Bahasa Afrikaans: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
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RaFaDa20631 (bicara | kontrib) k Moving from Category:Bahasa Jermanik Barat to Category:Rumpun bahasa Jermanik Barat using Cat-a-lot |
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Baris 1:
{{Infobox language
| name = Bahasa Afrikaans
| pronunciation = {{IPA-af|afriˈkɑːns|}}
| states = [[Afrika Selatan]], [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], [[Zambia]], [[Zimbabwe]]
| speakers =
| date = 2023
| ref = e19
| ethnicity = {{Plainlist|
* [[Afrikaners]]
* [[Bangsa Boers|Boers]]
* [[Basters]]
* ''[[Cape Coloureds]]''
* [[Melayu Cape]]
* [[Suku Griqua|Griqua]]
* [[Goffal]]
}}
| speakers2 = 18,8 juta [[penutur L2]] diseluruh Afrika Selatan (2002){{sfnp|Webb|2002|loc=14:78}}
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = {{PRBahasa|Jermanik}}
| fam3 = {{PRBahasa|Jermanik Barat}}
| fam4 = {{PRBahasa|Weser-Rhine}}
| fam5 = {{PRBahasa|Franka Hilir}}
| fam6 = {{PBahasa|Belanda}}
| fam7 = [[Dialek Belanda Inti|Belanda Inti]]
| fam8 = [[dialek Hollandik|Hollandik]]
| ancestor = {{PBahasa|Franka}}
| ancestor2 = {{PBahasa|Belanda Kuno}}
| ancestor3 = {{PBahasa|Belanda Pertengahan}}
| ancestor4 = {{PBahasa|Belanda Modern}}
| script = {{ublist|class=nowrap |Alfabet [[Alfabet Latin|Latin]] melalui [[Alfabet bahasa Afrikaans]] |Abjad [[Abjad Arab|Arab]] (Lihat [[Bahasa Afrikaans Arab]])|[[Braille bahasa Afrikaan]]}}
| sign = [[Bahasa Isyarat Afrikaans]]<ref>Aarons & Reynolds, "South African Sign Language" in Monaghan (ed.), ''Many Ways to be Deaf: International Variation in Deaf Communities'' (2003).</ref>
| nation =
{{collapsible list|{{RSA}}
* [[Northern Cape]]
* [[Western Cape]]
** [[City of Cape Town]]
}}
| agency = [[Die Taalkommissie]]
| minority = {{NAM}}
| iso1 = af
| iso2 = afr
| iso3 = afr
| glotto = afri1274
| glottorefname = Afrikaans
| lingua = 52-ACB-ba
| map = Idioma afrikáans.png
| mapcaption = Peta yang menunjukkan persebaran penutur bahasa Afrikaans dengan area yang mayoritasnya menggunakan bahasa Afrikaans ditandai dengan biru sedangkan minoritas sebagai biru muda
| notice = IPA
| contoh_berkas = Colin speaks Afrikaans.webm
| sk = NE
| HAM = ya
| pranala_HAM = http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=afk
| contoh_teks = Alle menslike wesens word vry, met gelyke waardigheid en regte, gebore. Hulle het rede en gewete en behoort in die gees van broederskap teenoor mekaar op te tree.
| contoh_suara = Universal Declaration of Human Rights - ace - adam - Art1.ogg
}}
'''Bahasa Afrikaans''' (''Afrikaans'', {{IPA-af|afriˈkɑːns|}}) adalah suatu [[Rumpun bahasa Jermanik Barat|bahasa Jermanik Barat]] yang dituturkan di [[Afrika Selatan]] dan [[Namibia]]. Bahasa ini pada awalnya adalah dialek yang dituturkan oleh para pendatang [[Afrikaner]] dan budak yang dibawa ke daerah [[Cape Town]] oleh [[Kompeni Hindia Belanda]] ({{Lang-nl|Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie}} [VOC]) pada tahun [[1652]] dan [[1705]]. Sebagian besar pendatang ini berasal dari [[Perserikatan Provinsi]] (sekarang [[Belanda]]), tetapi ada juga pendatang dari [[Jerman]], [[Prancis]], [[Skotlandia]], dan beberapa negara lainnya. Para pekerja dan budak yang dibawa serta adalah orang-orang [[Hindia Belanda]], orang-orang [[Khoi]], dan [[Bushmen]].
