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Tinggi badan manusia: Perbedaan antara revisi

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[[Berkas:Human Growth.png|thumbjmpl|Contoh kecepatan pertumbuhan manusia menurut keadaan optimal (terima kasih kepada Richard Steckler).]]
'''Tinggi badan manusia''' adalah jarak dari ujung kaki hingga ujung kepala manusia saat berdiri tegak. Tinggi badan manusia bergantung pada faktor lingkungan dan genetik. Tinggi badan manusia beragam menurut pengukuran antropometri. Kelainan variasiVariasi tinggi badan (sekitaryang mencolok (20% penyimpangan dari rata-ratarataan) menyebabkandalam seseorangsebuah mengalamipopulasi terkadang disebabkan oleh [[gigantisme]] atauataupun [[dwarfisme]], bilayang takmerupakan lebihkondisi darimedis variasiyang tersebutdisebabkan masiholeh bisaabnormalitas dikatakangen normalatau endokrin.<ref>Ganong, William F. Review of Medical Physiology, Lange Medical 2001, p392-397</ref>
 
Pertumbuhan rata-rata untuk setiap [[jenis kelamin]] dalam populasi berbeda secara bermakna, di mana pria dewasa rata-rata lebih tinggi daripada wanita dewasa. Selain itu, tinggi badan manusia juga berbeda menurut kelompok etnis.
 
Pertumbuhan tinggi badan biasanya berhenti ketika lempeng pertumbuhan (lempeng efifisis) di ujung tulang menutup. Penutupan ini terjadi sekitar usia 16 tahun pada wanita atau 18 tahun pada pria. Tetapi, kadang-kadangTerkadang pada sebagian orang, baru menutup pada usia sekitar 20 - 21 tahun.
 
Dalam kondisi kemiskinan atau konflik berkepanjangan, faktor lingkungan seperti kurang nutrisi kronis pada masa kecil atau remaja dapat menyebabkan keterlambatan pertumbuhan, hingga (pada kasus parah) menyebabkan abnormalitas tinggi badan meskipun individu tersebut tidak memiliki kelainan gen.
Namun ada beberapa metode yang membantah tentang teori berhentinya pertumbuhan lempeng tulang tersebut, diantaranya dijelaskan pada [http://www.tinggibadan.com/ TinggiBadan.com]
 
