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{{Gnosticism}}
{{Early Christian Writings|title=Gospel of Philip|date=[[180]]-[[350]] CE|attribution=None |sources=|manuscripts=[[Nag Hammadi library]] |theme=Christian Gnostic sacraments|audience= |location= }}▼
'''Injil Filipus''' adalah salah satu dari injil-injil [[gnostik]], dan termasuk kedalam tulisan-tulisan [[apokrif]].
 
▲{{Early Christian Writings|title=GospelInjil of PhilipFilipus|date=[[180]]-[[350]] CEM|attribution=None |sources=|manuscripts=[[Pepustakaan Nag Hammadi library]] |theme=Christian Gnosticajaran-ajaran sacramentsGnostik|audience= |location= }}
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'''Injil Filipus''' merupakan nama salah satu tulisan [[Injil Gnostik]], sebuah [[naskah]] [[apokrifa Perjanjian Baru]], yang ditemukan di [[Nag Hammadi]] pada tahun [[1945]].<ref name="Deshi">Deshi Ramadhani. 2007. ''Menguak Injil-Injil Rahasia''. Yogyakarta: Kanisius. Hal. 103-105.</ref><ref name="Ehrman">{{en}} Bart D. Ehrman. 2004. ''The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings''. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> [[Naskah]] Injil Filipus yang ditemukan itu ditulis dalam bahasa [[Koptik]].<ref name="Deshi"/> Injil Filipus merupakan hasil tulisan kaum [[Gnostik]].<ref name="Deshi"/><ref name="Ehrman"/><ref name="Meyer">{{en}} Willis Barnstone, Marvin Meyer. 2003. ''The Gnostic Bible''. Boston: Shambala. P. 257-298</ref> Naskah [[Injil]] Filipus yang ditemukan di [[Nag Hammâdi|Nag Hammadi]] masih cukup baik sehingga pengajarannya dapat diketahui dengan baik.<ref name="Lost">{{en}} Daniel L. Smith Cristopher, Stephen Spignesi. 2008. ''Lost Books of the Bible for Dummies''.Indiana: Wiley Publishing.</ref> Selain injil Filipus, masih ada tulisan-tulisan lain yang bercirikan [[Gnostisisme|Gnostik]], misalnya [[Injil Thomas]], [[Injil Maria Magdalena]], [[Injil Yudas]], dan sebagainya.<ref name="Deshi"/> [[Dan Brown]] mengutip Injil Filipus dan Injil [[Maria Magdalena]] di dalam novelnya yang terkenal, ''[[The Da Vinci Code]]''.<ref name="Rakhmat">Ioanes Rakhmat. 2007. ''Yesus, Maria Magdalena, Yudas, dan Makam Keluarga''. Banten: Penerbit Sirao Credentia Center. Hal. 17-36.</ref>
, dating back to around the third century but lost to modern researchers until it was rediscovered by accident in the mid-20th century. In a similar manner to the Gnostic [[Gospel of Thomas]], it is a sayings gospel, a collection of wise sayings, purportedly of [[Jesus]]. Sacraments, in particular the sacrament of marriage, are a major theme. The text is perhaps most famous as a very early source for the idea that Jesus was married to Mary Magdalene, though this is never explicitly stated in the document itself.
 
