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[[Image:Tissot self detail.jpg|thumb|200px|Tissot pada 1898.]] ▼
'''James Jacques Joseph Tissot''' (15 Oktober 1836 – 8 Agustus 1902) adalah seorang pelukis dan ilustrator Perancis. Ia meraih keberhasilan dalam menjadi pelukis pada masyarakat Paris sebelum berpindah ke London pada 1871.<ref>{{cite journal |title=''TISSOT, James Jacques Joseph''|journal= Who's who, biographies, 1901|pages= p. 1114|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8EcuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1114}}</ref>▼
▲'''James
==
Tissot lahir di kota pelabuhan [[Nantes]], [[Prancis]], [[Eropa]], dan besar di sana. Ayahnya, Marcel Théodore Tissot, merupakan seorang pedagang kain tirai yang sukses. Ibunya, Marie Durand, membantu suaminya dalam bisnis keluarga serta mendesain topi. Ibunya seorang Katolik saleh, menanamkan kesalehan beribadah pada anaknya. Masa muda Tissot di Nantes tampaknya berpengaruh pada seringnya ia melukis perahu dan kapal pengangkutan pada karya-karya akhirnya. Keterlibatan orangtuanya pada industri pakaian dinilai mempengaruhi gaya lukisannya, terutama detail pelukisan pakaian wanita. Ketika Tissot berusia 17 tahun, ia memastikan hendak mengejar karier sebagai pelukis. Ayahnya menentang minat ini, karena lebih suka anaknya berkarier dalam bidang bisnis, tetapi ibunya mendukung cita-citanya ini. Sekitar masa itu ia mengambil nama "James" dan sejak tahun 1854 lebih dikenal sebagai James Tissot, mungkin karena pertumbuhan minatnya pada budaya Inggris.<ref name=ODNB>{{citation |first=Krystyna |last=Matyjaszkiewicz |title=Tissot, Jacques Joseph (1836–1902)|journal=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/68966 |accessdate=5 July 2014 |subscription=yes}}</ref>
==
Pada tahun 1856 atau 1857, Tissot berkunjung ke [[Paris]] untuk meneruskan pendidikannya dalam bidang seni.<!-- While staying with a friend of his mother, painter [[Elie Delaunay]], Tissot enrolled at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts to study in the studios of [[Hippolyte Flandrin]] and [[Louis Lamothe]],<ref name=tate>[http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/james-tissot-2048 Alley, Ronald. "James Tissot 1836-1902", ''Catalogue of the Tate Gallery's Collection of Modern Art other than Works by British Artists'', Tate Gallery and Sotheby Parke-Bernet, London 1981, p.718]</ref> both successful Lyonnaise painters who came to Paris to study under [[Ingres]]. Lamothe provided a majority of Tissot's studio education, while he studied on his own as did most other artists of the time, by copying works at the [[Louvre]]. Around this time, Tissot also made the acquaintance of [[James McNeill Whistler]] as well as [[Edgar Degas]] (who had also been a student of Lamothe and a friend of Delaunay) and [[Manet|Édouard Manet]].<ref name=ODNB />-->
Pada tahun 1859, Tissot mengadakan pameran pertama kalinya di [[Paris Salon]]. Ia memamerkan lima lukisan pemandangan dari [[Abad Pertengahan]], kebanyakan menggambarkan adegan dari karya Goethe, ''[[:en:Goethe's Faust|Faust]]''.<ref name=kleinschmidt>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14741a.htm Kleinschmidt, Beda. "James Tissot." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 27 Dec. 2013]</ref><!-- These works show the influence over his work of the Belgian painter Henri Leys ([[Jan August Hendrik Leys]]), whom Tissot had met in Antwerp earlier that same year. Other influences include the works of the German painters [[Peter von Cornelius]] and [[Moritz Retzsch]]. When Tissot had only exhibited at the Salon once and before he had been awarded a medal, the French government paid 5,000 [[French franc|francs]] for his depiction of ''The Meeting of Faust and Marguerite'' in 1860, with the painting being exhibited at the Salon the following year together with a portrait and other paintings.<ref name=ODNB />
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== Puncak karier ==
[[Berkas:Edgar Degas - Portrait of James Tissot.jpg|jmpl|kiri|Portret James Tissot larya Edgar Degas]]
