisar [[Yohanes VIII Palaiologos]]
File:Icon_of_Saint_Catherine.jpg|Ikon Santa [[Katarina dari AlexandriaAleksandria]]
</gallery>
{{Wide image|St CatherinesPanorama.JPG|1100px|Pemandangan Biara Santa Katarina}}
Baris 85 ⟶ 86:
* [[Rumah Charnel]]
* [[Kekristenan Timur]]
* [[GregoryGregorius dari Sinai]]
* [[Climax Paradisi]]
* [[Poustinia]]
* [[Kurt Weitzmann]]
* [[Katarina dari AlexandriaAleksandria]]
* [[Agnes dan Margaret Smith]]
 
Baris 96 ⟶ 97:
 
== Pustaka tambahan ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Forsyth |first1=G. H. |last2=Weitzmann |first2=K. |title=The Monastery of Saint Catherine at Mount Sinai - The Church and Fortress of Justinian: Plates |url=https://archive.org/details/monasteryofsaint0000fors|year=1973 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |isbn=0-472-33000-4 }}
* {{Cite book |first1=Janet |last1=Soskice | title=Sisters of Sinai: How Two Lady Adventurers Found the Hidden Gospels |url=https://archive.org/details/sistersofsinaiho0000sosk_b7v2|publisher=Vintage |location=London |year=1991 |isbn=978-1-4000-3474-1 }}
* {{Cite book |author=Sotiriou, G. and M. |title=Icones du Mont Sinaï |series=2 vols (plates and texts). Collection de L'Institut francais d'Athènes 100 and 102 |location=Athens |year=1956-8 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Weitzmann |first=K. |title=The Monastery of Saint Catherine at Mihnt Sinai: The Icons, Volume I: From the Sixth to the Tenth Century |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |year=1976 }}
* {{Cite book |first1=K. |last1=Weitzmann |first2=G. |last2=Galavaris |title=The Monastery of Saint Catherine at Mount Sinai. The Illuminated Greek Manuscripts, Volume I. From the Ninth to the Twelfth Century |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |year=1991 |isbn=0-691-03602-0 }}
 
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/954 Saint Catherine Area] World Heritage Listing on UNESCO's Website
* [http://www.sinaimonastery.com/ Official Website of the Holy Monastery of St. Catherine at Mount Sinai]
* [http://www.sinaimonastery.com/en/index.php?lid=65 Chapel of St. Helen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305085652/http://www.sinaimonastery.com/en/index.php?lid=65 |date=2009-03-05 }}
* [http://stcatherinesmonastery.googlepages.com/ St. Catherine's Monastery, Sinai, Egypt]
* [http://www.arts.ac.uk/research/stcatherines Camberwell/St.Catherine's Project]
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* The text of the Charter from [[Muhammad]] can be read [http://www.iviews.com/Articles/articles.asp?ref=IC0609-3110 here] or [http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/charter1.html here].
* [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E02E1DA123FF937A35750C0A9629C8B63&sec=travel&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink At a Mountain Monastery, Old Texts Gain Digital Life] article from ''[[New York Times]]''
* [http://www.st-katherine.net Information about the town of St. Catherine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705082423/http://st-katherine.net/ |date=2008-07-05 }}
* {{CathEncy|wstitle=Monastery of St. Catherine}}
* [http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/charter1.html Prophet Muhammad's Letter to Monks of St. Catharine Monastery]
* [http://www.sacredland.org/mount-sinai/ More on Saint Catherine's Monastery and Mount Sinai]
* [http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai113_folder/113_articles/113_zaza_script_ashes.html Caucasian Albanian Alphabet: Ancient Script Discovered in the Ashes] [St. Catherine's], Azerbaijan International, Vol. 11:3 (Autumn 2003), pp. 38-41&nbsp;38–41.
* [http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai113_folder/113_articles/113_zaza_secrets_revealed.html The Albanian Script: The Process - How Its Secrets Were Revealed] [St. Catherine's], Azerbaijan International, Vol. 11:3 (Autumn 2003), pp. 44-51&nbsp;44–51.
{{Monasteries in Egypt}}
{{Orthodoxy}}
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{{World Heritage Sites in Egypt}}
{{Byzantine Empire topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
 
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[[CategoryKategori:560s architecture]]
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[[CategoryKategori:Hesychasm]]
[[CategoryKategori:Christian monasteries in Egypt|Catherine Monastery at Sinai]]
[[CategoryKategori:Greek Orthodox monasteries]]
[[CategoryKategori:World Heritage Sites in Egypt]]
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[[Kategori:Biara Kristen]]
[[Category:Christian monasteries established in the 6th century]]
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