Tulisan berbahasa Koptik ini merupakan terjemahan dari naskah [[Yunani]] yang berasal dari abad ke-2 M atau abad ke-3 M.<ref name="Deshi"/> Tulisan tersebut dinamakan "Injil Filipus" sebab di dalam tulisan tersebut hanya nama Rasul Filipus yang disebutkan secara eksplisit.<ref name="Deshi"/> Genre tulisan ini adalah "perkataan" sebab isinya hanya berupa ucapan-ucapan dari tokoh [[Yesus]].<ref name="Deshi"/> Di situ termuat 17 ucapan Yesus, dan 9 diantaranya merupakan kutipan atau penafsiran lain atas ucapan Yesus di dalam keempat [[Injil kanonik|Injil Kanonik]].<ref name="Deshi"/> Injil filipus dianggap sebagai Injil Palsu.
The text's misleading title is modern; the only connection with [[Philip the Apostle]] is that he is the only apostle mentioned (at 73,8). The text makes no claim to be from Philip.
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== Beberapa Ajaran ==
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==History and context==
=== Sakramen Baptisan ===
A single manuscript of the ''Gospel of Philip'', in [[Coptic_Language|Coptic]], was found in the [[Nag Hammadi library]], a cache of documents that was secreted in a jar and buried in the Egyptian desert at the end of the 4th century, when [[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] writings and pagan ones were being burned by the official church.
Injil Filipus melihat [[sakramen]] baptisan yang dilakukan kekristenan tidaklah benar.<ref name="Lost"/><ref name="Meyer"/> [[Baptisan]] yang sesungguhnya diperlukan adalah baptisan [[spiritual]].<ref name="Lost"/><ref name="Meyer"/> Hal tersebut berkaitan juga dalam menentukan mana orang [[Kekristenan|Kristen]] yang 'benar' dengan yang 'tidak benar'.<ref name="Lost"/><ref name="Meyer"/> Injil Filipus menyatakan: Banyak orang akan turun ke dalam air dan muncul ke permukaan kembali tanpa menerima apapun, tetapi mereka masih mengaku diri sebagai orang Kristen.<ref name="Pagels">{{en}} Elaine Pagels. 1989. ''The Gnostic Gospels''. New York: Vintage Books.</ref>
 
=== Kelahiran Yesus ===
Among the mix of aphorisms, [[parable]]s, brief [[polemic]]s, narrative dialogue, biblical exegesis (especially of ''[[Genesis]]''), and dogmatic propositions, Wesley Isenberg has enumerated seventeen sayings (''logia'') attributed to Jesus, nine of which are citations and interpretations of Jesus' words already found in the canonical gospels (55,33-34; 57,3-5; 68,8-12; 68,26-27; 72,33-73,1; 77,18; 83,11-13; 84,7-9; 85,29-31). The new sayings (55,37-56,3; 58,10-14; 59,25-27; 63,29-30; 64,2-9; 64,10-12; 67,30-35; and 74,25-27), "identified by the formula introducing them ('he said', 'the Lord said', or 'the Savior said') are brief and enigmatic and are best interpreted from a gnostic perspective," Isenberg has written in his Introduction to the text (see link).
Di dalam kepercayaan Kristen, Yesus dipercaya lahir dari perawan [[Maria]], tetapi di dalam Injil Filipus kepercayaan tersebut ditolak.<ref name="Lost"/> Di dalam Injil Filipus dikatakan: "Tuhan tidak akan pernah berkata, 'Bapaku yang ada di dalam [[Sorgà|sorga]]', kecuali dia memiliki bapa di tempat lain. Dia hanya akan berkata, 'Bapaku'." <ref name="Meyer"/>
 
=== Penciptaan ===
''Philip'' emphasizes the sacramental nature of the embrace between man and woman in the nuptial chamber. Many of the sayings are identifiably [[gnostic]], and often appear quite mysterious and enigmatic:
Ajaran penciptaan yang ditampilkan di dalam Injil Filipus sangat dipengaruhi pemikiran Gnostik.<ref name="Deshi"/> Dikatakan di dalam injil tersebut:
:"Dunia ada karena sebuah kekeliruan. Karena dia yang menciptakannya ingin menciptakannya sebagai yang abadi dan tidak bisa mati. Ia tidak berhasil memenuhi dambaannya. Karena dunia tidak pernah abadi; dan juga, karena itu, ia yang membuat dunia juga tidak pernah abadi..."<ref name="Deshi">[terjemahan mengikuti Deshi Ramadhani]</ref>
 
Di sini terkandung ajaran Gnostik tentang dua allah, yang benar dan yang jahat, dan allah pencipta dunia adalah allah yang jahat.<ref name="Deshi"/>
*''Blessed is he who is before he came into being. For he who is, has been and shall be.''
*''He who has knowledge of the truth is a free man, but the free man does not sin, for "He who sins is the slave of sin" (Jn 8:34). Truth is the mother, knowledge the father.''
*''Echamoth is one thing and Echmoth, another. Echamoth is Wisdom simply, but Echmoth is the Wisdom of death, which is the one who knows death, which is called "the little Wisdom".''
*''Those who say they will die first and then rise are in error. If they do not first receive the resurrection while they live, when they die they will receive nothing.''
*''Jesus came to crucify the world.''
*''Jesus took them all by stealth, for he did not appear as he was, but in the manner in which they would be able to see him. He appeared to them all. He appeared to the great as great. He appeared to the small as small. He appeared to the angels as an angel, and to men as a man.''
*''It is not possible for anyone to see anything of the things that actually exist unless he becomes like them... You saw the Spirit, you became spirit. You saw Christ, you became Christ. You saw the Father, you shall become Father. So in this place you see everything and do not see yourself, but in that place you do see yourself - and what you see you shall become.''
*''Adam came into being from two virgins, from the Spirit and from the virgin earth. Christ therefore, was born from a virgin to rectify the Fall which occurred in the beginning.''
 