[[:en:Émile Péreire|Émile Péreire]] mengirimkan lukisan Tissot ''Walk in the Snow'' ("Berjalan kaki di salju") ke pameran internasional 1862 di London. Tiga tahun berturut-turut kemudian lukisan-lukisan Tissot dipaqmerkan di galeri London milik [[Ernest Gambart]].<ref name=ODNB /><!-- In about 1863, Tissot suddenly shifted his focus from the medieval style to the depiction of modern life through portraits. During this period, Tissot found himself held in high critical acclaim, quickly becoming a successful artist. Like contemporaries such as [[Alfred Stevens (painter)|Alfred Stevens]] and [[Claude Monet]], Tissot also explored ''japonisme'', including Japanese objects and costumes in his pictures. A portrait of Tissot by Degas from these years (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York) shows him with a Japanese screen hanging on the wall.<ref>{{cite web|title=Portrait of James-Jacques-Joseph Tissot|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/european_paintings/james_jacques_joseph_tissot_1836_1902_edgar_degas/objectview.aspx?page=1&sort=6&sortdir=asc&keyword=edgar%20degas&fp=1&dd1=11&dd2=0&vw=1&collID=11&OID=110000583&vT=1&hi=0&ov=0}}</ref>-->
[[Berkas:James Tissot - Still on Top - Google Art Project.jpg|jmpl|''Still on Top'', 1873]]
Tissot turut berperang pada [[:en:Franco-Prussian War|Perang Franco-Prussian War]] sebagai bagian pertahanan darurat kota Paris, bergabung dalam dua paukan [[Garde Nationale]] dan kemudian menjadi bagian [[Paris Commune]]. Entah karena asosiasi politik akibat kaitan dengan Paris Commune, di mana diyakini bahwa ia bergabung untuk melindungi kepentingannya sendiri, maupun untuk kesempatan lebih baik, ia meninggalkan Paris dan pindah ke London pada tahun 1871.<ref name=Misfeldt>{{citation |first=Willard E. |last=Misfeldt |title=Tissot, James |journal=Grove Art Online, Oxford Art Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |accessdate=5 July 2014 |url=http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T085236 |subscription=yes}}</ref> Dalam periode ini [[Francis Seymour Haden|Seymour Haden]] membantunya belajar mengenai pembuatan ukiran (''etching'').<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Tissot, James Joseph Jacques|volume=26|pages=1015-1016}}</ref><!--
Having already worked as a caricaturist for [[Thomas Gibson Bowles]], the owner of the magazine ''[[Vanity Fair (British magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', as well as exhibited at the Royal Academy, Tissot arrived with established social and artistic connections in London. Bowles gave Tissot both a place to stay as well as a cartooning job for ''[[Vanity Fair (British magazine)|Vanity Fair]]''.<ref name=heilbrunn>[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1998.170. "James Tissot: Tea" (1998.170) In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.(December 2008)]</ref>
[[Image:James Tissot - On the Thames.jpg|''On the Thames''|thumb|''On the Thames, 1882<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-athenaeum.org/art/detail.php?ID=4953 |accessdate=5 July 2014 |title=On the Thames |publisher= The Athenaeum}}</ref>'']]
He quickly developed his reputation as a painter of elegantly dressed women shown in scenes of fashionable life. By 1872, Tissot was able to purchase his own home in [[St John's Wood]], an area of London very popular with artists at the time. According to ''The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists'', "in 1874 [[Edmond de Goncourt]] wrote sarcastically that he had 'a studio with a waiting room where, at all times, there is iced champagne at the disposal of visitors'".<ref name=BBC>{{citation |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/yourpaintings/artists/james-tissot/biography |title=Tissot, James |journal=The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists|editor-first=Ian |editor-last=Chilvers |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 }}</ref>
He gained membership of [[The Arts Club]] in 1873.<ref name=ODNB />
Paintings by Tissot appealed greatly to wealthy British industrialists during the second half of the 19th-century and during 1872 he earned 94,515 francs, an income normally only enjoyed by those in the echeleons of the upper classes.<ref name=ODNB />
In 1874, Degas asked him to join them in the first exhibition organized by the artists we call the Impressionists, but Tissot refused. He continued to be close to the artists however. [[Berthe Morisot]] visited him in London in 1874 and he travelled to Venice with [[Édouard Manet]] at about the same time. He regularly saw Whistler, who influenced Tissot's Thames scenes.<ref name=ODNB />
