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'''Botani''' atau '''ilmu tumbuh-tumbuhan''' adalah ilmu yang mempelajari tentang [[tumbuhan|tumbuh-tumbuhan]],
== Sejarah ==
Botani berakar dari ilmu [[herbalisme]], ilmu yang mempelajari pemanfaatan tumbuhan untuk khasiatnya secara medis.<ref>{{cite book
Botani modern merujuk kepada kebudayaan di Yunani Kuno, terutama [[Theoprastus]] (
Karya lainnya dari Yunani Kuno adalah ''De Materia Medica'' yang memuat ilmu [[herbalisme]], ditulis oleh [[Pedanius Dioscorides]]. Buku ini menjadi referensi selama lebih dari 1500 tahun.<ref>{{cite book
Di
Ilmuwan Jerman [[Leonhart Fuchs]] (1501–1566) bersama dengan [[Otto Brunfels]] (1489–1534) dan [[Hieronymus Bock]] (1498–1554) mempelajari botani secara original tanpa meniru pendahulunya. Bahkan Bock membuat sistem klasifikasi tumbuhan sendiri.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/852/?article_id=131 | title = Early Herbals – The German Fathers of Botany | publisher = National Museum of Wales | date = July 4, 2007 | accessdate = February 19, 2012 | archive-date = 2012-06-29 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120629144256/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/852/?article_id=131 | dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book
[[
Ilmuwan [[Valerius Cordus]] (1515–1544) mengarang buku ''Historia Plantarum'' di 1544 mengenai tumbuhan yang penting secara botani dan farmakologi, juga buku ''Dispensatorium'' di 1546.<ref>{{cite journal | ref = harv| title = The Herbal of Valerius Cordus | year=1939 | last= Sprague | first = T. A. | journal = The Journal of the Linnean Society of London | publisher = Linnean Society of London| volume = LII | issue = 341 |doi= 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1939.tb01598.x | first2 = M. S. | pages = 1}}</ref>
== Ruang lingkup dan peran botani ==
Seperti bentuk-bentuk kehidupan lain dalam [[biologi]], tumbuhan hidup dapat dipelajari dari perspektif yang berbeda, dari tingkat [[molekul]], [[genetika]] dan [[biokimia]] melalui [[organel]], [[sel]], [[jaringan]], [[organ]], [[individu]], [[populasi tumbuhan]], dan [[komunitas tumbuhan]]. Pada setiap tingkat ini seorang [[ahli]] botani mungkin bergerak di bidang yang terkait dengan [[klasifikasi]] ([[taksonomi]]), struktur ([[anatomi]] dan [[morfologi]]), atau fungsi ([[fisiologi]]) dari kehidupan tumbuh-tumbuhan.<ref name="Ben">{{cite book
Botani juga tidak hanya mempelajari kelompok dari Kerajaan Tumbuhan saja tetapi juga mempelajari jamur ([[mikologi]]), bakteri ([[bakteriologi]]), [[lumut kerak]] ([[likenologi]]), alga ([[fikologi]]).<ref>{{cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Braselton|2013}} | last = Braselton | first = J. P. | url = http://www.ohio.edu/people/braselto/readings/plantbiol.html | title = What is Plant Biology? | year = 2013 | publisher = Ohio University | accessdate = June 3, 2013 | archive-date = 2015-09-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924071530/http://www.ohio.edu/people/braselto/readings/plantbiol.html | dead-url = yes }}</ref>
Penelitian tumbuhan sangat penting karena tumbuhan adalah bagian mendasar dari kehidupan di [[Bumi]], yang menghasilkan [[oksigen]], [[nutrien|makanan]], serat, bahan bakar, dan [[obat]]-obatan yang memungkinkan manusia dan bentuk kehidupan lainnya ada. Melalui [[fotosintesis]], tumbuhan menyerap [[karbon dioksida]],<ref name="Campbell et al 2008">{{cite book|
|title=Biology|edition=8|year=2008|publisher=Pearson - Benjamin Cummings|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-0-321-54325-7}}</ref>{{rp|186–187}} sebuah gas rumah kaca yang dalam jumlah besar dapat mempengaruhi [[iklim]] global. Selain itu, tumbuhan dapat mencegah [[erosi]] tanah dan berpengaruh dalam [[siklus air]].<ref>{{cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Gust|1996}} | url = http://bioenergy.asu.edu/photosyn/study.html | last = Gust | first = Devens | year = 1996 | title = Why Study Photosynthesis? | publisher = Arizona State University | accessdate = February 26, 2012 | archive-date = 2012-02-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120209225717/http://bioenergy.asu.edu/photosyn/study.html | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Sebuah pemahaman yang baik tentang tumbuhan sangat penting bagi masa depan masyarakat manusia karena memungkinkan kita untuk:
