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'''Vellum''' (diturunkan dari [[bahasa Latin|kata Latin]] “''vitulinum''” artinya "dibuat dari sapi muda", yang menjadi istilah [[bahasa
Vellum umumnya halus dan tahan lama, meskipun ada variasi besar tergantung cara penyiapan dan kualitas kulit. Pembuatannya meliputi pembersihan, pemutihan, pembentangan pada suatu kerangka (suatu "''herse''"), dan pengerutan permukaan kulit dengan pisau berbentuk sabit (sebuah “lunarium” atau “lunellum”). Untuk menghasilkan suatu tensi, kerutan diselang seling dengan pembasahan dan pengeringan. Hasil akhir dicapai dengan menggosok permukaan menggunakan suatu ''pumice'', dan membubuhkan larutan [[kalsium hidroksida]] (''lime'') atau kapur untuk membuat permukaan itu dapat menerima [[tinta]] tulisan atau cetak.<ref name=":0">http://www.archives.gov/preservation/formats/paper-vellum.html</ref>
"Kertas vellum" modern (vellum dari sayuran) sangat berbeda dengan material sintetis, digunakan untuk berbagai tujuan termasuk, peta, gambar teknis dan cetak biru
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In Europe, from Roman times, the term vellum was used for the best quality of prepared skin, regardless of the animal from which the hide was obtained, [[calfskin|calf]], [[Sheepskin (material)|sheep]], and goat all being commonly used (other animals, including pig, deer, donkey, horse, or camel have been used). Although the term derives from the French for "calf", except for [[Muslim]] or [[Jewish]] use, animal vellum can include hide from virtually any other mammal. The best quality, "uterine vellum", was said to be made from the skins of [[stillbirth|stillborn]] or unborn animals, although the term was also applied to fine quality skins made from young animals. Many libraries and museums increasingly use only the safe if confusing term "membrane"; depending on factors such as the method of preparation it may be very hard to determine the animal involved without using a laboratory, and the term avoids the need to distinguish between vellum and parchment.
French sources, closer to the original etymology, tend to define ''velin'' as from calf only, while the [[British Standards Institution]] defines parchment as made from the split skin of several species, and vellum from the unsplit skin.<ref>Young, Laura, A., ''Bookbinding & conservation by hand: a working guide'', Oak Knoll Press, 1995, ISBN 1-884718-11-6, ISBN 978-1-884718-11-3, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G7tUPQdT2hcC&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=sheep+vellum&source=bl&ots=Op-7E6tE48&sig=jX7CogBbfQLEvoXSj1Xz2R5xCRg&hl=en&ei=hfyOSvfFFc2hjAfb17n8DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9#v=onepage&q=sheep%20vellum&f=false Google books]</ref> In the usage of modern practitioners of the artistic crafts of writing, illuminating, lettering, and bookbinding, "vellum" is normally reserved for calfskin, while any other skin is called "parchment".<ref>[[Edward Johnston|Johnston, E.]] (1906 et seq.) ''Writing, Illuminating, and Lettering''; Lamb, C.M. (ed.)(1956) ''The Calligrapher's Handbook''; and publications of [[Society of Scribes & Illuminators]]</ref>
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== Pembuatan ==
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Vellum adalah suatu material yang tembus pandang, dan sering dibuat dari lembaran yang dipisahkan dari kulit lengkap, berasal dari binatang muda. Kulit itu dibasuh dulu dengan air dan larutan [[kalsium hidroksida]] (''lime''), secara bergantian, tidak dicampur. Setelah itu direndam dalam larutan kalsium hidroksida beberapa hari agar melunak dan bulu-bulunya dapat dibuang.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/making/
|title=The Making of a Medieval Book
|publisher=The J. Paul Getty Trust
|accessdate=2010-11-19}}</ref>