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Pada tahun 1875-1876, Tissot berjumpa seorang janda cerai bernama [[Kathleen Newton]], yang kemudian menjadi pendamping dan sekaligus sering menjadi model lukisannya. Ia membuat ukiran untuknya pada tahun 1876 berjudul ''Portrait of Mrs N.'' (Portret Nyonya N), umumnya dinamai ''La frileuse''.<ref name=ODNB /> Ia melahirkan seorang putra, Cecil George Newton pada tahun 1876, yang diyakini adalah putra Tissot. Ia pindah untuk tinggal di rumah Tissot di St. John's Wood pada tahun 1876 dan tinggal di sana sampai meninggal pada masa akhir penyakit [[Tuberkulosis]] yang dideritanya pada tahun 1882. Tissot sering mengatakan bahwa tahun-tahun kehidupannya bersama Newton merupakan masa paling bahagia dalam hidupnya, di mana ia dapat mencapai cita-cita untuk hidup berkeluarga.<ref name=Misfeldt />
Setelah Kathleen Newton meninggal, Tissot kembali ke Paris.<!-- A major exhibition of his work took place in 1885 at the Galerie Sedelmeyer, where he showed 15 large paintings in a series called ''La Femme à Paris''. Unlike the genre scenes of fashionable women he painted in London, these paintings represent different types and classes of women, shown in their professional and social contexts.<ref name=ODNB /> The works suggest the influence of Japanese prints in their use of unexpected angles and framing, as well as a monumental context shown in the size of the canvases.<ref>By [[Jules Claretie]] in his book ''L'Art français en 1872'' and by [[Philippe Burty]] (1830–1890) in ''Japonisme III: La Renaissance littéraire et artistique''</ref> This was the influence of [[Japanese art]], fashion and aesthetics on Western culture.<ref>{{cite web|title=Définition japonisme et traduction|url=http://www.le-dictionnaire.com/definition.php?mot=japonisme|work=Le Dictionnaire|accessdate=5 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Japonism|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/japonism?s=t|publisher=Dictionary.com|accessdate=5 June 2014}}</ref>
-->
== Masa tua ==
[[Berkas:Tissot self detail.jpg|jmpl|200px|Tissot pada tahun 1898 (detail foto diri pada kain sutra).]]
Tahun 1885, Tissot mengalami konversi kembali ke agama Katolik, yang mendorongnya menghabiskan sisa waktunya untuk membuat ilustrasi [[Alkitab]].<!-- which led him to spend the rest of his life illustrating the Bible. Many of his artist friends were skeptical about his conversion, as it conveniently coincided with the French Catholic revival, a reaction against the secular attitude of the [[French Third Republic]]. At a time when French artists were still working in [[impressionism]], [[pointilism]], and heavy oil washes, Tissot was moving toward realism in his watercolors.--> Untuk membantu melengkapi ilustrasi Alkitabnya, Tissot pergi ke [[Timur Tengah]] pada tahun 1886, 1889, dan 1896 guna mempelajari keadaan tanah dan penduduknya. Seri ilustrasinya sejumlah 365 [[gouache]] (opaque watercolor) menunjukkan kehidupan [[Yesus]] [[Kristus]] dan menarik perhatian besar di Paris (1894–1895), London (1896) serta New York (1898–9), sebelum akhirnya dibeli oleh [[Brooklyn Museum]] pada tahun 1900.<ref>{{cite web|last=Brooklyn Museum|title=James Tissot|url=http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/james_tissot/|accessdate=3 May 2011}}</ref> Lukisan-lukisan itu dipublikasikan dalam edisi Prancis tahun 1896–7 dan edisi Inggris tahun 1897–8, membuat Tissot terkenal dan berada. Pada bulan Juli 1894, Tissot diberi penghargaan [[Légion d'honneur]], medal paling terhormat di [[Prancis]].<ref name=ODNB /> Tissot melewatkan tahun-tahun terakhir hidupnya bekerja melukis tokoh-tokoh [[Perjanjian Lama]] yang kemudian disimpan di [[:en:Jewish Museum (New York)|Jewish Museum]], [[New York]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Jewish Museum|title=James Tissot|url=http://www.thejewishmuseum.org/onlinecollection/collection_results.php?artistlist=1&aid=5820|access-date=2015-01-28|archive-date=2012-09-18|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120918031636/http://www.thejewishmuseum.org/onlinecollection/collection_results.php?artistlist=1&aid=5820|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Meskipun ia tidak pernah melengkapi serinya, ia sempat memamerkan 80 di antaranya di Paris pada tahun 1901 dan ukiran-ukiran setelahnya dipublikasikan paa tahun 1904.<ref name=Misfeldt />
<gallery widths="150px" heights="170px" perrow="4" caption= "Ilustrasi Alkitab">
File:Tissot The Creation.jpg|''Penciptaan'', [[:en:Jewish Museum (New York)|Jewish Museum, New York]], antara 1896 dan 1902