Penelitian oleh [[J. A. Heese]] menunjukan bahwa sampai tahun [[1807]], 39,8% nenek moyang dari penutur bahasa Afrikaans berkulit putih adalah orang Belanda, 35% Jerman, 14,6% Prancis, dan 7,2 persen orang berkulit nonputih. Dialek tersebut dikenal sebagai ''cape Dutch''. Kemudian, bahasa Afrikaans juga dikenal sebagai "bahasa Belanda Afrika". Afrikaans dianggap sebagai [[Dialek]] [[Bahasa Belanda]] sampai dengan awal [[Abad 20]] ketika bahasa tersebut mulai dikenal sebagai bahasa yang berbeda. Nama ''Afrikaans'' sebenarnya adalah istilah Bahasa Belanda untuk "Orang Afrika" atau "Bahasa Afrika".
== Etimologi ==
Istilah "Afrikaans" diturunkan dari dalam bahasa Belanda, yaitu {{lang|nl|Afrikaansch}} (sekarang dieja {{lang|nl|Afrikaans}})<ref>The changed spelling rule was introduced in article 1, rule 3, of the Dutch "orthography law" ''[https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002027/1997-02-21 Wet voorschriften schrijfwijze Nederlandsche taal]'' of 14 February 1947. In 1954 the ''[[Word list of the Dutch language]]'' which regulates the spelling of individual words including the word ''Afrikaans'' was first published.</ref>, berarti "bahasa Afrika".<ref>{{cite web |title=Afrikaans |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=afrikaans&ref=searchbar_searchhint |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Douglas Harper |access-date=24 January 2020}}</ref> Sebelumnya dikenal sebagai "bahasa Belanda Tanjung" (istilah yang juga digunakan untuk merujuk secara kelompok ke [[Belanda Tanjung|pemukim Tanjung awal]]) atau "Belanda Dapur" (istilah menghina yang digunakan untuk merujuk ke Afrikaans pada hari-hari sebelumnya). Namun, itu juga telah banyak digambarkan sebagai [[bahasa kreol]] berbasis [[Bahasa Kreol Belanda|Belanda]] atau kreol sebagian.<ref>Afrikaans was historically called Cape Dutch; see {{harvnb|Deumert|Vandenbussche|2003|p=16}}, {{harvnb|Conradie|2005|p=208}}, {{harvnb|Sebba|1997|p=160}}, {{harvnb|Langer|Davies|2005|p=144}}, {{harvnb|Deumert|2002|p=3}}, {{harvnb|Berdichevsky|2004|p=130}}.<br />Afrikaans is rooted in seventeenth century dialects of Dutch; see {{harvnb|Holm|1989|p=338}}, {{harvnb|Geerts|Clyne|1992|p=71}}, {{harvnb|Mesthrie|1995|p=214}}, {{harvnb|Niesler|Louw|Roux|2005|p=459}}.<br />Afrikaans is variously described as a [[Creole language|creole]], a partially creolised language, or a deviant variety of Dutch; see {{harvnb|Sebba|2007|p=116}}.</ref>
== Sejarah ==
Bahasa Afrikaans secara [[linguistik]] berhubungan dekat dengan Bahasa Belanda [[abad ke-17]], dan Bahasa Belanda modern. Penutur kedua bahasa tersebut dapat saling mengerti tanpa kesulitan. Bahasa lain yang berhubungan dengan Bahasa Afrikaans adalah [[Bahasa Saksen Rendah]] yang dituturkan di Jerman utara dan Belanda, [[Bahasa Jerman]], dan [[Bahasa Inggris]]. Kosakata ''Cape Dutch'' semakin berbeda dengan kosakata Bahasa Belanda seiring waktu berjalan, karena kata-kata serapan yang diambil dari para pendatang Eropa lainnya, budak-budak India Timur, dan bahasa daerah Afrika. Materi tercetak pada kalangan Afrikaner pada awalnya hanya menggunakan bahasa Belanda Eropa. Menjelang pertengahan abad ke-19, makin banyak terbitan yang muncul dalam Bahssa Afrikaans, yang masih dianggap sebagai dialek pada waktu itu. Buku tata bahasa dan kamus Bahasa Afrikaans pertama diterbitkan pada tahun [[1875]] oleh ''[[Genootskap vir Regte Afrikaners]]'' (Perkumpulan Afrikaner Asli) di [[Cape Town]]. Pada tahun [[1925]] Afrikaans diproklamasikan sebagai bahasa yang berbeda dari bahasa Belanda. Sampai tanggal tersebut bahasa resmi di Uni Afrika Selatan adalah Bahasa Inggris dan Belanda. setelah itu, bahasa Belanda digantikan dengan bahasa Afrikaans.