* Memproduksi makanan untuk memberi makan populasi yang berkembang
* Memahami proses-proses kehidupan yang mendasar
* Memproduksi obat-obatan dan bahan untuk mengobati penyakit-penyakit
* Memahami perubahan lingkungan dengan lebih jelas
=== Nutrisi manusia ===
Hampir semua makanan yang dimakan berasal dari tanaman, baik secara langsung dari makanan pokok
Ahli botani, khususnya [[agronomi]]
Ahli botani juga mempelajari gulma, tanaman yang dianggap sebagai gangguan di lokasi tertentu. Gulma merupakan masalah yang cukup besar di bidang pertanian, dan botani memberikan beberapa ilmu dasar yang digunakan untuk memahami bagaimana untuk meminimalkan dampak 'gulma'
[[Etnobotani]] adalah cabang studi botani yang mempelajari tentang hubungan antara tanaman dan manusia.<ref>{{cite book
=== Biokimia tumbuhan ===
Biokimia tumbuhan adalah sebuah studi mengenai proses kimia
Tumbuhan dan kelompok lainnya yang juga merupakan eukaryot fotosintetik (yaitu alga) memiliki organel yang unik yang disebut dengan [[kloroplas]]. Organel ini diperkirakan berasal dari [[cyanobacteria]] yang membentuk hubungan [[endosimbiotik]] dengan leluhur tumbuhan dan alga. Kloropas dan cyanobacteria sama-sama mengandung pigmen biru-hijau [[klorofil a]].<ref name="Campbell et al 2008"
Sebagian besar asam lemak yang terkandung di dalam tubuh hewan juga berasal dari tumbuhan. Metabolisme tumbuhan juga mampu memproduksi [[asam lemak]] dan sebagian besar [[asam amino]].<ref>{{cite journal|ref=harv |title=All Hands on Deck—The Role of Chloroplasts, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and the Nucleus in Driving Plant Innate Immunity |year=2010 |last1=Padmanabhan |first1=Meenu S. |last2=Dinesh-Kumar |first2=S. P. |journal=Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions |publisher= The American Phytopathological Society|location=St. Paul, MN|volume=23 |issue=11 |doi=10.1094/MPMI-05-10-0113 |pmid=20923348|pages=1368–80}}</ref>{{rp|1368–1380}}<ref>{{cite journal|ref=harv |title=Fatty Acid Export from the Chloroplast. Molecular Characterization of a Major Plastidial Acyl-Coenzyme a Synthetase from Arabidopsis |year=2002 |last1=Schnurr |first1=J. A. |last2=Shockey |first2=J. M. |last3=De Boer |first3=G. J. |last4=Browse |first4=J. A.|journal=Plant Physiology |volume=129 |issue=4 |pages=1700–9 |pmid=12177483 |pmc=166758|doi=10.1104/pp.003251 }}</ref>{{rp|1700–1709}}<ref>{{cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Ferro|first1=Myriam|last2=Salvi|first2=Daniel|last3=Rivière-Rolland|first3=Hélène |last4=Vermat|first4=Thierry |last5=Seigneurin-Berny|first5=Daphné|last6=Grunwald|first6=Didier |last7=Garin|first7=Jérôme|last8=Joyard|first8=Jacques|last9=Rolland|first9=Norbert|display-authors=4|title=Integral Membrane Proteins of the Chloroplast Envelope: Identification and Subcellular Localization of New Transporters|journal=Procedings of the National Academy of Sciences (of the USA)|date=20 August 2002|volume=99|issue=17|doi=10.1073/pnas.172390399|bibcode = 2002PNAS...9911487F|pages=11487 }}</ref>{{rp|11487–11492}} Asam lemak bagi tumbuhan digunakan untuk membangun [[membran sel]] dan [[kutin]] yang menjadi penyusun utama [[kutikel tumbuhan]] yang melindungi tumbuhan dari kekeringan.<ref>{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Kolattukudy|first=Pappachan E.|editor-last=Kerstiens|editor-first=G.|year= 1996|series=Environmental Plant Biology Series|chapter=3|title=Plant Cuticles|url=https://archive.org/details/plantcuticlesint0000unse|publisher=BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd|location=Oxford|isbn=1-85996-130-4}}</ref>{{rp|83–108}}