=== Orang-orang Terpilih ===
One in particular appears to identify the levels of initiation in gnosticism, although what exactly the ''bridal chamber'' represented in gnostic thought is currently a matter of great debate.
Di dalam Injil ini terdapat pandangan khas Gnostik tentang keterpilihan sebagian orang saja.<ref name="Lost"/> Orang-orang yang dianggap sebagai orang benar adalah orang-orang yang mengetahui kebenaran, yakni para pengikut Gnostik.<ref name="Lost"/> Hal tersebut dinyatakan melalui:
:''The Lord did everything in a mystery, a baptism and a chrism and a eucharist and a redemption and a bridal chamber.'' - Gospel of Phillip
:"Ada banyak hewan di dunia yang berwujud manusia. Ketika Allah mengidentifikasi mereka, kepada babi Ia akan memberikan buah ek, kepada hewan ternak Ia akan melemparkan [[gandum]], dedak, dan rumput, dan kepada anjing-anjing Ia akan melemparkan tulang. Kepada para budak, Ia hanya akan memberi pelajaran-pelajaran dasar, tetapi kepada anak-anak Ia akan memberi keseluruhan pelajaran."<ref name="Lost"/>
 
Di sini, orang-orang Kristen disimbolkan sebagai budak-budak yang menerima pelajaran Allah dengan tidak lengkap.<ref name="Lost"/> Para pengikut Gnostik disebut sebagai anak-anak yang telah menerima seluruh kebenaran.<ref name="Lost"/>
Another interpretation of the Gospel of Philip finds Jesus as the central focus of the text. This view is supported by renowned Gnostic scholar, Marvin W. Meyer. Evidence for this belief can be found in the following selection of quotations from the gospel:
*''Those who receive the name of the father, the son, and holy spirit...[are] no longer a Christian, but [are] Christ.''
*'''My God, My God, why, lord, have you forsaken me?' [Jesus] spoke these words on the cross, for he had left that place.''
*''We are born again through the holy spirit, and we are conceived through Christ in baptism with two elements. We are anointed through the spirit, and when we are conceived, we were united.''
*''Jesus revealed himself at the Jordan River as the fullness of heaven's kingdom.''
*''As Jesus perfected the water of baptism, he poured out death. For this reason we go down into the water but not into death, that we may not be poured out into the spirit of the world.''
 
Thus, according to Meyer, it is clear: without Jesus, the rituals and mysteries mentioned within this gospel would have no context. Furthermore, this text seems to follow the beliefs of the Valentinian Christian sect, a group that worshipped the Gnostic Christ, and is often linked to Valentinius' self-written gospel, the [[Gospel of Truth]].
 
===Mary Magdalene===
The Gospel of Philip has been cited for the idea that Jesus married Mary Magdalene (for an example in popular culture, see the 2003 novel ''[[The Da Vinci Code]]''). Much of the Gospel of Philip is dedicated to a discussion of marriage as a sacred mystery, and two passages directly refer to Mary Magdalene and her close relationship with Jesus:
 
<blockquote>There were three who always walked with the Lord: Mary, his mother, and her sister, and Magdalene, the one who was called his companion. His sister and his mother and his companion were each a Mary.</blockquote>
 
That passage is also interesting for its suggestion that Jesus had a sister, although the text is confusing on that point: she appears to be described first as the Virgin Mary's sister, then as the sister of Jesus, although this may be a translation problem. The other passage referring to Mary Magdalene is incomplete due to damage to the original manuscript. Several words are missing. The best guesses as to what they were are shown below in brackets. Most notably there is a hole in the manuscript after the phrase "and used to kiss her often on her...." But the passage appears to describe Jesus kissing Magdalene and using a parable to explain to the disciples why he loved her more than he loved them:
 