== Bacaan lanjutan ==
Mungkin Anda bertanya-tanya, apakah mungkin tulang masih dapat tumbuh jika sudah berumur diatas 25 tahun? Kami setuju dengan Anda, siapapun akan berpendapat begitu termasuk para ahli ortopedi, bahwa tulang secara permanen akan mengalami penghentian pertumbuhan pada usia sekitar 18 tahun (tiap orang beragam). Disini dibeberkan bahwa ada beberapa komponen tulang yang masih bisa dapat dikembangkan atau yang lebih dikenal dengan sebutan <strong>tulang rawan.</strong>
* {{cite book |title=Fitting the Task to the Man: An Ergonomic Approach |url=https://archive.org/details/fittingtasktoman0000gran |first=Etienne |last=Grandjean |location=London, UK |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |date=1987 |isbn=978-0-85066-192-7}} (for heights in U.S. and Japan)
* {{cite book |title=Eurostat Statistical Yearbook 2004 |location=[[Luxembourg]] |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |isbn=978-92-79-38906-1}} (for heights in Germany)
* [[Statistics Netherlands|Netherlands Central Bureau for Statistics]], 1996 (for average heights)
* {{cite journal |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad347.pdf |title=Mean Body Weight, Height, and Body Mass Index, United States 1960–2002 |last1=Ogden |first1=Cynthia L. |last2=Fryar |first2=Cheryl D. |last3=Carroll |first3=Margaret D. |last4=Flegal |first4=Katherine M. |lastauthoramp=yes |journal=Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics |number=347 |date=27 October 2004 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.publications.doh.gov.uk/stats/trends1.htm |title=Health Survey for England - trend data |website=[[Department of Health and Social Care]] |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041010105413/http://www.publications.doh.gov.uk/stats/trends1.htm |archive-date=10 October 2004}}
* {{cite magazine |url=http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/?040405fa_fact |title=The Height Gap |last=Bilger |first=Burkhard |date=29 March 2004 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040402170212/http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/?040405fa_fact |archive-date=2 April 2004}}
* A collection of data on human height, referred to here as "karube" but originally collected from other sources, is archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20050509004407/http://www.kurabe.net/average_height/ here]. A copy is available [http://www.psych.ualberta.ca/~phurd/karube/ here] (an English translation of this Japanese page would make it easier to evaluate the quality of the data...<!--someone? any one?-->)
* {{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/04news/americans.htm |title=Americans Slightly Taller, Much Heavier Than Four Decades Ago |date=27 October 2004 |website=[[National Center for Health Statistics]]}}
* {{cite journal |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6f4e/6e7c1035dec4518ebbc7753e802e4b6380ee.pdf |title=Growth charts of heights and weights of male children and adolescents of Isfahan, Iran |last1=Aminorroaya |first1=A. |last2=Amini |first2=M. |last3=Naghdi |first3=H. |last4=Zadeh |first4=A. H. |lastauthoramp=yes |journal=Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=341–346 |year=2003 |pmid=15038589 |access-date=2019-05-23 |archive-date=2018-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919171832/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6f4e/6e7c1035dec4518ebbc7753e802e4b6380ee.pdf |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite book |title=6. Celostátní antropologický výzkum dětí a mládeže 2001, Česká republika |trans-title=6th Nationwide anthropological research of children and youth 2001, Czech Republic |language=cs |location=[[Prague]] |publisher=State Health Institute (SZÚ) |date=2005 |isbn=978-8-07071-251-1}}
* {{cite book |title=The Growth of Humanity |url=https://archive.org/details/growthofhumanity0000bogi |first=Barry |last=Bogin |authorlink=Barry Bogin |date=2001 |location=[[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken, NJ]] |publisher=[[Wiley-Liss]] |isbn=978-0-47135-448-2}}
* {{cite book |title=Worldwide Variation in Human Growth |url=https://archive.org/details/worldwidevariati0000evel |edition=2nd |first1=P.B. |last1=Eveleth |first2=J.M. |last2=Tanner |date=1990 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-52135-916-0}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Miura |first1=K. |last2=Nakagawa |first2=H. |last3=Greenland |first3=P. |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Invited commentary: Height-cardiovascular disease relation: where to go from here? |journal=[[American Journal of Epidemiology]] |volume=155 |issue=8 |pages=688–689 |year=2002 |pmid=11943684 |doi=10.1093/aje/155.8.688 |url=http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11943684}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ruff |first1=Christopher |date=October 2002 |title=Variation in human body size and shape |journal=[[Annual Review of Anthropology]] |volume=31 |pages=211–232 |doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.040402.085407}}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/145966/0/ |title=Los españoles somos 3,5 cm más altos que hace 20 años |trans-title=Spaniards are 3.5 cm taller than 20 years ago |date=31 July 2006 |newspaper=[[20 minutos]] |language=es}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Krishan |first1=K. |last2=Sharma |first2=J. C. |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Intra-individual difference between recumbent length and stature among growing children |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_indian-journal-of-pediatrics_2002-07_69_7/page/565 |journal=Indian Journal of Pediatrics |volume=69 |issue=7 |pages=565–569 |year=2002 |pmid=12173694 |doi=10.1007/BF02722678}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Case |first1=A. |last2=Paxson |first2=C. |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Stature and Status: Height, ability, and labor market outcomes |journal=The Journal of Political Economy |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=499–532 |year=2008 |pmid=19603086 |pmc=2709415 |doi=10.1086/589524}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sakamaki |first1=R. |last2=Amamoto |first2=R. |last3=Mochida |first3=Y. |last4=Shinfuku |first4=N. |last5=Toyama |first5=K. |lastauthoramp=yes |title=A comparative study of food habits and body shape perception of university students in Japan and Korea |journal=Nutrition Journal |volume=4 |page=31 |year=2005 |pmid=16255785 |pmc=1298329 |doi=10.1186/1475-2891-4-31}}
* {{cite journal |title=Body height of mummified pharaohs supports historical suggestions of sibling marriages |last1=Habicht |first1=Michael E. |last2=Henneberg |first2=Maciej |last3=Öhrström |first3=Lena M. |last4=Staub |first4=Kaspar |last5=Rühli |first5=Frank J.|lastauthoramp=yes |journal=[[American Journal of Physical Anthropology]] |volume=157 |issue=3 |date=27 April 2015 |pages=519–525 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.22728|pmid = 25916977}}
 
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[[Kategori:Antropologi]]
[[Kategori:Anatomi manusia]]
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