File:James Jacques Joseph Tissot - Adam and Eve Driven From Paradise - Google Art Project.jpg|''[[Adam dan Hawa]] Diusir dari Taman Eden'', antara 1896 dan 1902
File:James Jacques Joseph Tissot - The Ark Passes Over the Jordan - Google Art Project.jpg|''Tabut Perjanjian melintasi sungai Yordan'', antara 1896 dan 1902
File:Tissot The Seven Trumpets of Jericho.jpg|''Tujun Trompet di Yerikho'' antara 1896 dan 1902
</gallery>
== Kematian ==
Tissot meninggal secara mendadak di kota [[Doubs]], [[Prancis]], pada tanggal 8 Agustus 1902, ketika tinggal di Château de Buillon, bekas [[:en:abbey|biara]] yang diwarisinya dari ayahnya pada tahun 1888. Makamnya terletak dalam kapel di tanah ''chateau'' itu.<ref name=ODNB /><ref name=Misfeldt /> Lukisan-luksannya terus digunakan luas dalam sastra dan ilustrasi setelah kematiannya, dengan ''Kehidupan Kristus'' dan ''Perjanjian Lama'' menjadi "gambar Alkitab definitif". Lukisan-lukisan itu memberi landasan bagi film-film kontemporer seperti ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'' dan ''[[:en:The Age of Innocence (1993 film)|The Age of Innocence]]''. Dalam paruh pertama abad ke-20 muncul lagi minat akan lukisan-lukisannya mengenai perempuan-perempuan berbusana indah dan dalam 50 tahun kemudian, lukisan-lukisan ini mencapai rekor harga.<ref name=ODNB />
== Galeri ==
<gallery widths="140px" heights="140px" perrow="4">
James Tissot - Hide and Seek.jpg|''Hide & Seek'', 1877
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Tissot lilacs 1875.jpg|''Lilacs'', 1875
Major-General The Hon. James MacDonald large.jpg|''Major-General The Hon. James MacDonald'', sketch for ''Vanity Fair'', 1876
James Tissot - The Gallery of HMS Calcutta (Portsmouth).jpg|''The Gallery of H.M.S. 'Calcutta' (Portsmouth)'', 1877
Tissot Newton Parasol.jpg|''Mrs.Newton with a Parasol'', c. 1879
Tissot Mersey.jpg|''Goodbye, on the Mersey'', 1881
Baris 39 ⟶ 77:
</gallery>
== Referensi dan sumber ==
;Referensi
{{reflist}}
;Sumber
* [http://www.victorianartinbritain.co.uk/biog/tissot.htm Biography of Tissot with recent information on Kathleen Newton] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614210729/http://www.victorianartinbritain.co.uk/biog/tissot.htm |date=2006-06-14 }}
* Misfeldt, Willard E. "Tissot, James [Jacques-Joseph]" in ''Oxford Art Online''.
* Wentworth, Michael. "James Tissot." Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984. Print
* Wood, Christopher. "Tissot: Life and Work of Jacques Joseph Tissot 1836-1902." London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1986. Print.
* {{1911}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{commons category|James Tissot}}
* [http://www.jamestissot.org 209 works by James Tissot at www.JamesTissot.org]
* [http://artabase.net/exhibition/1868-james-tissot-the-life-of-christ James Tissot: The Life Of Christ. Exhibition at Brooklyn Museum 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905122722/http://artabase.net/exhibition/1868-james-tissot-the-life-of-christ |date=2009-09-05 }}
* [http://www.annalies.com/Gallery/James_J__Tissot/james_j__tissot.html Commentary on Tissot's etching of Kathleen Newton]
* [http://www.williamweston.co.uk/pages/catalogues/single/766/25/1.html Commentary on a portrait of Mrs. Newton] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928205059/http://www.williamweston.co.uk/pages/catalogues/single/766/25/1.html |date=2007-09-28 }}
* {{cite news
|author=Zimmer, Bill
|title=Art; Love and History, Lavishly Elegant
Baris 62 ⟶ 100:
|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B03EFD91538F932A05753C1A96F958260
|accessdate=2008-08-06
*[http://www.artbible.info/art/work/james-tissot.html Biblical art by James Tissot]▼
*[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/60673/rec/6 ''Degas: The Artist's Mind''], exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art fully available online as PDF, which contains material on James Tissot (see index)▼
{{Authority control|VIAF=51697889}}▼
}}
▲* [http://www.artbible.info/art/work/james-tissot.html Biblical art by James Tissot]
▲* [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/60673/rec/6 ''Degas: The Artist's Mind''], exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art fully available online as PDF, which contains material on James Tissot (see index)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tissot, James}}
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