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[[Berkas:Tikal temple jaguar.jpg|thumbjmpl|rightka|200px400px|Reruntuhan [[Tikal]], yang sebelumnya merupakan salah satu kota terkuat pada masa Maya Klasik.]]
'''Keruntuhan Maya Klasik''' merujuk pada kemunduran [[peradaban Maya]] Klasik dan ditinggalkannya kota-kota Maya Klasik di dataran rendah Maya selatan antara abad ke-8 hingga abad ke-9. Peristiwa ini tidak sama dengan keruntuhan [[Maya Praklasik]] pada abad ke-2. Periode Klasik dalam [[kronologi Mesoamerika]] secara umum merujuk pada periode antara tahun 300 hingga 900, dengan seratus tahun terakhir (800-900) disebut Klasik Terminal.<ref>Lihat Stuart dan Stuart (1993, hal.12), McKillop (2006, hal.90, hal.339–340).</ref> Keruntuhan Maya Klasik merupakan salah satu misteri terbesar dalam bidang [[arkeologi]]. Pusat perkotaan Maya Klasik di dataran rendah selatan seperti [[Palenque]], [[Copán]], [[Tikal]], dan [[Calakmul]] mengalami kemunduran selama abad ke-8 dan ke-9 dan ditinggalkan setelahnya. Secara arkeologis, kemunduran ini diketahui melalui berhentinya pembuatan inskripsi monumen dan berkurangnya pembangunan berskala besar di pusat-pusat perkotaan periode klasik.
 
"Keruntuhan" ini tidak mengakhiri peradaban Maya, terutama peradaban di Yucatán Utara yang masih berkembang, walaupun memiliki gaya artistik dan arsitektural yang berbeda serta tidak banyak menggunakan tulisan hieroglif monumental. Pada periode post-klasik, negara [[Chichén Itzá]] menjadi negara besar yang secara singkat menyatukan banyak wilayah Maya, dan kota-kota seperti [[Mayapán]] dan [[Uxmal]] berkembang, dan begitu pula negara-negara dataran tinggi seperti [[Kerajaan K'iche' Q'umarkaj|K'iche']] dan [[Kaqchikel]]. Peradaban Maya yang merdeka terus berdiri hingga tahun 1697 ketika bangsa Spanyol menaklukan [[Tayasal]], negara-kota Maya merdeka terakhir. Namun, jutaan [[bangsa Maya]] masih menghuni semenanjung Yucatan hingga kini.
 
Karena sebagian peradaban Maya masih berdiri, beberapa ahli tidak menyukai istilah "keruntuhan."<ref>Aimers, James J. "What Maya Collapse? Terminal Classic Variation in the Maya Lowlands." J Archaeol Res (2007) 15:329–377.</ref> Mengenai keruntuhan ini, [[E. W. Andrews IV]] bahkan berkata bahwa "menurut saya hal semacam itu tidak terjadi."<ref>Andrews IV, E. W. (1973). The development of Maya civilization after the abandonment of the southern cities. In Culbert, T. P. (ed.), The Classic Maya Collapse, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, hal. 243–265.</ref>
 
== Berlangsungnya kemunduran ==
Maya seringkalisering kali mencatat tanggal dalam monumen yang mereka bangun. Beberapa monumen dibangun sekitar tahun 500 M - sekitar 10 per tahun pada tahun 514 M sebagai contoh. Jumlahnya meningkat menjadi 20 per tahun pada tahun 672 M dan 40 pada tahun 750 M. Setelah itu, jumlah monumen yang dibangun per tahun mulai berkurang dengan cepat hingga hanya 10 pada tahun 800 dan 0 pada tahun 900. Daftar raja-raja yang tercatat juga melengkapi daftar ini. [[Copán Altar Q|Altar Q]] menunjukkan masa kekuasan raja-raja dari tahun 426 hingga 763. Satu raja terakhir yang tak tercatat dalam Altar Q adalah [[Ukit Took]], yang mungkin merupakan perebut takhta. Dinasti ini diyakini runtuh segera setelah itu. Di [[Quirigua]], dua puluh mil di sebelah utara [[Copán]], raja terakhir yang bernama [[Jade Sky]] mulai berkuasa antara tahun 895 hingga 900, dan di seluruh Maya semua kerajaan jatuh pada waktu yang kurang lebih sama.<ref name="whyNationsFail">{{Cite book| last=Acemoglu,Robinson| first=Daron, James A.| title=Why Nations Fail| year=2012| pages=143–149| isbn=978-1-84668-429-6}}
</ref>
 