Setelah bersih, kedua sisinya tampak berbeda: sisi bagian dalam dan sisi bulu (permukaan). Sisi bagian dalam biasanya berwarna lebih mjuda dan lebih lembut. Bekas-bekas bulu masih terlihat di bagian permukaan, juga bekas luka, yang terjadi ketika binatang itu masih hidup. Lembaran membran ini dapat juga menunjukkan pola jaringan pembuluh darah binatang yang disebut “''veining''” lembaran itu.<ref name="Codex">[http://codexsinaiticus.org/en/project/conservation_physDesc.aspx "Recording the physical features of Codex Sinaiticus". ''Codex Sinaiticus'', in partnership with the British Library]</ref>
Sisa-sisa bulu dibuang (“scudding”) dan kulit itu dikeringkan dengan melekatkan pada suatu kerangka (sebuah “herse”).<ref name="Intro">Clemens, Raymond, and Timothy Graham. "Introduction to Manuscript Studies". Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008.</ref> Kulit itu dilekatkan pada titik-titik sekitar lingkar luar dengan sebuah kabel. Supaya tidak robek, pembuatnya membungkus area kulit yang akan dilekati kabel dengan sebuah kelereng (sebuah “pippin”).<ref name="Intro" /> Pembuat itu kemudian menggunakan pisau berbentuk sabit (sebuah “lunarium” atau “lunellum”) untuk membersihkan sisa-sisa bulu. Setelah kulit itu benar-benar kering, dibersihkan sekali lagi dan diproses menjadi lembaran-lembaran. Jumlah lembaran yang dapat dibuat dari selembar kulit tergantung ukuran kulit dan ukuran lembaran sesuai pesanan. Misalnya, rata-rata selembar kulit sapi muda dapat menghasilkan tiga setengah lembaran berukuran sedang untuk penulisan. Jumlah lembaran dapat digandakan dengan melipat dua lembaran tersebut, disebut juga ''bifolium''. Sejarawan menemukan bukti naskah-naskah berisi petunjuk dari jurutulis
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==Manuscripts==
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[[Limp vellum]] or limp-parchment bindings were used frequently in the 16th and 17th centuries, and were sometimes [[Gilding|gilt]] but were also often not [[embellishment|embellished]]. In later centuries vellum has been more commonly used like leather, that is, as the covering for stiff board bindings. Vellum can be stained virtually any color but seldom is, as a great part of its beauty and appeal rests in its faint grain and hair markings, as well as its warmth and simplicity.
Lasting in excess of 1,000
===Modern usage===
British [[Acts of Parliament]] are still printed on vellum for archival purposes,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/502342.stm BBC report on Parliament's continued use of vellum]</ref> as are those of the [[Republic of Ireland]].<ref>[http://www.oireachtas.ie/viewdoc.asp?fn=%2Fdocuments%2FFAQ%2Fdocument1.htm Frequently Asked Questions about the Houses of the Oireachtas - Tithe an Oireachtais
Today, because of low demand and complicated manufacturing process, animal vellum is expensive and hard to find. The only UK company still producing traditional parchment and vellum is William Cowley (Est 1870) who are based in [[Newport Pagnell]], [[Buckinghamshire]]. A modern imitation is made out of [[cotton]]. Known as paper vellum, this material is considerably cheaper than animal vellum and can be found in most art and drafting supply stores. Some brands of [[writing paper]] and other sorts of paper use the term "vellum" to suggest quality.
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== Lihat pula ==
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== Referensi ==
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== Pranala luar ==
* [http://classes.bnf.fr/phebus/explo/index3b.htm On-line demonstration of the preparation of vellum from the BNF, Paris. Text in French, but mostly visual.]
* [http://www.infosrvr.nuk.uni-lj.si/jana/ICOMd/17RYallop.pdf Contains advice on cleaning of vellum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509183802/http://www.infosrvr.nuk.uni-lj.si/jana/ICOMd/17RYallop.pdf |date=2006-05-09 }}
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