Tumbuhan mensintesis sejumlah besar polimer yang unik seperti [[selulosa]], [[pektin]], dan [[xiloglukan]] untuk membentuk [[dinding sel]].<ref>{{cite journal|ref=harv|last=Fry|first=S. C.|year=1989|title=The Structure and Functions of Xyloglucan|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|publisher=The Company of Biologists|location=Cambridge|volume=40}}</ref>{{rp|1–11}}<ref>{{cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Thompson|first1=James E.|last2=Fry|first2=Stephen C.|year=2001|title=Restructuring of Wall-bound Xyloglucan by Transglycosylation in Living Plant Cells|journal=The Plant Journal |publisher=John Wiley & Sons| location = West Sussex, England|volume=26 |issue=1|doi=10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.01005.x|pmid=11359607|pages=23–34}}</ref>{{rp|23–34}} Tumbuhan berpembuluh membuat [[lignin]], sebuah polimer yang digunakan untuk memperkuat [[trakeid]] xylem sehingga tidak runtuh ketika dilalui oleh air dan mineral yang dihisapnya. Lignin juga membentuk dinding terluar dari tumbuhan berkayu. [[Sporopolenin]] adalah senyawa polimer yang melindungi [[spora]] dan [[polen]] tumbuhan.<ref>{{cite journal|ref=harv |last1=Kenrick|first1= Paul|last2=Crane|first2= Peter R.|title= The Origin and Early Evolution of Plants on Land|journal=Nature|volume=389 |date=September 1997|doi=10.1038/37918|bibcode = 1997Natur.389...33K|issue=6646|pages=33 }}</ref>{{rp|33-39}} Dengan konsentrasi karbon dioksida di atmosfer yang saat ini lebih rendah dibandingkan awal keberadaan tanaman darat di
==== Obat dan bahan ====
[[
[[Fitokimia]] merupakan cabang yang penting dalam ilmu botani yang mempelajari senyawa [[biokimia]] pada tumbuhan dan pemanfaatannya.<ref>{{cite journal| ref = harv | last1 = Benderoth| first1 = Markus | last2 = Textor| first2 = Susanne| last3 = Windsor| first3 = Aaron J.| last4 = Mitchell-Olds| first4 = Thomas| last5 = Gershenzon | first5 = Jonathan | last6 = Kroymann| first6 = Juergen | title = Positive Selection Driving Diversification in Plant Secondary Metabolism |date=June 2006|volume=103|issue=24 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | location = Washington, D.C.| jstor= 30051907| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0601738103| pmid = 16754868| pmc = 1482576|bibcode = 2006PNAS..103.9118B| pages = 9118–23 }}</ref> Beberapa dari senyawa ini memiliki manfaat bagi manusia, dan beberapa bersifat racun bagi hewan dan manusia. Banyak obat-obatan medis dan rekreasi, seperti [[tetrahydrocannabinol]], [[
[[tanaman pertanian non-pangan|Tanaman tertentu]] juga menyediakan banyak bahan-bahan alami, seperti [[katun]], [[kayu]], [[kertas]], [[minyak sayur]], beberapa jenis [[tali]], dan [[karet]]. [[Selulosa]] merupakan sumber serat terbesar dari tumbuhan yang digunakan pada berbagai bidang seperti [[bahan bangunan]] hingga produksi bahan bakar [[bioetanol]].<ref>{{cite journal| ref = harv |last=Klemm|first=Dieter|last2=Heublein|first2=Brigitte|last3=Fink|first3=Hans-Peter|last4= Bohn|first4= Andreas|title=Cellulose: Fascinating Biopolymer and Sustainable Raw Material|journal=ChemInform|date=September 6, 2005|volume=36|issue=36|publisher= John Wiley & Sons|location=Hoboken, NJ|doi=10.1002/chin.200536238}}</ref> Produksi [[sutra]] tidak akan mungkin tanpa budi daya [[murbei]]. [[Tebu]], [[gula bit]] dan tanaman lainnya yang mengandung gula dapat difermentasi atau tanaman dengan kandungan minyak seperti [[kelapa sawit]] dan [[jarak]] dapat diolah menjadi [[biodiesel]] dan digunakan sebagai pengganti [[bahan bakar minyak]].<ref>{{cite journal | ref = harv| last1= Scharlemann | first1 = J. P. W. | last2 = Laurance | first2 = W. F. | title = How Green are Biofuels? | year=2008|journal = Science | publisher = American Association for the Advancement of Science| volume = 319 | doi = 10.1126/science.1153103 | issue = 5859| pmid = 18174426 | pages = 43–4}}</ref>{{rp|52-53}}
=== Perubahan lingkungan ===
Tumbuhan juga dapat membantu manusia memahami perubahan pada lingkungan. Tumbuhan merespon perubahan [[iklim]] dan lingkungan dan mampu mempengaruhi fungsi dan produktivitas [[ekosistem]]. Ilmu [[dendrokronologi]] mempelajari [[cincin pertumbuhan]] pada penampang melintang [[kayu]] dan digunakan untuk memantau kondisi iklim sepanjang pertumbuhan pohon tersebut. Fosil tumbuhan yang terperangkap di lapisan sedimen dapat digunakan untuk memantau kondisi iklim hingga jutaan tahun yang lalu.<ref>{{cite book