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== Teori ==
Terdapat sekitar 88 teori atau variasi teori yang mencoba menjelaskan Keruntuhan Maya Klasik.<ref>Gill (2000, hal.371).</ref> Walaupun teori bervariasi dari perubahan iklim hingga deforestasi, belum ada teori yang diterima secara umum, walaupun teori kekeringan saat ini dianggap sebagai penjelasan yang paling mungkin.<ref>“Like most things, collapse explanations are subject to fashion, and the one most in the limelight today is climatic change, or more specifically, megadrought.” Quote is from Webster (2002, p.239); see also article by Diamond (2003).</ref>
 
=== Teori kekeringan ===
Kekeringan besar terjadi di [[Semenanjung Yucatán]] dan [[Cekungan Petén]] akibat beberapa hal:
# Tanah tropis yang tipis dengan tingkat kesuburan yang berkurang dan tidak dapat digunakan lagi ketika sudah tidak ada hutan.<ref>Coe (1999, hal.26–27).</ref>
# Kekeringan musiman mengeringkan air di permukaan.<ref name="Webster 2002, p.239">Webster (2002, hal.239).</ref>
Pejabat kolonial Spanyol dengan akurat mendokumentasikan siklus kekeringan, kelaparan, penyakit, dan perang, sehingga menyediakan catatan sejarah pola kekeringan di wilayah Maya yang dapat dipercaya.<ref>Lihat Gill (2000, p.311); Webster (2002, p.239).</ref>
 
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Pada tahun 2012, penelitian yang diterbitkan dalam jurnal [[Science (jurnal)|Science]] menunjukkan bahwa berkurangnya curah hujan mungkin menyebabkan keruntuhan Maya. Berdasarkan sampel dari sedimen danau dan gua di wilayah sekitar kota-kota besar Maya, peneliti dapat menentukan curah hujan tahunan di wilayah tersebut. Kekeringan yang berlangsung antara tahun 800-950 mampu menghabiskan persediaan air musiman di dataran rendah Yucatán.<ref>
{{cite article|title=Collapse of Classic Maya Civilization Related to Modest Reduction in Precipitation|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2012-02-24_335_6071/page/956|first1=Martín|last1=Medina-Elizalde|first2=Eelco J.|last2=Rohling|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |date=24 Feb 2012 |volume= 335 |issue= 6071 |pages=956-959 |DOI=10.1126/science.1216629}}
</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/02/120223142455.htm|title=Classic Maya Civilization Collapse Related to Modest Rainfall Reductions, Research Suggests|work=[[Science Daily]]|date=2012-02-23|accessdate=2012-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-17149812|title=Mild drought caused Maya collapse in Mexico, Guatemala|work=[[BBC News]]|date=2012-02-25|accessdate=2012-02-25}}</ref>
 
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== Rujukan ==
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{{refend}}<!-- END biblio format style -->
 
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.authenticmaya.com/maya_warfare.htm Classic Maya Warfare] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005210726/http://www.authenticmaya.com/maya_warfare.htm |date=2007-10-05 }}
* [http://www.authenticmaya.com/maya_culture_collapse.htm Current Maya Collapse Theory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524032455/http://www.authenticmaya.com/maya_culture_collapse.htm |date=2011-05-24 }}
 
[[Kategori:PeradabanSejarah peradaban Maya]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Mesoamerika]]