<blockquote>And the companion of [the savior was] Mary Magdalene. [Christ loved] her more than [all] the disciples, [and used to] kiss her [often] on her [mouth? face? cheek?]. The rest of [the disciples were offended by it and expressed disapproval]. They said to him "Why do you love her more than all of us?" The Savior answered and said to them, "Why do I not love you like her? When a blind man and one who sees are both together in darkness, they are no different from one another. When the light comes, then he who sees will see the light, and he who is blind will remain in darkness."</blockquote>
 
==Criticisms==
The ''Gospel of Philip'' is a text that reveals some connections with [[Early Christian]] writings of the [[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] traditions. It is a series of ''logia'' or pithy [[aphorism|aphoristic]] utterances, most of them apparently quotations and excerpts of lost writings, without any attempt at a narrative context. The main theme concerns the value of [[sacrament]]s. Scholars debate whether the original language was [[Syriac]] or [[Greek (language)|Greek]]. Wesley W. Isenberg, the text's translator, places the date "perhaps as late as the 2nd half of the 3rd century" and places its probable origin in Syria due to its references to [[Syriac]] words and eastern baptismal practices as well as its ascetic outlook. The on-line Early Christian Writings site gives it a date ''ca'' 180 &ndash; 250 [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/gospelphilip.html] A second or third century dates is the range given in ''The Ancient Mysteries: A Sourcebook'', Marvin W.Meyer editor, 1987 p. 235.
 
The text has been interpreted by Isenberg (''The Nag Hammadi Library in English'', p. 141) as a Christian Gnostic sacramental [[catechism|catechesis]]. Bentley Layton (''The Gnostic Scriptures'', p. 325) identified it as a [[Valentinius|Valentinian]] anthology of excerpts, and Elaine Pagels and Martha Lee Turner have seen it as possessing a consistent and Valentinian theology. It is dismissed by Ian Wilson (''Jesus: The Evidence'', 2000 p.88) who argues that it "has no special claim to an early date, and seems to be merely a [[Mills and Boon]]-style fantasy of a type not uncommon among Christian apocryphal literature of the third and fourth centuries."
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== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}
*Leloup, ''The Gospel Of Philip: Jesus, Mary Magdalene, And The Gnosis Of Sacred Union'' 2004.
*Robinson, James M., ''The Nag Hammadi Library'' HarperCollins 1990. The standard translation.
*Smith, Andrew Phillip, 'The Gospel of Philip: Annotated and Explained,' Skylight Paths, 2005.
*Turner and McGuire, ''Nag Hammadi Library After Fifty Years,'': Martha Lee Turner, "On the coherence of the ''Gospel according to Philip'', pp 223 &ndash; 50 and Einar Thomasson, "How Valentinian is the Gospel of Philip?" pp 251 &ndash; 279.
 
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.gnosis.org/naghamm/gop.html Wesley W. Isenberg, translator, ''Gospel of Philip'']
* [http://www.metalog.org/files/till.html Original Coptic transliteration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515050748/http://www.metalog.org/files/till.html |date=2008-05-15 }}
* [http://www.metalog.org/files/philip1.html Coptic-English interlinear] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061118095843/http://www.metalog.org/files/philip1.html |date=2006-11-18 }}
* [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/gospelphilip.html Early Christian writings]: ''Gospel of Philip'' brief introductions and e-texts
* [http://www.theologywebsite.com/etext/naghammadi/philip.shtml Theology Website ''Gospel of Philip''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821030605/http://www.theologywebsite.com/etext/naghammadi/philip.shtml |date=2010-08-21 }}: translation and complete introduction by Wesley W. Isenberg
* [http://www.light-bringer.com/Appendices/gop_gnostic_sacraments.html "The ''Gospel of Philip'' and the gnostic sacraments"]
* [http://www.bardic-press.com/philip/philip.htm The most comprehensive Gospel of Philip page on the web] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117155601/http://www.bardic-press.com/philip/philip.htm |date=2006-11-17 }}
* [http://teachings-of-jesus-christ.org/philip.html The Gospel of Philip with commentaries]
 
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[[de:Philippusevangelium]]
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[[es:Evangelio de Felipe]]
[[fi:Filippuksen evankeliumi]]
[[fr:Évangile de Philippe]]
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[[ja:フィリポによる福音書]]
[[nl:Evangelie naar Filippus]]
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