== Subdisiplin botani ==
{{Col|3}}
* [[Agronomi]]
* [[Anatomi tumbuhan]]
Baris 91 ⟶ 92:
* [[Sistematika tumbuhan]]
* [[Taksonomi tumbuhan]]
{{EndDiv}}
== Referensi ==
{{reflist|2}}
== Lihat juga ==
* [[Daftar botanis]] ([[daftar botanis perempuan]])
== Bahan bacaan terkait ==
[[Kategori:Botani| ]]▼
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* {{cite book|last = Bellamy|first = David|authorlink = David Bellamy|title = Bellamy on Botany|year = 1972|isbn = 0-563-10666-2|publisher = Edbury Publishing – BBC Books|location = London}}
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* {{cite book|last1 = Buchanan|first1 = Bob B.|last2 = Gruissem|first2 = Wilhelm|last3 = Jones|first3 = Russell L.|title = Biochemistry & Molecular Biology of Plants|year = 2000|isbn = 0-943088-39-9|publisher = John Wiley & Sons|location = West Sussex, England}}
* {{cite book|last = Cohen|first = Joel E.|authorlink = Joel E. Cohen|title = How Many People Can the Earth Support?|year = 1996|isbn = 0-393-31495-2|publisher = W. W. Norton|location = London}}
* {{cite book|last = Crawford|first = R. M. M.|title = Studies in Plant Survival: An Ecophysical Examination of Plant Distribution (Studies in Ecology)|url = https://archive.org/details/studiesinplantsu0000craw|year = 1988|isbn = 0-632-01475-X|publisher = Blackwell Science|location = Oxford}}
* {{cite book|last = Crawford|first = R. M. M.|title = Plants at the Margin. Ecological Limits and Climate Change|url = https://archive.org/details/plantsatmarginec0000craw|year = 2008|isbn = 978-0-521-62309-4|publisher = Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge}}
* {{cite book|last = Crawley|first = Michael J.|authorlink = Michael Crawley|title = Plant Ecology|url = https://archive.org/details/plantecology0000unse_s3s6|edition = 2nd|year = 1997|isbn = 0-632-03639-7|publisher = Blackwell Scientific Ltd|location = Oxford}}
* {{cite book|last1 = Ennos|first1 = Roland|last2 = Sheffield|first2 = Elizabeth|title = Plant Life|url = https://archive.org/details/plantlife00enno|year = 2000|isbn = 0-86542-737-2|publisher = Blackwell Scientific Ltd|location = Oxford}}
* {{cite book|last1=Everitt|first1=J.H.|last2=Lonard|first2=R.L.|last3=Little|first3=C.R.|title = Weeds in South Texas and Northern Mexico|url=https://archive.org/details/weedsinsouthtexa0000ever|year = 2007|isbn = 0-89672-614-2|publisher = Texas Tech University Press|location = Lubbock, TX}}
* {{cite book|last1 = Fitter|first1 = Alastair H.|author1-link=Alastair Fitter|last2 = Hay|first2 = Robert K. M.|title = Environmental Physiology of Plants|edition = 3rd|year = 2001|isbn = 0-12-257766-3|publisher = Harcourt Publishers, Academic Press|location = New York}}
* {{cite book|last1 = Grene|first1 = Marjorie Glicksman|last2 = Depew|first2 = David J.|year = 2004|title = The Philosophy of Biology: An Episodic History|url = https://archive.org/details/philosophyofbiol0000gren|publisher = Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge|isbn = 0-521-64371-6}}
* {{cite book|last = Halle|first = Francis|title = In Praise of Plants|year = 2002|isbn = 0-88192-550-0|publisher = Timber Publishing|location = Portland, OR}}
* {{cite book|last = King|first = John|title = Reaching for the Sun: How Plants Work|url = https://archive.org/details/reachingforsunho0000king|year = 1997|isbn = 0-521-58738-7|publisher = Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge}}
* {{cite book|last1 = Lambers|first1 = Hans|last2 = Chapin III|first2 = Francis Stuart|last3 = Pons|first3 = Thijs Leendert|title = Plant Physiological Ecology|url = https://archive.org/details/plantphysiologic0000lamb|year = 2008|edition = 2nd|isbn = 978-0-387-78340-6|doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-78341-3|publisher = Springer Science|location = New York}}
* {{cite book|last = Lawlor|first = David W.|edition = 3rd|title = Photosynthesis|year = 2000|isbn = 1-85996-157-6|publisher = Garland Science|location = New York}}