Di samping kosakata, perbedaan paling mendasar bahasa ini dari bahasa Belanda adalah tata bahasanya yang lebih teratur, yang mungkin adalah hasil dari interferensi mutual oleh [[Bahasa Kreol]] Belanda yang dituturkan sejumlah besar penutur non-Belanda pada periode formasi bahasa tersebut pada pertengahan kedua abad ke-17. Pada [[1710]], jumlah budak melebihi pendatang baru, dan bahasa tersebut berkembang di antara penutur yang tidak mencatat atau mempelajari lebih lanjut dialek baru mereka.
Ada beberapa teori tentang bagaimana Bahasa Afrikaans tercipta. Banyak ahli linguistik yakin bahwa Bahasa Afrikaans dipengaruhi oleh Bahasa Kreol yang didasarkan dari Dialek Belanda Selatan. Sangat susah namun untuk mencari tahu bagaimana pengaruh ini berlangsung mengingat hampir tidak ada materi tertulis dalam Bahasa Kreol Belanda, hanya beberapa kalimat ditemukan pada buku yang tidak berhubungan yang biasanya bukan ditulis oleh penutur Bahasa Afrikaans.
Walaupun banyak dari Kosakata Bahasa Afrikaans diambil dari Bahasa Belanda dialek ''Holland Selatan'', Bahasa Afrikans juga mengandung kata yang diambil dari [[Bahasa Melayu]] [[Hindia Belanda]], [[Bahasa Portugis]], [[Bahasa Prancis]], [[Bahasa Khoisan]], [[Bahasa Inggris]], [[Bahasa Xhosa]] dan banyak bahasa lainnya. Dengan itu banyak kata dalam Bahasa Afrikaans berbeda dari Bahasa Belanda, seperti contoh di bawah ini:
{| cellspacing="7px" class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''piesang'' || ''banaan'' || pisang
|-
| ''lemoen'' || ''sinaasappel'' || jeruk
|-
| ''suurlemoen'' || ''citroen'' || limun
|-
|
|-
|
|}
{{InterWiki|code=af}}
{{wiktionary}}
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Daftar Bahasa]]
* [[Monumen bahasa Afrikaans]]
* [[Perbandingan bahasa Afrikaans dan bahasa Belanda]]
== Referensi ==
=== Catatan kaki ===
{{reflist}}
=== Daftar pustaka ===
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=== Pustaka lanjutan ===
* Grieshaber, Nicky. 2011. ''Diacs and Quirks in a Nutshell – Afrikaans spelling explained''. Pietermaritzburg. {{ISBN|978-0-620-51726-3}}; e-{{ISBN|978-0-620-51980-9}}.
* {{Citation |last=Roberge |first = P. T. |year=2002 |chapter=Afrikaans – considering origins |title=Language in South Africa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=0-521-53383-X }}
* {{Citation |last=Thomas |first = C. H. |year= 1899 |chapter= Boer language |chapter-url = http://www.angloboerwar.com/books/60-thomas-origin-of-the-anglo-boer-war-revealed/1255-thomas-boer-language |title=Origin of the Anglo-Boer War revealed |publisher = Hodder and Stoughton |location= London, England }}
[[Kategori:Afrikaans]]
[[Kategori:Rumpun bahasa Jermanik Barat]]
[[Kategori:Afrika Selatan]]
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