* {{cite book|last = Matthews|first = R. E. F.|title = Fundamentals of Plant Virology|url = https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofpl0000matt|year = 1992|isbn = 0-12-480558-2|publisher = Academic Press|location = Waltham, MA}}
* {{cite book|last = Pakenham|first = Thomas|authorlink = Thomas Pakenham (historian)|title = Meetings with Remarkable Trees|year = 1996|isbn = 0-375-75268-4|publisher = Random House|location = London}}
* {{cite book|last = Pollan|first = Michael|authorlink = Michael Pollan|title = [[The Botany of Desire|The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-eye View of the World]]|year = 2001|isbn = 0-375-50129-0|publisher = Public Broadcasting System (TV), Random House|location = New York}}
* {{cite book|last = Richards|first = P. W.|title = The Tropical Rainforest|url = https://archive.org/details/tropicalrainfore0000rich|edition = 2nd|year = 1996|isbn = 0-521-42194-2|publisher = Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge}}
* {{cite book|last = Ridge|first = Irene|title = Plants|url = https://archive.org/details/plants0000unse_c2n9|year = 2002|isbn = 0-19-925548-2|publisher = Oxford University Press|location = Oxford}}
* {{cite book|last1 = Salisbury|first1 =|author1-link=Frank B. Salisbury|last2 = Ross|first2 = Cleon W.|edition = 4th|title = Plant Physiology|year = 1992|isbn = 0-534-15162-0|publisher = Wadsworth Publishing|location = Belmont, CA}}
* {{cite book|last = Strange|first = Richard N.|title = Introduction to Plant Pathology|url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontopl0000stra|year = 2003|isbn = 0-470-84973-8|publisher = John Wiley & Sons|location = West Sussex, England}}
* {{cite book|last = Thomas|first = Barry A.|title = The Evolution of Plants and Flowers|url = https://archive.org/details/evolutionofplant0000thom|year = 1981|isbn = 0-312-27271-5|publisher = St. Martin's Press|location = New York}}
* {{cite book|last = Walker|first = David|title = Energy, Plants and Man|url = https://archive.org/details/energyplantsman0000davi|year = 1992|edition = 2nd|isbn = 1-870232-05-4|publisher = Oxygraphics Ltd|location = Sheffield, England}}
* {{cite book|last = Walter|first = Heinrich|title = Vegetation of the Earth|url = https://archive.org/details/vegetationofeart0000walt_d8f0|year = 1985|edition = 3rd revised|isbn = 0-387-13748-3|publisher = Springer-Verlag|location = New York}}
* {{cite book|last1 = Willis|first1 = Kathy|last2 = McElwain|first2 = Jenny|title = The Evolution of Plants|year = 2002|isbn = 0-19-850065-3|publisher = Oxford University Press|location = Oxford}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.herbarium.lsu.edu/keys/aca/ | title = A Visual and Graphical Primer to Understanding Divisional Plantae | date = August 31, 2012 | publisher = Louisiana State University Herbarium Keys | accessdate = August 31, 2012 | archive-date = 2020-04-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200413093738/http://www.herbarium.lsu.edu/keys/aca/ | dead-url = yes }} (requires [[Microsoft Silverlight]])
== Pranala luar ==
{{Wikibooks|Botany}}
{{Commons category|Botany}}
* {{dmoz|Science/Biology/Botany/|Botany}}
* [http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Departments/Databases.shtml Botany databases] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103035558/http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Departments/Databases.shtml |date=2011-01-03 }} at the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation
* [http://www.kuleuven-kortrijk.be/bioweb/?page=guide&lang=en/ High quality pictures of plants and information about them] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131150733/http://www.kuleuven-kortrijk.be/bioweb/?page=guide&lang=en%2F |date=2012-01-31 }} from Catholic University of Leuven
* [http://wildflower.utexas.edu/ Native Plant Information Network]
* [http://plants.usda.gov/index.html USDA plant database]
* [http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/www-vl/ The Virtual Library of Botany]
* [http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/loc Larry Oglesby Collection] in the Claremont Colleges Digital Library
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